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Dagan R, Ben-Shimol S, Greenberg D, Givon-Lavi N. A Prospective, Population-based Study to Determine the Incidence and Bacteriology of Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Children <2 Years of Age Following 7-Valent and 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Sequential Implementation. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1200-1207. [PMID: 32140705 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae. No population-based data on the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) on the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis have been published. We assessed rate dynamics of overall, pneumococcal, and NTHi conjunctivitis in children aged 2-23 months in southern Israel before and after PCV implementation. METHODS This is a 12-year prospective, population-based surveillance, from July 2004 through June 2017. Our medical center serves a captive population of approximately 30 000 children < 2 years of age, and its clinical microbiology laboratory processes > 80% of all community-derived cultures, enabling incidence calculation. The 7-valent and 13-valent PCVs (PCV7 and PCV13, respectively) were implemented in the national immunization program in July 2009 and November 2010, respectively. Pneumococci, NTHi, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes were considered pathogens. Continuous annual incidences and incidence rate ratios comparing the PCV13 period (2015-2017) to the pre-PCV period (2004-2008) were calculated. RESULTS Disease caused by PCV13 serotypes declined by 93%, without significant replacement with non-PCV13 serotypes. Rates of pneumococcal, NTHi, and overall culture-positive episodes declined by 59%, 41%, and 42%, respectively, while rates of culture-negative and other pathogens episodes did not change significantly. An overall reduction in all submitted culture rates of 35% was observed. This pattern was seen across all ages, including infants aged 2-5 months. CONCLUSIONS PCV7/PCV13 implementation resulted in a marked and significant decline in pneumococcal, NTHi, and overall conjunctivitis rates in children < 2 years of age. The impact on NTHi episodes alludes to the role of pneumococcus-NTHi interaction in conjunctivitis. The impact in infants aged < 6 months suggests herd protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Dagan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shalom Ben-Shimol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - David Greenberg
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Noga Givon-Lavi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Pomat WS, van den Biggelaar AHJ, Wana S, Francis JP, Solomon V, Greenhill AR, Ford R, Orami T, Passey M, Jacoby P, Kirkham LA, Lehmann D, Richmond PC. Safety and Immunogenicity of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in a High-risk Population: A Randomized Controlled Trial of 10-Valent and 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Papua New Guinean Infants. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:1472-1481. [PMID: 30184183 PMCID: PMC6481999 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are little data on the immunogenicity of PCV10 and PCV13 in the same high-risk population. Methods PCV10 and PCV13 were studied head-to-head in a randomized controlled trial in Papua New Guinea in which 262 infants received 3 doses of PCV10 or PCV13 at 1, 2, and 3 months of age. Serotype-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations, and pneumococcal and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) carriage were assessed prevaccination and at 4 and 9 months of age. Infants were followed up for safety until 9 months of age. Results One month after the third dose of PCV10 or PCV13, ˃80% of infants had IgG concentrations ≥0.35µg/mL for vaccine serotypes, and 6 months postvaccination IgG concentrations ≥0.35 µg/mL were maintained for 8/10 shared PCV serotypes in > 75% of children vaccinated with either PCV10 or PCV13. Children carried a total of 65 different pneumococcal serotypes (plus nonserotypeable). At 4 months of age, 92% (95% confidence interval [CI] 85–96) of children vaccinated with PCV10 and 81% (95% CI 72–88) vaccinated with PCV13 were pneumococcal carriers (P = .023), whereas no differences were seen at 9 months of age, or for NTHi carriage. Both vaccines were well tolerated and not associated with serious adverse events. Conclusions Infant vaccination with 3 doses of PCV10 or PCV13 is safe and immunogenic in a highly endemic setting; however, to significantly reduce pneumococcal disease in these settings, PCVs with broader serotype coverage and potency to reduce pneumococcal carriage are needed. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01619462.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita H J van den Biggelaar
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Sandra Wana
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka
| | | | - Vela Solomon
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria
| | - Rebecca Ford
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka
| | - Tilda Orami
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka
| | - Megan Passey
- The University of Sydney, University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, Lismore, New South Wales
| | - Peter Jacoby
- Department of Biostatistics, Telethon Kids Institute and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Lea-Ann Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Deborah Lehmann
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Peter C Richmond
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth.,Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth
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Dano ID, Ousmane S, Moumouni K, Lagare A, Issa I, Testa J. Risk factors associated with Streptococcus pneumonia carriage in children under five years old with acute respiratory infection in Niger. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:239. [PMID: 31692895 PMCID: PMC6814941 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.239.15945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Streptococcus pneumonia is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis in children, and pneumococcal carriage is an important source of horizontal spread of these pathogens within the community. Methods A questionnaire was addressed to parents for the collection of sociodemographic and medical information. Nasopharyngeal swabbing was processed using a molecular method. We used logistic regression models to examine independent associations between pneumococcal carriage and potential risk factors. All associations with a p-value of < 0.25 in the bivariate regression analyses were subsequently entered in the multivariate regression model. Results A total of 637 children aged 1 to 59 months admitted for acute respiratory infection were included. The rate of respiratory virus carriage was 76%, whereas that of bacteria was 47% and that of bacteria-virus co-colonization was 42%. A bivariate analysis showed that carriage was not related to gender, father's or mother's education level, father's occupation, type of housing or lighting, or passive exposure to cigarette smoking in the house. It was also not linked to complete vaccination with PCV-13 or PPSV-23 and antibiotic treatment prior to hospitalization. A multivariate analysis showed that carriage was related to age greater than 3 months, maternal occupation, house flooring type, and co-colonization of another bacterium and virus. Conclusion These results can be helpful to understand the dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization; they confirm the interest of vaccinating infants before the age of 3 months with appropriate vaccine to prevent spread nasopharyngeal colonization and pneumococcal diseases in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Dan Dano
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Boulevard de la Nation, Niamey, Niger
| | - Sani Ousmane
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Boulevard de la Nation, Niamey, Niger
| | - Kamaye Moumouni
- Hôpital National de Niamey (HNN), Service de Pédiatrie A, Niamey, Niger
| | - Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Boulevard de la Nation, Niamey, Niger
| | - Idi Issa
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Boulevard de la Nation, Niamey, Niger
| | - Jean Testa
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), 634 Boulevard de la Nation, Niamey, Niger
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Farhat K, Bodart G, Charlet-Renard C, Desmet CJ, Moutschen M, Beguin Y, Baron F, Melin P, Quatresooz P, Parent AS, Desmecht D, Sirard JC, Salvatori R, Martens H, Geenen VG. Growth Hormone (GH) Deficient Mice With GHRH Gene Ablation Are Severely Deficient in Vaccine and Immune Responses Against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2175. [PMID: 30333823 PMCID: PMC6176084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise impact of the somatotrope axis upon the immune system is still highly debated. We have previously shown that mice with generalized ablation of growth hormone (GH) releasing hormone (GHRH) gene (Ghrh−/−) have normal thymus and T-cell development, but present a marked spleen atrophy and B-cell lymphopenia. Therefore, in this paper we have investigated vaccinal and anti-infectious responses of Ghrh−/− mice against S. pneumoniae, a pathogen carrying T-independent antigens. Ghrh−/− mice were unable to trigger production of specific IgM after vaccination with either native pneumococcal polysaccharides (PPS, PPV23) or protein-PPS conjugate (PCV13). GH supplementation of Ghrh−/− mice restored IgM response to PPV23 vaccine but not to PCV13 suggesting that GH could exert a specific impact on the spleen marginal zone that is strongly implicated in T-independent response against pneumococcal polysaccharides. As expected, after administration of low dose of S. pneumoniae, wild type (WT) completely cleared bacteria after 24 h. In marked contrast, Ghrh−/− mice exhibited a dramatic susceptibility to S. pneumoniae infection with a time-dependent increase in lung bacterial load and a lethal bacteraemia already after 24 h. Lungs of infected Ghrh−/− mice were massively infiltrated by inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils, while lung B cells were markedly decreased. The inflammatory transcripts signature was significantly elevated in Ghrh−/− mice. In this animal model, the somatotrope GHRH/GH/IGF1 axis plays a vital and unsuspected role in vaccine and immunological defense against S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Farhat
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gwennaëlle Bodart
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe J Desmet
- GIGA-I3 Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michel Moutschen
- GIGA-I3 Infectious diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yves Beguin
- GIGA-I3 Hematology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Pierrette Melin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Anne-Simone Parent
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Henri Martens
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent G Geenen
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Zimmerman T, Ibrahim SA. Parallel Colorimetric Quantification of Choline and Phosphocholine as a Method for Studying Choline Kinase Activity in Complex Mixtures. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E24. [PMID: 29562616 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline kinase (Chok) is an enzyme found in eukaryotes and Gram-positive bacteria. Chok catalyzes the production of phosphocholine from choline and ATP. This enzyme has been validated as a drug target in Streptococcus pneumonia, but the role Chok enzymatic activity plays in bacterial cell growth and division is not well understood. Phosphocholine production by Chok and its attenuation by inhibitors in the context of complex samples such as cell extracts can currently be quantified by several methods. These include choline depletion measurements, radioactive methods, mass-spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The first does not measure phosphocholine directly, the second requires elaborate safety procedures, and the third and fourth require significant capital investments and technical expertise. For these reasons, a less expensive, higher throughput, more easily accessible assay is needed to facilitate further study in Gram-positive Choks. Here, we present the development of a triiodide/activated charcoal/molybdenum blue system for detecting and quantifying choline and phosphocholine in parallel. We demonstrate that this system can reliably quantify changes in choline and phosphocholine concentrations over time in Chok enzymatic assays using cell extracts as the source of the enzyme. This is an easily accessible, convenient, robust, and economical method for studying Chok activity in complex samples. The triiodide/activated charcoal/molybdenum blue system opens new doors into the study choline kinase in Gram-positive pathogens.
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Kaur R, Wischmeyer J, Morris M, Pichichero ME. Comparison of direct-plating and broth-enrichment culture methods for detection of potential bacterial pathogens in respiratory secretions. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1539-1544. [PMID: 29034852 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the recovery of potential respiratory bacterial pathogens and normal flora from nasopharyngeal specimens collected from children during health and at the onset of acute otitis media (AOM) by selective direct-plating and overnight broth-enrichment. METHODS Overall, 3442 nasal wash (NW) samples collected from young children were analysed from a 10-year prospective study. NWs were cultured by (1) direct-plating to TSAII/5 % sheep blood agar and chocolate agar plates and (2) overnight broth-enrichment in BacT/ALERT SA-broth followed by plating. Standard microbiology techniques were applied to identify three dominant respiratory bacterial pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), Haemophilus influenzae (Hflu) and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) as well as two common nasal flora, Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and alpha-haemolytic Streptococci (AHS).Results/Key findings. Direct-plating of NW resulted in isolation of Spn from 37.8 %, Hflu from 13.6 % and Mcat from 33.2 % of samples. In comparison, overnight broth-enrichment isolated fewer Spn (30.1 %), Hflu (6.2 %) and Mcat (16.2 %) (P<0.001-0.0001). Broth-enrichment resulted in significant increased isolation of SA (6.0 %) and AHS (30.1 %) (P<0.0001). Competition between bacterial species in broth when both species were detected by direct-plating was assessed, and it was found that SA and AHS out-competed other species during broth-enrichment when samples were collected from healthy children but not during AOM. In middle ear fluids (MEF) at the onset of AOM, broth-enrichment resulted in higher recovery of Spn (+10.4 %, P<0.001), Hflu (+4.4 %, P=0.39) and Mcat (+13.5 %, <0.001). CONCLUSION Broth-enrichment significantly reduces the accurate detection of bacterial respiratory pathogens and increases identification of SA and AHS in NW. Broth-enrichment improves detection of bacterial respiratory pathogens in MEF samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kaur
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Jareth Wischmeyer
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Matthew Morris
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Michael E Pichichero
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
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7
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Wu Y, Cui J, Zhang X, Gao S, Ma F, Yao H, Sun X, He Y, Yin Y, Xu W. Pneumococcal DnaJ modulates dendritic cell-mediated Th1 and Th17 immune responses through Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. Immunobiology 2016; 222:384-393. [PMID: 27594384 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal DnaJ was recently shown to be a potential protein vaccine antigen that induces strong Th1 and Th17 immune response against streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. However, how DnaJ mediates T cell immune response against S. pneumoniae infection has not been addressed. Here, we investigate whether DnaJ contributes to the development of T cell immunity through the activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). We found that endotoxin-free recombinant DnaJ (rDnaJ) induced activation and maturation of BMDCs via recognition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and activation of MAPKs, NF-κB and PI3K-Akt pathways. rDnaJ-treated BMDCs effectively stimulated naïve CD4+ T cells to secrete IFN-γ and IL-17A. Splenocytes from mice that were adoptively transferred with rDnaJ-pulsed BMDCs secreted higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A compared with those that received PBS-activated BMDCs. Splenocytes from TLR4-/- mice immunized with rDnaJ produced lower levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A compared with those from wild type mice. Our findings indicate that DnaJ can induce Th1 and Th17 immune responses against S. pneumoniae through activation of BMDCs in a TLR4-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000,China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Song Gao
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Feng Ma
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hua Yao
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yujuan He
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Abstract
Here, we review current available literature regarding the effect of prior antibiotic treatment on outcomes of children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). To date, no prospective trial has reported information regarding morbidity or mortality in this group of patients. Retrospective studies have provided evidence for the advantage of treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics in children who failed prior antibiotic therapy. We discuss the changing epidemiology of CAP in the post PCV13 and Hib vaccines era and its relevance to the outcome of pediatric patients hospitalized for CAP. Current studies still report Streptococcus pneumoniae as the most common typical bacterial causative agent in pediatric CAP. However, in children who fail to respond to guideline directed antibiotic therapy, a non-pneumococcal, possibly one of several β-lactam resistant causative bacterial agents should be considered thus clarifying the advantage for broad-spectrum empirical antibiotic treatment in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Lavi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Breuer
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Haghi Ashtiani MT, Sadeghian M, Nikmanesh B, Pourakbari B, Mahmoudi S, Mamishi S. Antimicrobial susceptibility trends among Streptococcus pneumoniae over an 11-year period in an Iranian referral children Hospital. Iran J Microbiol 2014; 6:382-6. [PMID: 25926954 PMCID: PMC4411422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The appearance of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has raised a global concern over the past three decades. This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. pneumoniae isolated from patients in Children´s Medical Center (CMC) Hospital during 2001 to 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS During the 11 years period, a total of 194 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected in CMC Hospital. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and time-series analysis was used to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility changes over the time. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Antimicrobial susceptibility of S. pneumoniae to different antibiotics decreased from 2001 to 2011 as: penicillin from 78% to 32%, erythromycin from 75% to 35%, chloramphenicol from 94% to 55%, ampicillin from 70% to 62%, ceftriaxone from 100% to 87%, sulfametoxazole from 57% to 40%. We did not find any significant difference between the susceptibility of isolates from sterile and non-sterile sources. It would be an important key to consider antimicrobial stewardship as an essential factor to prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Sadeghian
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Nikmanesh
- Departement of parasitology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Pourakbari
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Mahmoudi
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Mamishi
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Setareh Mamishi, MD, Address: Children’s Medical Center Hospital, 62 Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran. Tel /fax: +98-21-66428996,
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Li J, Hua Z, Miao L, Jian T, Wei Y, Shasha Z, Shaocheng Z, Zhen G, Hongpeng Z, Ailong H, Deqiang W. The crystal structure and biochemical properties of DHBPS from Streptococcus pneumoniae, a potential anti-infective target for Gram-positive bacteria. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 91:161-8. [PMID: 23954596 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes involved in riboflavin biosynthesis are considered to be potential anti-bacterial drug targets because these proteins are essential in bacterial pathogens but are absent in humans. 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase (DHBPS) is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of riboflavin. DHBPS catalyzes the conversion of ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P) to 3,4-Dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate (DHBP) and formate. The purified SpDHBPS enzyme, in the presence of Mg(2+) ion, catalyzed the conversion of Ru5P to DHBP at a rate of 109nmolmin(-1)mg(-1) with an apparent Km value of 181μM at 37°C. Surprisingly, our experiments first revealed that DHBPS showed activity in the presence of the trivalent metal ion, Fe(3+). Furthermore, we determined the crystal structure of DHBPS from Gram-positive bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae, with 2.0Å resolution. The overall architecture of SpDHBPS was similar to its homologs, which comprise one β-sheet (five-stranded) and eight α-helices, adopting a three-layered α-β-α sandwich fold. Similar to the homologs, gel-filtration experiments verified that the enzyme was arranged as a dimer. Although the overall fold of DHBPS was similar, the significant structural differences between the species at the active site region may be utilized to develop antibacterial agents that are species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Disease, Chongqing Medical University, YiXueYuanlu-1, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, YiXueYuanlu-1, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
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