Generation of Salivary Gland Organoids from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Salivary glands are exocrine glands composed of several cell types, including the ductal, acinar, and basal/myoepithelial cells. They play important roles in maintaining oral homeostasis and health. During early murine development, the salivary glands, which arise as epithelial buds, are produced from primitive oral epithelia through an interaction between the oral epithelium and mesenchyme.We recently reported that salivary gland organoids can be generated from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We recapitulated the process of embryonic salivary gland development using an organoid culture system. The mouse ESC-derived salivary gland organoids consisted of acinar-, ductal-, and myoepithelial-like cells. In this chapter, we describe a protocol for differentiating salivary gland organoids from ESCs .

Human brain development and its in vitro recapitulation

Humans have a large and gyrencephalic brain. The higher intellectual ability of humans is dependent on the proper development of the brain. Brain malformation is often associated with cognitive dysfunction. It is thus important to know how our brain grows during development. Several animal species have been used as models to understand the mechanisms of brain development, and have provided us with basic information in this regard. It has been revealed that mammalian brain development basically proceeds through a similar process by common mechanisms, including neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis. However, humans also display species-specific features in these processes. These differences seem to be important for building the proper human brain structure. Analysis of these human-specific features requires human brain samples, which are difficult to obtain due to both ethical and practical reasons. Nevertheless, brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells can be used as models to study human brain development and pathology because such organoids can partly recapitulate human fetal developmental processes. In this review, we will review some human-specific features during brain development and discuss brain organoid technology as a model system. We will especially focusing on neocortical development.

Generation of Various Telencephalic Regions from Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Three-Dimensional Culture

In the developing embryo, telencephalon arises from the rostral portion of the neural tube. The telencephalon further subdivides into distinct brain regions along the dorsal-ventral (DV) axis by exogenous patterning signals. Here, we describe a protocol for in vitro generation of various telencephalic regions from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Dissociated human ESCs are reaggregated in a low-cell-adhesion 96-well plate and cultured as floating aggregates. Telencephalic neural progenitors are efficiently generated when ESC aggregates are cultured in serum-free medium containing TGFβ inhibitor and Wnt inhibitor. In long-term culture, the telencephalic neural progenitors acquire cortical identities and self-organize a stratified cortical structure as seen in human fetal cortex. By treatment with Shh signal, the telencephalic progenitors acquire ventral (subpallial) identities and generate lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). In contrast, by treatment with Wnt and BMP signals, their regional identities shift to more dorsal side that generates choroid plexus and medial palllium (hippocampal primordium).

Generation of a Three-Dimensional Retinal Tissue from Self-Organizing Human ESC Culture

A three-dimensional (3D) tissue generated in vitro is a promising source to study developmental biology and regenerative medicine. In the last decade, Yoshiki Sasai's group have developed a 3D stem cell culture technique known as SFEBq and demonstrated that embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have an ability to self-organize stratified neural tissue including 3D-retina. Furthermore, we have reported that ESC-derived retinal tissue can form an optic cup and a ciliary margin, which are unique structures in the developing retina. In this review, we focus on self-organizing culture technique to generate 3D-retina from human ESCs.