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Zang Y, Tian Y, Li Y, Xue R, Hu L, Zhang D, Sun S, Wang G, Chen J, Lan Z, Lin S, Jiang S. Recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus expressing S 1 and S 2 domains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus could improve the humoral and mucosal immune levels in mice and sows inoculated orally. Vet Microbiol 2020; 248:108827. [PMID: 32891955 PMCID: PMC7428733 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The recombinant L. acidophilus expressing S1 and S2 domains of PEDV were generated. The oral vaccines for PED were based on a swine-origin L. acidophilus. The oral L. acidophilus vaccines induced humoral and mucosal immunity in mice. The L. acidophilus-S1 vaccine induced humoral and mucosal immunity in sows.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious intestinal infectious disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which is characterized by a high mortality rate in piglets. Since 2012, a remarkable growth in PED outbreaks occurred in many pig farms in China, landing a heavy blow on the pig industry. In order to develop a new effective vaccine for the current PEDV, oral vaccines were generated by transferring eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmids carrying the S1 and S2 (antigenic sites of the S protein) epitopes of PEDV into a swine-origin Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). After oral immunization of the BALB/c mice, higher levels of anti-PEDV specific IgG and SIgA antibodies and cellular immune responses were detected in mice orally administered with the recombinant L. acidophilus-S1 compared to the L. acidophilus-S2. Furthermore, L. acidophilus-S1 was used to inoculate the pregnant sows orally and the results showed that the recombinant L. acidophilus-S1 could elicit a specific systemic and mucosal immune response. In summary, our study demonstrated that oral immunization with L. acidophilus-S1 could improve the humoral and mucosal immune levels in sows and would be a promising candidate vaccine against PEDV infection in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Jinan, 251000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yungang Li
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Jinan, 251000, China
| | - Ruixue Xue
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Jinan, 251000, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Jinan, 251000, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Jinan, 251000, China
| | - Shengfu Sun
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Jinan, 251000, China
| | - Guisheng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Jinan, 251000, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Jinan, 251000, China
| | - Zouran Lan
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Jinan, 251000, China
| | - Shaoli Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Shijin Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Taian, 271018, China.
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Elman I, Borsook D, Volkow ND. Pain and suicidality: insights from reward and addiction neuroscience. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 109:1-27. [PMID: 23827972 PMCID: PMC4827340 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Suicidality is exceedingly prevalent in pain patients. Although the pathophysiology of this link remains unclear, it may be potentially related to the partial congruence of physical and emotional pain systems. The latter system's role in suicide is also conspicuous during setbacks and losses sustained in the context of social attachments. Here we propose a model based on the neural pathways mediating reward and anti-reward (i.e., allostatic adjustment to recurrent activation of the reward circuitry); both are relevant etiologic factors in pain, suicide and social attachments. A comprehensive literature search on neurobiology of pain and suicidality was performed. The collected articles were critically reviewed and relevant data were extracted and summarized within four key areas: (1) physical and emotional pain, (2) emotional pain and social attachments, (3) pain- and suicide-related alterations of the reward and anti-reward circuits as compared to addiction, which is the premier probe for dysfunction of these circuits and (4) mechanistically informed treatments of co-occurring pain and suicidality. Pain-, stress- and analgesic drugs-induced opponent and proponent states of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways may render reward and anti-reward systems vulnerable to sensitization, cross-sensitization and aberrant learning of contents and contexts associated with suicidal acts and behaviors. These findings suggest that pain patients exhibit alterations in the brain circuits mediating reward (depressed function) and anti-reward (sensitized function) that may affect their proclivity for suicide and support pain and suicidality classification among other "reward deficiency syndromes" and a new proposal for "enhanced anti-reward syndromes". We suggest that interventions aimed at restoring the balance between the reward and anti-reward networks in patients with chronic pain may help decreasing their suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Elman
- Providence VA Medical Center and Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, 26 Central Street, Somerville, MA 02143, USA.
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