1
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Chen X, Lin Y, Yue S, Yang Y, Yang X, He J, Gao L, Li Z, Hu L, Tang J, Wang Y, Tian Q, Hao Y, Xu L, Huang Q, Cao Y, Ye L. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade restores tumor-induced COVID-19 vaccine bluntness. Vaccine 2023; 41:4986-4995. [PMID: 37400286 PMCID: PMC10281226 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 vaccinations are crucial in protecting against the global pandemic. However, accumulating studies revealed the severely blunted COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in cancer patients. The PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy leads to durable therapeutic responses in a subset of cancer patients and has been approved to treat a wide spectrum of cancers in the clinic. In this regard, it is pivotal to explore the potential impact of PD-1/PD-L1 ICB therapy on COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness during ongoing malignancy. In this study, using preclinical models, we found that the tumor-suppressed COVID-19 vaccine responses are largely reverted in the setting of PD-1/PD-L1 ICB therapy. We also identified that the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade-directed restoration of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness is irrelevant to anti-tumor therapeutic outcomes. Mechanistically, the restored COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness is entwined with the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade-driven preponderance of follicular helper T cell and germinal center responses during ongoing malignancy. Thus, our findings indicate that PD-1/PD-L1 blockade will greatly normalize the responses of cancer patients to COVID-19 vaccination, while regardless of its anti-tumor efficacies on these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yao Lin
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shuai Yue
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Cancer Center, Daping Hospital & Army Medical Center of PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Junjian He
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Leiqiong Gao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Li Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianfang Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qin Tian
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Yaxing Hao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qizhao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yingjiao Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Lilin Ye
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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2
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Lin G, Yan H, Sun J, Zhao J, Zhang Y. Self-replicating RNA nanoparticle vaccine elicits protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2023; 32:650-666. [PMID: 37151990 PMCID: PMC10122567 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The creation of safe and effective vaccines that induce potent cellular and humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 is urgently needed to end the global COVID-19 epidemic. Here, we developed an alphavirus-derived self-replicating RNA (repRNA)-based vaccine platform encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. The repRNA triggers prolonged antigen expression compared with conventional mRNA due to the replication machinery of repRNA. To improve the delivery and vaccine efficacy of repRNA, we developed a self-assembling liposome-protamine-RNA (LPR) nanoparticle with highly efficient encapsulation and transfection of repRNA. LPR-repRNA vaccines substantially activated type I interferon response and innate immune signaling pathways. Subcutaneous immunization of LPR-repRNA-RBD led to prolonged antigen expression, stimulation of innate immune cells, and induction of germinal center response in draining lymph nodes. LPR-repRNA-RBD induced antigen-specific T cell responses and skewed cellular immunity toward an effector memory CD8+ T cell response. Immunizations with LPR-repRNA-RBD triggered the production of anti-RBD IgG antibodies and induced neutralizing antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. LPR-repRNA-RBD vaccines reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung inflammation in mice. Altogether, these data suggest that the LPR-repRNA platform can be a promising avenue for COVID-19 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511442, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Huan Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511442, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511442, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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3
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Rodriguez-Aponte SA, Naranjo CA, Johnston RS, Dalvie NC, Crowell LE, Bajoria S, Kumru OS, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Christopher Love J. Minimal purification method enables developability assessment of recombinant proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023. [PMID: 36929469 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Analytical characterization of proteins is a critical task for developing therapeutics and subunit vaccine candidates. Assessing candidates with a battery of biophysical assays can inform the selection of one that exhibits properties consistent with a given target product profile. Such assessments, however, require several milligrams of purified protein, and ideal assessments of the physicochemical attributes of the proteins should not include unnatural modification like peptide tags for purification. Here we describe a fast two-stage minimal purification process for recombinant proteins secreted by the yeast host Komagataella phaffii from 20 mL culture supernatant. This method comprises a buffer exchange and filtration with a Q-membrane filter and we demonstrate sufficient removal of key supernatant impurities including host-cell proteins and DNA with yields of 1 - 2 mg and >60% purity. This quality level enables characterizing the resulting proteins using target binding, mass spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry. We first evaluated this method to purify an engineered SARS-CoV-2 subunit protein antigen and compared the purified protein to a conventional two-step chromatographic process. We then applied this method to compare several SARS-CoV-2 RBD sequences. Finally, we show this simple process can be applied to a range of other proteins, including a single-domain antibody, a rotavirus protein subunit, and a human growth hormone. This simple and fast developability methodology obviates the need for genetic tagging or full chromatographic development when assessing and comparing early-stage protein therapeutics and vaccine candidates produced in K. phaffii. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Rodriguez-Aponte
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Christopher A Naranjo
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ryan S Johnston
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Neil C Dalvie
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Laura E Crowell
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sakshi Bajoria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Ozan S Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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4
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Kumar THV, Srinivasan S, Krishnan V, Vaidyanathan R, Babu KA, Natarajan S, Veerapandian M. Peptide-based direct electrochemical detection of receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in pristine samples. Sens Actuators B Chem 2023; 377:133052. [PMID: 36438197 PMCID: PMC9682882 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.133052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RNA isolation and amplification-free user-friendly detection of SARS-CoV-2 is the need of hour especially at resource limited settings. Herein, we devised the peptides of human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (hACE-2) as bioreceptor at electrode interface for selective targeting of receptor binding domains (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP). Disposable carbon-screen printed electrode modified with methylene blue (MB) electroadsorbed graphene oxide (GO) has been constructed as cost-efficient and scalable platform for hACE-2 peptide-based SARS-CoV-2 detection. In silico molecular docking of customized 25 mer peptides with RBD of SARS-CoV-2 SP were validated by AutoDock CrankPep. N-terminal region of ACE-2 showed higher binding affinity of - 20.6 kcal/mol with 15 H-bond, 9 of which were < 3 Å. Electrochemical biosensing of different concentrations of SPs were determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA), enabling a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.58 pg/mL and 0.71 pg/mL, respectively. MB-GO devised hACE-2 peptide platform exert an enhanced current sensitivity of 0.0105 mA/pg mL-1 cm-2 (R2 = 0.9792) (CV) and 0.45 nA/pg mL-1 (R2 = 0.9570) (CA) against SP in the range of 1 pg/mL to 1 µg/mL. For clinical feasibility, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimens in viral transport medium were directly tested with the prepared peptide biosensor and validated with RT-PCR, promising for point-of-need analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Vignesh Kumar
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowmiya Srinivasan
- Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Center of Excellence in Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinoth Krishnan
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rama Vaidyanathan
- Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Center of Excellence in Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannadasan Anand Babu
- Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Center of Excellence in Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudhakar Natarajan
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugan Veerapandian
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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5
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Rodriguez-Aponte SA, Dalvie NC, Wong TY, Johnston RS, Naranjo CA, Bajoria S, Kumru OS, Kaur K, Russ BP, Lee KS, Cyphert HA, Barbier M, Rao HD, Rajurkar MP, Lothe RR, Shaligram US, Batwal S, Chandrasekaran R, Nagar G, Kleanthous H, Biswas S, Bevere JR, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Damron FH, Love JC. Molecular engineering of a cryptic epitope in Spike RBD improves manufacturability and neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Vaccine 2023; 41:1108-1118. [PMID: 36610932 PMCID: PMC9797419 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a continued need for sarbecovirus vaccines that can be manufactured and distributed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Subunit protein vaccines are manufactured at large scales at low costs, have less stringent temperature requirements for distribution in LMICs, and several candidates have shown protection against SARS-CoV-2. We previously reported an engineered variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor binding domain antigen (RBD-L452K-F490W; RBD-J) with enhanced manufacturability and immunogenicity compared to the ancestral RBD. Here, we report a second-generation engineered RBD antigen (RBD-J6) with two additional mutations to a hydrophobic cryptic epitope in the RBD core, S383D and L518D, that further improved expression titers and biophysical stability. RBD-J6 retained binding affinity to human convalescent sera and to all tested neutralizing antibodies except antibodies that target the class IV epitope on the RBD core. K18-hACE2 transgenic mice immunized with three doses of a Beta variant of RBD-J6 displayed on a virus-like particle (VLP) generated neutralizing antibodies (nAb) to nine SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern at similar levels as two doses of Comirnaty. The vaccinated mice were also protected from challenge with Alpha or Beta SARS-CoV-2. This engineered antigen could be useful for modular RBD-based subunit vaccines to enhance manufacturability and global access, or for further development of variant-specific or broadly acting booster vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Rodriguez-Aponte
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Neil C Dalvie
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ting Y Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ryan S Johnston
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher A Naranjo
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sakshi Bajoria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Ozan S Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Brynnan P Russ
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Katherine S Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Holly A Cyphert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 26506, USA
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Harish D Rao
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gaurav Nagar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411028, India
| | | | - Sumi Biswas
- SpyBiotech Limited, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford OX4 2JZ, UK
| | - Justin R Bevere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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6
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Alkayyal AA, Ajina R, Cacciabue M, Alkayyal AA, Saeedi NH, Hussain Alshehry T, Kaboha F, Alotaibi MA, Zaidan N, Shah K, Alroqi F, Bakur Mahmoud A. SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein enhances the oncolytic activity of the vesicular stomatitis virus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1082191. [PMID: 36798114 PMCID: PMC9927213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1082191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the research on oncolytic viruses (OVs), a better understanding of how to enhance their replication is key to improving their therapeutic index. Understanding viral replication is important to improve treatment outcomes based on enhanced viral spreading within the tumor milieu. The VSV-Δ51 oncolytic virus has been widely used as an anticancer agent with a high selectivity profile. In this study, we examined the role of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) in enhancing VSV-Δ51 viral production and oncolytic activity. To test this hypothesis, we first generated a novel VSV-Δ51 mutant that encoded the SARS-COV-2 RBD and compared viral spreading and viral yield between VSV-Δ51-RBD and VSV-Δ51 in vitro. Using the viral plaque assay, we demonstrated that the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD in the VSV-Δ51 genome is associated with a significantly larger viral plaque surface area and significantly higher virus titers. Subsequently, using an ATP release-based assay, we demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 RBD could enhance VSV-Δ51 oncolytic activity in vitro. This observation was further supported using the B16F10 tumor model. These findings highlighted a novel use of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.,Immunology Research Program, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Ajina
- Immunology Research Program, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marco Cacciabue
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De los Reseros y N. Repetto s/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aaesha A Alkayyal
- College of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nizar H Saeedi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taofik Hussain Alshehry
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Feras Kaboha
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alotaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Zaidan
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology-Brigham and Women's Hospital (KACST-BWH) Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Fayhan Alroqi
- Immunology Research Program, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Immunology, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.,Strategic Research and Innovation Laboratories, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.,Immunology Research Program, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Ramirez-Acosta K, Rosales-Fuerte IA, Perez-Sanchez JE, Nuñez-Rivera A, Juarez J, Cadena-Nava RD. Design and selection of peptides to block the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by molecular docking. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2022; 13:699-711. [PMID: 35957673 PMCID: PMC9344557 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently one of the most contagious viruses in existence and the cause of the worst pandemic in this century, COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection begins with the recognition of the cellular receptor angiotensin converting enzyme-2 by its spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD). Thus, the use of small peptides to neutralize the infective mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 through the RBD is an interesting strategy. The binding ability of 104 peptides (University of Nebraska Medical Center's Antimicrobial Peptide Database) to the RBD was assessed using molecular docking. Based on the molecular docking results, peptides with great affinity to the RBD were selected. The most common amino acids involved in the recognition of the RBD were identified to design novel peptides based on the number of hydrogen bonds that were formed. At physiological pH, these peptides are almost neutral and soluble in aqueous media. Interestingly, several peptides showed the capability to bind to the active surface area of the RBD of the Wuhan strain, as well as to the RBD of the Delta variant and other SARS-Cov-2 variants. Therefore, these peptides have promising potential in the treatment of the COVID-19 disease caused by different variants of SARS-CoV-2. This research work will be focused on the molecular docking of peptides by molecular dynamics, in addition to an analysis of the possible interaction of these peptides with physiological proteins. This methodology could be extended to design peptides that are active against other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Ramirez-Acosta
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) – Ensenada, Baja California, México
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Ivan A Rosales-Fuerte
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) – Ensenada, Baja California, México
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - J Eduardo Perez-Sanchez
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) – Ensenada, Baja California, México
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) – Ensenada, Baja California, México
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Josue Juarez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Ruben D Cadena-Nava
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) – Ensenada, Baja California, México
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8
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Liang Z, Wang X, Yu G, Li M, Shi S, Bao H, Chen C, Fu D, Ma W, Xue C, Sun B. Mechanistic understanding of the aspect ratio-dependent adjuvanticity of engineered aluminum oxyhydroxide nanorods in prophylactic vaccines. Nano Today 2022; 43:101445. [PMID: 35261619 PMCID: PMC8896059 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) adjuvants are widely used in human vaccines. However, the interaction mechanisms at the material-bio interface, and further understandings on physicochemical property-dependent modulation of the immune responses still remain uncertain. Herein, a library of AlOOH nanorods with well-defined aspect ratios is designed to explore the mechanisms of adjuvanticity. The aspect ratios of AlOOH nanorods were demonstrated to be intrinsically modulated by the hydroxide supersaturation level during crystal growth, leading to the differences in surface free energy (SFE). As a result, higher aspect ratio AlOOH nanoadjuvants with lower SFE exhibited more hydrophobic surface, resulting in more membrane depolarization, cellular uptake and dendritic cell (DC) activation. By using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) virus-like particles (VLPs) or SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) as model antigens, AlOOH nanorods with higher aspect ratio were determined to elicit more potent humoral immune responses, which could be attributed to the enhanced DC activation and the efficient antigen trafficking to the draining lymph nodes. Our findings highlight the critical role of aspect ratio of AlOOH nanorods in modulating adjuvanticity, and further provide a design strategy for engineered nanoadjuvants for prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Shuting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Hang Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Duo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
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9
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Song Y, Qayyum S, Greer RA, Slominski RM, Raman C, Slominski AT, Song Y. Vitamin D3 and its hydroxyderivatives as promising drugs against COVID-19: a computational study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11594-11610. [PMID: 34415218 PMCID: PMC8858339 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1964601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiologic correlation between the poor prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vitamin D deficiency has been observed worldwide, however, their molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we used combined molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy analyses to investigate the potentials of vitamin D3 and its hydroxyderivatives as TMPRSS2 inhibitor and to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as well as to unveil molecular and structural basis of 1,25(OH)2D3 capability to inhibit ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 RBD interactions. The results show that vitamin D3 and its hydroxyderivatives are favorable to bind active site of TMPRSS2 and the binding site(s) between ACE2 and SARS-CoV2-RBD, which indicate that vitamin D3 and its biologically active hydroxyderivatives can serve as TMPRSS2 inhibitor and can inhibit ACE2 binding of SARS-CoV-2 RBD to prevent SARS-CoV-2 entry. Interaction of 1,25(OH)2D3 with SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 resulted in the conformation and dynamical motion changes of the binding surfaces between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 to interrupt the binding of SARS-CoV-2 RBD with ACE2. The interaction of 1,25(OH)2D3 with TMPRSS2 also caused the conformational and dynamical motion changes of TMPRSS2, which could affect TMPRSS2 to prime SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. Our results propose that vitamin D3 and its biologically active hydroxyderivatives are promising drugs or adjuvants in the treatment of COVID-19. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Song
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rory A. Greer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yuhua Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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10
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Alves Ferreira-Bravo I, DeStefano JJ. Xeno-Nucleic Acid (XNA) 2'-Fluoro-Arabino Nucleic Acid (FANA) Aptamers to the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Block ACE2 Binding. Viruses 2021; 13:1983. [PMID: 34696413 DOI: 10.3390/v13101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, gains access to cells through interactions of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) on the viral S protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the surface of human host cells. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) was used to generate aptamers (nucleic acids selected for high binding affinity to a target) to the RBD made from 2ʹ-fluoro-arabinonucleic acid (FANA). The best selected ~79 nucleotide aptamers bound the RBD (Arg319-Phe541) and the larger S1 domain (Val16-Arg685) of the 1272 amino acid S protein with equilibrium dissociation constants (KD,app) of ~10–20 nM, and binding half-life for the RBD, S1 domain, and full trimeric S protein of 53 ± 18, 76 ± 5, and 127 ± 7 min, respectively. Aptamers inhibited the binding of the RBD to ACE2 in an ELISA assay. Inhibition, on a per weight basis, was similar to neutralizing antibodies that were specific for RBD. Aptamers demonstrated high specificity, binding with about 10-fold lower affinity to the related S1 domain from the original SARS virus, which also binds to ACE2. Overall, FANA aptamers show affinities comparable to previous DNA aptamers to RBD and S1 protein and directly block receptor interactions while using an alternative Xeno-nucleic acid (XNA) platform.
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11
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Yang J, Zhang Z, Yang F, Zhang H, Wu H, Zhu F, Xue W. Computational design and modeling of nanobodies toward SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:1-18. [PMID: 33894099 PMCID: PMC8250495 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has become a global health concern and pose a serious threat to humanity. There is an urgent need for developing therapeutic drugs and (or) biologics to prevent the spread of the virus. The life cycle of SARS‐CoV‐2 shows that the virus enters host cells by first binding to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its spike protein receptor‐binding domain (RBD). Therefore, blocking the binding between of ACE2 and SARS‐CoV‐2 RBD can inhibit the virus infection in the host cells. In this study, by grafting the complementarity‐determining regions (CDRs) of developed SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoVs specific neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as well as SARS‐CoV‐2 mAbs onto a known stable nanobody (Nb) scaffold, and a total of 16 Nbs sequences were designed. Five Nbs, namely CS01, CS02, CS03, CS10, and CS16, were selected based on the free energy landscape of protein docking verified by the recently reported Nb‐RBD cocrystal structures. CS01, CS02, and CS03 occupied the ACE2 binding site of RBD, while CS10 and CS16 were proposed to inhibit the interaction between RBD and ACE2 through an allosteric mechanism. Based on the structures of the five Nbs in complex with RBD, seven brand‐new Nbs with enhanced binding affinities (CS02_RD01, CS03_RD01, CS03_RD02, CS03_RD03, CS03_RD04, CS16_RD01, and CS16_RD02) were generated by redesign of residues on the interface of the five Nbs contact with SARS‐CoV‐2 RBD. In addition, the identified “hot spots” on the interface of each complex provide useful information to understand the binding mechanism of designed Nbs to SARS‐CoV‐2 RBD. In sum, the predicted stabilities and high binding affinities of the 11 (re)designed Nbs indicating the potential of the developed computational framework in this work to design effective agents to block the infection of SARS‐CoV‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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12
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Souza PFN, Amaral JL, Bezerra LP, Lopes FES, Freire VN, Oliveira JTA, Freitas CDT. ACE2-derived peptides interact with the RBD domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, disrupting the interaction with the human ACE2 receptor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:5493-5506. [PMID: 33427102 PMCID: PMC7876913 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1871415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines could be the solution to the current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. However, some studies have shown that the immunological memory only lasts three months. Thus, it is imperative to develop pharmacological treatments to cope with COVID-19. Here, the in silico approach by molecular docking, dynamic simulations and quantum biochemistry revealed that ACE2-derived peptides strongly interact with the SARS-CoV-2 RBD domain of spike glycoprotein (S-RBD). ACE2-Dev-PepI, ACE2-Dev-PepII, ACE2-Dev-PepIII and ACE2-Dev-PepIV complexed with S-RBD provoked alterations in the 3D structure of S-RBD, leading to disruption of the correct interaction with the ACE2 receptor, a pivotal step for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This wrong interaction between S-RBD and ACE2 could inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in cells, and thus virus replication and the establishment of COVID-19 disease. Therefore, we suggest that ACE2-derived peptides can interfere with recognition of ACE2 in human cells by SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. Bioinformatic prediction showed that these peptides have no toxicity or allergenic potential. By using ACE2-derived peptides against SARS-CoV-2, this study points to opportunities for further in vivo research on these peptides, seeking to discover new drugs and entirely new perspectives to treat COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jackson L Amaral
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Leandro P Bezerra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Francisco E S Lopes
- Center for Permanent Education in Health Care, CEATS/School of Public Health of Ceará-ESP-CE, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Valder N Freire
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jose T A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Cleverson D T Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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