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Rees JM, Palmer MA, Gillis JA. Fgf signalling is required for gill slit formation in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea. Dev Biol 2024; 506:85-94. [PMID: 38040078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The gill slits of fishes develop from an iterative series of pharyngeal endodermal pouches that contact and fuse with surface ectoderm on either side of the embryonic head. We find in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) that all gill slits form via a stereotypical sequence of epithelial interactions: 1) endodermal pouches approach overlying surface ectoderm, with 2) focal degradation of ectodermal basement membranes preceding endoderm-ectoderm contact; 3) endodermal pouches contact and intercalate with overlying surface ectoderm, and finally 4) perforation of a gill slit occurs by epithelial remodelling, without programmed cell death, at the site of endoderm-ectoderm intercalation. Skate embryos express Fgf8 and Fgf3 within developing pharyngeal epithelia during gill slit formation. When we inhibit Fgf signalling by treating skate embryos with the Fgf receptor inhibitor SU5402 we find that endodermal pouch formation, basement membrane degradation and endodermal-ectodermal intercalation are unaffected, but that epithelial remodelling and gill slit perforation fail to occur. These findings point to a role for Fgf signalling in epithelial remodelling during gill slit formation in the skate and, more broadly, to an ancestral role for Fgf signalling during pharyngeal pouch epithelial morphogenesis in vertebrate embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenaid M Rees
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael A Palmer
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
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2
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Ruangrung K, Chakritbudsabong W, Thongon S, Rungarunlert S, Wattanapanitch M, Boonarkart C, Suptawiwat O, Sirinonthanawech N, Smith DR, Auewarakul P. Analysis of Influenza A virus infection in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and their derivatives. Virus Res 2023; 323:199009. [PMID: 36414188 PMCID: PMC10194299 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.199009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection in pregnant women is a major public health concern. However, the effect of IAV infection on human embryogenesis is still unclear. Here we show that human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and hiPSC-derived ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal cells are susceptible to IAV infection. These cell types stained positive for α2,6-linked sialic acid, the receptor for IAV infection expressed on the cell surface. While hiPSCs produced high viral titers for up to 7 days with increasing infected cell number suggesting that the viral progenies produced from hiPSCs without exogenous protease were infectious and could spread to other cells, the three germ-layer cells showed a decline in viral titers suggesting the lack of viral spreading. Amongst the three germ layers, endodermal cells were less susceptible than ectodermal and mesodermal cells. These results indicate the permissiveness of cells of early embryogenesis, and suggest a risk of detrimental effects of IAV infection in early human embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyarat Ruangrung
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warunya Chakritbudsabong
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Songkran Thongon
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasitorn Rungarunlert
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Methichit Wattanapanitch
- Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chompunuch Boonarkart
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ornpreya Suptawiwat
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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3
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Tahir Z, Craven C. Gastrulation and Split Cord Malformation. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2023; 47:1-23. [PMID: 37640870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-34981-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Split cord malformation (SCM) is a rare form of closed spinal dysraphism, in which two hemi-cords are present, instead of a single spinal cord. SCM is categorised into type 1 and type 2. Type 1 SCM is defined by the presence of a bony or osseocartilaginous spur between the hemi-cords, whereas type 2 SCM has no bony spur, and the two hemi-cords are contained within a single dura. In this chapter, we present the putative mechanisms by which SCM arises, including gastrulation defects and Pang's unified theory. The typical and rare clinical presentations and variations are described. Finally, we outline the step-by-step surgical approach to both SCM 1 and 2 and the overall prognosis of both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Tahir
- Great Ormond Street Children Hospital, London, UK.
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4
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Quiat D, Timberlake AT, Curran JJ, Cunningham ML, McDonough B, Artunduaga MA, DePalma SR, Duenas-Roque MM, Gorham JM, Gustafson JA, Hamdan U, Hing AV, Hurtado-Villa P, Nicolau Y, Osorno G, Pachajoa H, Porras-Hurtado GL, Quintanilla-Dieck L, Serrano L, Tumblin M, Zarante I, Luquetti DV, Eavey RD, Heike CL, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Damaging variants in FOXI3 cause microtia and craniofacial microsomia. Genet Med 2023; 25:143-150. [PMID: 36260083 PMCID: PMC9885525 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) represents a spectrum of craniofacial malformations, ranging from isolated microtia with or without aural atresia to underdevelopment of the mandible, maxilla, orbit, facial soft tissue, and/or facial nerve. The genetic causes of CFM remain largely unknown. METHODS We performed genome sequencing and linkage analysis in patients and families with microtia and CFM of unknown genetic etiology. The functional consequences of damaging missense variants were evaluated through expression of wild-type and mutant proteins in vitro. RESULTS We studied a 5-generation kindred with microtia, identifying a missense variant in FOXI3 (p.Arg236Trp) as the cause of disease (logarithm of the odds = 3.33). We subsequently identified 6 individuals from 3 additional kindreds with microtia-CFM spectrum phenotypes harboring damaging variants in FOXI3, a regulator of ectodermal and neural crest development. Missense variants in the nuclear localization sequence were identified in cases with isolated microtia with aural atresia and found to affect subcellular localization of FOXI3. Loss of function variants were found in patients with microtia and mandibular hypoplasia (CFM), suggesting dosage sensitivity of FOXI3. CONCLUSION Damaging variants in FOXI3 are the second most frequent genetic cause of CFM, causing 1% of all cases, including 13% of familial cases in our cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Quiat
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Timberlake
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Michael L. Cunningham
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jonas A. Gustafson
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Anne V. Hing
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Gabriel Osorno
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Harry Pachajoa
- Servicio de Genética Médica, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia,Centro de Investigación en Anomalías Congénitas y Enfermedades Raras (CIACER), Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Lourdes Quintanilla-Dieck
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | | | - Ignacio Zarante
- Human Genomics Institute, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia,Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniela V. Luquetti
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Roland D. Eavey
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Roland D. Eavey, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232. OR Carrie L. Heike, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105. OR Jonathan G. Seidman, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis, Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115. OR Christine Seidman, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis, Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115. c
| | - Carrie L. Heike
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Roland D. Eavey, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232. OR Carrie L. Heike, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105. OR Jonathan G. Seidman, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis, Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115. OR Christine Seidman, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis, Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115. c
| | - Jonathan G. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Roland D. Eavey, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232. OR Carrie L. Heike, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105. OR Jonathan G. Seidman, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis, Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115. OR Christine Seidman, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis, Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115. c
| | - Christine E. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Roland D. Eavey, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232. OR Carrie L. Heike, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105. OR Jonathan G. Seidman, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis, Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115. OR Christine Seidman, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis, Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115. c
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5
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Auvinen P, Vehviläinen J, Marjonen H, Modhukur V, Sokka J, Wallén E, Rämö K, Ahola L, Salumets A, Otonkoski T, Skottman H, Ollikainen M, Trokovic R, Kahila H, Kaminen-Ahola N. Chromatin modifier developmental pluripotency associated factor 4 (DPPA4) is a candidate gene for alcohol-induced developmental disorders. BMC Med 2022; 20:495. [PMID: 36581877 PMCID: PMC9801659 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) affects embryonic development, causing a variable fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) phenotype with neuronal disorders and birth defects. We hypothesize that early alcohol-induced epigenetic changes disrupt the accurate developmental programming of embryo and consequently cause the complex phenotype of developmental disorders. To explore the etiology of FASD, we collected unique biological samples of 80 severely alcohol-exposed and 100 control newborns at birth. METHODS We performed genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) and gene expression analyses of placentas by using microarrays (EPIC, Illumina) and mRNA sequencing, respectively. To test the manifestation of observed PAE-associated DNAm changes in embryonic tissues as well as potential biomarkers for PAE, we examined if the changes can be detected also in white blood cells or buccal epithelial cells of the same newborns by EpiTYPER. To explore the early effects of alcohol on extraembryonic placental tissue, we selected 27 newborns whose mothers had consumed alcohol up to gestational week 7 at maximum to the separate analyses. Furthermore, to explore the effects of early alcohol exposure on embryonic cells, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as well as hESCs during differentiation into endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal cells were exposed to alcohol in vitro. RESULTS DPPA4, FOXP2, and TACR3 with significantly decreased DNAm were discovered-particularly the regulatory region of DPPA4 in the early alcohol-exposed placentas. When hESCs were exposed to alcohol in vitro, significantly altered regulation of DPPA2, a closely linked heterodimer of DPPA4, was observed. While the regulatory region of DPPA4 was unmethylated in both control and alcohol-exposed hESCs, alcohol-induced decreased DNAm similar to placenta was seen in in vitro differentiated mesodermal and ectodermal cells. Furthermore, common genes with alcohol-associated DNAm changes in placenta and hESCs were linked exclusively to the neurodevelopmental pathways in the enrichment analysis, which emphasizes the value of placental tissue when analyzing the effects of prenatal environment on human development. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows the effects of early alcohol exposure on human embryonic and extraembryonic cells, introduces candidate genes for alcohol-induced developmental disorders, and reveals potential biomarkers for prenatal alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Auvinen
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Vehviläinen
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Marjonen
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Modhukur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406, Tartu, Estonia.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Sokka
- Research Programs Unit, Stem cells and Metabolism and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Wallén
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Rämö
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Ahola
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Salumets
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406, Tartu, Estonia.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Stem cells and Metabolism and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Ollikainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland, FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Trokovic
- Research Programs Unit, Stem cells and Metabolism and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Kahila
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Kaminen-Ahola
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
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6
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Jeppesen H, Gjærde LK, Lindegaard J, Julian HO, Heegaard S, Sengeløv H. Ocular Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease and Its Relation to Other Organ Manifestations and Outcomes after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:833.e1-833.e7. [PMID: 36002105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) has been shown to significantly reduce quality of life after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To learn more about this bothersome complication, we investigated the relationship between ocular cGVHD and cGVHD in other organs. We also investigated the associations between ocular cGVHD and overall mortality, nonrelapse mortality, and relapse. In this single-center study, we retrospectively included 1221 consecutive adults who underwent allogeneic HSCT. Patients were examined by an ophthalmologist before HSCT and annually for 5 years after HSCT or more frequently if needed. Patients with dry eye disease before HSCT were excluded. The International Chronic Ocular GVHD Consensus Group criteria were used to diagnose ocular cGVHD. Nonocular cGVHD was diagnosed using the National Institute of Health criteria. Out of 601 patients who were diagnosed with systemic cGVHD during follow-up, 279 (46%) developed ocular cGVHD. Ocular cGVHD was more frequent in patients with extensive cGVHD compared to those with limited cGVHD (50% versus 29%; P < .0001) and was associated with cGVHD in skin (P < .0001), oral cavity (P = .0024), genitals (P = .0023), and nails (P = .031). The frequency of ocular cGVHD was higher in patients with skin cGVHD with sclerosis compared to those with skin cGVHD without sclerosis (70% versus 49%; P = .0003). In an adjusted time-dependent Cox model, ocular cGVHD was associated with increased nonrelapse mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 2.21; P = .003), whereas there was no support for an association with relapse (adjusted HR, .85; 95% CI, .53 to 1.36; P = .5). Special attention to eye problems after HSCT should be given to patients with extensive cGVHD and cGVHD in ectodermal-derived organs (skin, mouth, nails, and genitals). Furthermore, ocular cGVHD is a potential risk factor for nonrelapse mortality. © 2022 American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Jeppesen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lars Klingen Gjærde
- Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Eye Pathology Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Sengeløv
- Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Diacou R, Nandigrami P, Fiser A, Liu W, Ashery-Padan R, Cvekl A. Cell fate decisions, transcription factors and signaling during early retinal development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101093. [PMID: 35817658 PMCID: PMC9669153 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate eyes is a complex process starting from anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral patterning of the anterior neural tube, resulting in the formation of the eye field. Symmetrical separation of the eye field at the anterior neural plate is followed by two symmetrical evaginations to generate a pair of optic vesicles. Next, reciprocal invagination of the optic vesicles with surface ectoderm-derived lens placodes generates double-layered optic cups. The inner and outer layers of the optic cups develop into the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), respectively. In vitro produced retinal tissues, called retinal organoids, are formed from human pluripotent stem cells, mimicking major steps of retinal differentiation in vivo. This review article summarizes recent progress in our understanding of early eye development, focusing on the formation the eye field, optic vesicles, and early optic cups. Recent single-cell transcriptomic studies are integrated with classical in vivo genetic and functional studies to uncover a range of cellular mechanisms underlying early eye development. The functions of signal transduction pathways and lineage-specific DNA-binding transcription factors are dissected to explain cell-specific regulatory mechanisms underlying cell fate determination during early eye development. The functions of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors Otx2, Pax6, Lhx2, Six3 and Six6, which are required for early eye development, are discussed in detail. Comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of early eye development provides insight into the molecular and cellular basis of developmental ocular anomalies, such as optic cup coloboma. Lastly, modeling human development and inherited retinal diseases using stem cell-derived retinal organoids generates opportunities to discover novel therapies for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Prithviraj Nandigrami
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Andras Fiser
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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8
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Pistollato F, Bal-Price A, Coecke S, Parvatam S, Pamies D, Czysz K, Hao J, Kee K, Teo AKK, Niu S, Wilmes A, Smirnova L, Freund C, Mummery C, Stacey G. Quality criteria for in vitro human pluripotent stem cell-derived models of tissue-based cells. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 112:36-50. [PMID: 35697279 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The advent of the technology to isolate or generate human pluripotent stem cells provided the potential to develop a wide range of human models that could enhance understanding of mechanisms underlying human development and disease. These systems are now beginning to mature and provide the basis for the development of in vitro assays suitable to understand the biological processes involved in the multi-organ systems of the human body, and will improve strategies for diagnosis, prevention, therapies and precision medicine. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines are prone to phenotypic and genotypic changes and donor/clone dependent variability, which means that it is important to identify the most appropriate characterization markers and quality control measures when sourcing new cell lines and assessing differentiated cell and tissue culture preparations for experimental work. This paper considers those core quality control measures for human pluripotent stem cell lines and evaluates the state of play in the development of key functional markers for their differentiated cell derivatives to promote assurance of reproducibility of scientific data derived from pluripotent stem cell-based systems.
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9
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Ling CM, Bandsma RHJ. 1.4.4 Gastrointestinal Development, Nutrient Digestion and Absorption. World Rev Nutr Diet 2022; 124:101-106. [PMID: 35240617 DOI: 10.1159/000516717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona M Ling
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robertus H J Bandsma
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Abstract
Salivary glands are exocrine glands composed of several cell types, including the ductal, acinar, and basal/myoepithelial cells. They play important roles in maintaining oral homeostasis and health. During early murine development, the salivary glands, which arise as epithelial buds, are produced from primitive oral epithelia through an interaction between the oral epithelium and mesenchyme.We recently reported that salivary gland organoids can be generated from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We recapitulated the process of embryonic salivary gland development using an organoid culture system. The mouse ESC-derived salivary gland organoids consisted of acinar-, ductal-, and myoepithelial-like cells. In this chapter, we describe a protocol for differentiating salivary gland organoids from ESCs .
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Balbasi E, Sezginmert D, Alganatay C, Terzi Cizmecioglu N. Directed Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells to Mesoderm, Endoderm, and Neuro ectoderm Lineages. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34611822 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The self-renewal and pluripotency features of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) make them a great tool to study early mammalian development. Various signaling pathways that shape early mammalian development can be mimicked for in vitro mESC differentiation toward primitive lineages first and more specialized cell types later. Since the precise nature of the molecular mechanisms and the crosstalk between these signaling pathways is yet to be fully understood, there is a high level of variability in the efficiency and synchronicity among available differentiation protocols. Commitment of mESCs toward mesoderm, endoderm, or neuroectoderm lineages happens over only a few days and is highly efficient. Here, we provide protocols for the directed differentiation of mESCs toward these lineages in vitro.
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Karthigeyan M, Singh K, Salunke P, Gupta K. Co-existent epidermoid and dermoid in a child with spinal dysraphism. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:2087-2090. [PMID: 33200294 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Both spinal epidermoids and dermoids, given their common embryological origin, are referred as a single entity under the category of spinal inclusion tumors. Many theories, although speculative, have been proposed in relevance to their development. We present a unique case of dual pathology consisting of both epidermoid and dermoid components in a child with spinal dysraphism and succinctly touch upon the related embryological aspects and plausible pathogenesis. To the best of our knowledge, such co-existent entity has not been observed in the pediatric spine. The report adds to the gamut of the diverse observations of spinal dysraphic anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhivanan Karthigeyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Kavindra Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Pravin Salunke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Kirti Gupta
- Department of Histopathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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13
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Kanwore K, Guo XX, Abdulrahman AA, Kambey PA, Nadeem I, Gao D. SOX1 Is a Backup Gene for Brain Neurons and Glioma Stem Cell Protection and Proliferation. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2634-42. [PMID: 33481176 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Failed neuroprotection leads to the initiation of several diseases. SOX1 plays many roles in embryogenesis, oncogenesis, and male sex determination, and can promote glioma stem cell proliferation, invasion, and migration due to its high expression in glioblastoma cells. The functional versatility of the SOX1 gene in malignancy, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease, as well as its adverse effects on dopaminergic neurons, makes it an interesting research focus. Hence, we collate the most important discoveries relating to the neuroprotective effects of SOX1 in brain cancer and propose hypothesis worthy of SOX1's role in the survival of senescent neuronal cells, its roles in fibroblast cell proliferation, and cell fat for neuroprotection, and the discharge of electrical impulses for homeostasis. Increase in electrical impulses transmitted by senescent cells affects the synthesis of neurotransmitters, which will modify the brain cell metabolism and microenvironment.
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14
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Fatima S, Wagstaff KM, Lim SM, Polo JM, Young JC, Jans DA. The nuclear transporter importin 13 is critical for cell survival during embryonic stem cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:141-148. [PMID: 33333437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear transporter Importin (Imp, Ipo) 13 is known to transport various mammalian cargoes into/out of the nucleus, but its role in directing cell-fate is unclear. Here we examine the role of Imp13 in the maintenance of pluripotency and differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for the first time, using an embryonic body (EB)-based model. When induced to differentiate, Ipo13-/- ESCs displayed slow proliferation, reduced EB size, and lower expression of the proliferation marker KI67, concomitant with an increase in the number of TUNEL+ nuclei compared to wildtype ESCs. At days 5 and 10 of differentiation, Ipo13-/- EBs also showed enhanced loss of the pluripotency transcript OCT3/4, and barely detectable clusters of OCT3/4 positive cells. Day 5 Ipo13-/- EBs further exhibited reduced levels of the mesodermal markers Brachyury and Mixl1, correlating with reduced numbers of haemoglobinised cells generated. Our findings suggest that Imp13 is critical to ESC survival as well as early post-gastrulation differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadma Fatima
- Nuclear Signalling Lab., Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie M Wagstaff
- Nuclear Signalling Lab., Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Mei Lim
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jose M Polo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia C Young
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Nuclear Signalling Lab., Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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15
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Gao X, Cui X, Zhang X, Zhao C, Zhang N, Zhao Y, Ren Y, Su C, Ge L, Wu S, Yang J. Differential genetic mutations of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm-derived tumors in TCGA database. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:595. [PMID: 33308219 PMCID: PMC7730784 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In terms of biological behavior, gene regulation, or signaling pathways, there is a certain similarity between tumorigenesis and embryonic development of humans. Three germ layer structure exhibits the distinct ability to form specific tissues and organs. Methods The present study set out to investigate the genetic mutation characteristics of germ layer differentiation-related genes using the tumor cases of the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database. Results These tumor samples were divided into three groups, including the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Children cases less than 9 years old accounted for a larger proportion for the cases in the ectoderm and mesoderm groups; whereas the middle-aged and elderly individuals (from 50 to 89 years old) were more susceptible to tumors of endoderm. There was a better prognosis for the cases of mesoderm, especially the male with the race of White, compared with the other groups. A missense mutation was frequently detected for the cases of ectoderm and endoderm, while deletion mutation was common for that of mesoderm. We could not identify the ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm-specific mutated genes or variants with high mutation frequency. However, there was a relatively higher mutation incidence of endoderm markers (GATA6, FOXA2, GATA4, AFP) in the endoderm group, compared with the groups of ectoderm and mesoderm. Additionally, four members (SMO, GLI1, GLI2, GLI3) within the Hedgehog signaling pathway genes showed a relatively higher mutation rate in the endoderm group than the other two groups. Conclusions TCGA tumors of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm groups exhibit the distinct subject distribution, survival status, and genomic alteration characteristics. The synergistic mutation effect of specific genes closely related to embryonic development may contribute to the tumorigenesis of tissues or organs derived from the specific germ layers. This study provides a novel reference for exploring the functional connection between embryogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District Qixiangtai Road No.22, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Xiaoteng Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District Qixiangtai Road No.22, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District Qixiangtai Road No.22, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District Qixiangtai Road No.22, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District Qixiangtai Road No.22, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District Qixiangtai Road No.22, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District Qixiangtai Road No.22, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Chao Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District Qixiangtai Road No.22, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lin Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District Qixiangtai Road No.22, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Shaoyuan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District Qixiangtai Road No.22, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District Qixiangtai Road No.22, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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16
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Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are the in vitro counterpart of the pluripotent epiblast of the mammalian embryo with the capacity to generate all cell types of the adult organism. During development, the three definitive germ layers are specified and simultaneously spatially organized. In contrast, differentiating PSCs tend to generate cell fates in a spatially disorganized manner. This has limited the in vitro study of specific cell-cell interactions and patterning mechanisms that occur in vivo. Here we describe a protocol to differentiate mouse PSCs in a spatially organized manner on micropatterned surfaces. Micropatterned chips comprise many colonies of uniform size and geometry facilitating a robust quantitative analysis of patterned fate specification. Furthermore, multiple factors may be simultaneously manipulated with temporal accuracy to probe the dynamic interactions regulating these processes. The micropattern system is scalable, providing a valuable tool to generate material for large-scale analysis and biochemical experiments that require substantial amounts of starting material, difficult to obtain from early embryos.
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17
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Hu B, Yang R, Cheng Z, Liang S, Liang S, Yin N, Faiola F. Non-cytotoxic silver nanoparticle levels perturb human embryonic stem cell-dependent specification of the cranial placode in part via FGF signaling. J Hazard Mater 2020; 393:122440. [PMID: 32151936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are compounds used in numerous consumer products because of their desirable optical, conductive and antibacterial properties. However, several in vivo and in vitro studies have raised concerns about their potential developmental toxicity. Here, we employed a human embryonic stem cell model to evaluate the potential ectodermal toxicity of AgNPs, at human relevant concentrations. Among the four major ectodermal lineages tested, only cranial placode specification was significantly affected by AgNPs and AgNO3, morphology-wise and in the expression of specific markers, such as SIX3 and PAX6. Mechanistically, we found that the effects of AgNPs on the cranial placode differentiation were probably due to Ag ion leakage and mediated by the FGF signaling. Thus, AgNPs may have the ability to alter the early stages of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Renjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhanwen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaojun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengxian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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18
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Reich S, Kayastha P, Teegala S, Weinstein DC. Tbx2 mediates dorsal patterning and germ layer suppression through inhibition of BMP/GDF and Activin/Nodal signaling. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:39. [PMID: 32466750 PMCID: PMC7257154 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the T-box family of DNA-binding proteins play a prominent role in the differentiation of the three primary germ layers. VegT, Brachyury, and Eomesodermin function as transcriptional activators and, in addition to directly activating the transcription of endoderm- and mesoderm-specific genes, serve as regulators of growth factor signaling during induction of these germ layers. In contrast, the T-box gene, tbx2, is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, where Tbx2 functions as a transcriptional repressor and inhibits mesendodermal differentiation by the TGFβ ligand Activin. Tbx2 misexpression also promotes dorsal ectodermal fate via inhibition of the BMP branch of the TGFβ signaling network. RESULTS Here, we report a physical association between Tbx2 and both Smad1 and Smad2, mediators of BMP and Activin/Nodal signaling, respectively. We perform structure/function analysis of Tbx2 to elucidate the roles of both Tbx2-Smad interaction and Tbx2 DNA-binding in germ layer suppression. CONCLUSION Our studies demonstrate that Tbx2 associates with intracellular mediators of the Activin/Nodal and BMP/GDF pathways. We identify a novel repressor domain within Tbx2, and have determined that Tbx2 DNA-binding activity is required for repression of TGFβ signaling. Finally, our data also point to overlapping yet distinct mechanisms for Tbx2-mediated repression of Activin/Nodal and BMP/GDF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Reich
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Peter Kayastha
- Department of Biology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Sushma Teegala
- Department of Biology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Daniel C Weinstein
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Biology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, 11367, USA.
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19
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Abstract
In birds as in all amniotes, the site of gastrulation is a midline structure, the primitive streak. This appears as cells in the one cell-thick epiblast undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition to ingress and form definitive mesoderm and endoderm. Global movements involving tens of thousands of cells in the embryonic epiblast precede gastrulation. They position the primitive streak precursors from a marginal position (equivalent to the situation in anamniotes) along the future antero-posterior axis (typical for amniotes). These epithelial movements continue in modified form during gastrulation, when they are accompanied by collective movements of different class in the forming mesoderm and endoderm. Here I discuss the nature of these collective cell movements shaping the embryo, their interplay with signaling events controlling fate specification and significance in an evolutionary perspective.
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20
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Prajapati RS, Hintze M, Streit A. PRDM1 controls the sequential activation of neural, neural crest and sensory progenitor determinants. Development 2019; 146:dev.181107. [PMID: 31806661 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During early embryogenesis, the ectoderm is rapidly subdivided into neural, neural crest and sensory progenitors. How the onset of lineage determinants and the loss of pluripotency markers are temporally and spatially coordinated in vivo is still debated. Here, we identify a crucial role for the transcription factor PRDM1 in the orderly transition from epiblast to defined neural lineages in chick. PRDM1 is initially expressed broadly in the entire epiblast, but becomes gradually restricted as cell fates are specified. We find that PRDM1 is required for the loss of some pluripotency markers and the onset of neural, neural crest and sensory progenitor specifier genes. PRDM1 directly activates their expression by binding to their promoter regions and recruiting the histone demethylase Kdm4a to remove repressive histone marks. However, once neural lineage determinants become expressed, they in turn repress PRDM1, whereas prolonged PRDM1 expression inhibits neural, neural crest and sensory progenitor genes, suggesting that its downregulation is necessary for cells to maintain their identity. Therefore, PRDM1 plays multiple roles during ectodermal cell fate allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra S Prajapati
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mark Hintze
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Streit
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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21
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Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster embryos develop initially as a syncytium of totipotent nuclei and subsequently, once cellularized, undergo morphogenetic movements associated with gastrulation to generate the three somatic germ layers of the embryo: mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm. In this chapter, we focus on the first phase of gastrulation in Drosophila involving patterning of early embryos when cells differentiate their gene expression programs. This patterning process requires coordination of multiple developmental processes including genome reprogramming at the maternal-to-zygotic transition, combinatorial action of transcription factors to support distinct gene expression, and dynamic feedback between this genetic patterning by transcription factors and changes in cell morphology. We discuss the gene regulatory programs acting during patterning to specify the three germ layers, which involve the regulation of spatiotemporal gene expression coupled to physical tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelike Stathopoulos
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
| | - Susan Newcomb
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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22
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Mura M, Bastaroli F, Corli M, Ginevrino M, Calabrò F, Boni M, Crotti L, Valente EM, Schwartz PJ, Gnecchi M. Generation of the human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line PSMi006-A from a patient affected by an autosomal recessive form of long QT syndrome type 1. Stem Cell Res 2019; 42:101658. [PMID: 31785541 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from dermal fibroblasts of a 40 years old female patient homozygous for the mutation c.535 G > A p.G179S on the KCNQ1 gene, causing a severe form of autosomal recessive Long QT Syndrome type 1 (AR-LQT1). The hiPSCs, generated using classical approach of the four retroviruses enconding the reprogramming factors OCT4, SOX2, cMYC and KLF4, display pluripotent stem cell characteristics, and differentiate into cell lineages of all three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Mura
- Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Bastaroli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marzia Corli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Monia Ginevrino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Genetics, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Calabrò
- Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marina Boni
- Laboratory of Oncohaematological Cytogenetic and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lia Crotti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy; Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Genetics, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter J Schwartz
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Gnecchi
- Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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23
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Abstract
Soon after fertilization the zebrafish embryo generates the pool of cells that will give rise to the germline and the three somatic germ layers of the embryo (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm). As the basic body plan of the vertebrate embryo emerges, evolutionarily conserved developmental signaling pathways, including Bmp, Nodal, Wnt, and Fgf, direct the nearly totipotent cells of the early embryo to adopt gene expression profiles and patterns of cell behavior specific to their eventual fates. Several decades of molecular genetics research in zebrafish has yielded significant insight into the maternal and zygotic contributions and mechanisms that pattern this vertebrate embryo. This new understanding is the product of advances in genetic manipulations and imaging technologies that have allowed the field to probe the cellular, molecular and biophysical aspects underlying early patterning. The current state of the field indicates that patterning is governed by the integration of key signaling pathways and physical interactions between cells, rather than a patterning system in which distinct pathways are deployed to specify a particular cell fate. This chapter focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular control of the events that impart cell identity and initiate the patterning of tissues that are prerequisites for or concurrent with movements of gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence L Marlow
- Icahn School of Medicine Mount Sinai Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, New York, NY, United States.
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24
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Cho KA, Lee HJ, Jeong H, Kim M, Jung SY, Park HS, Ryu KH, Lee SJ, Jeong B, Lee H, Kim HS. Tonsil-derived stem cells as a new source of adult stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:506-518. [PMID: 31523370 PMCID: PMC6716082 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i8.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Located near the oropharynx, the tonsils are the primary mucosal immune organ. Tonsil tissue is a promising alternative source for the high-yield isolation of adult stem cells, and recent studies have reported the identification and isolation of tonsil-derived stem cells (T-SCs) from waste surgical tissue following tonsillectomies in relatively young donors (i.e., under 10 years old). As such, T-SCs offer several advantages, including superior proliferation and a shorter doubling time compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). T-SCs also exhibit multi-lineage differentiation, including mesodermal, endodermal (e.g., hepatocytes and parathyroid-like cells), and even ectodermal cells (e.g., Schwann cells). To this end, numbers of researchers have evaluated the practical use of T-SCs as an alternative source of autologous or allogenic MSCs. In this review, we summarize the details of T-SC isolation and identification and provide an overview of their application in cell therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Hansaem Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Miri Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, South Korea
| | - Hae Sang Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Ha Ryu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, South Korea
| | - Seung Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Byeongmoon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Hyukjin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Han Su Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, South Korea
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Hackland JOS, Frith TJR, Andrews PW. Fully Defined and Xeno-Free Induction of hPSCs into Neural Crest Using Top-Down Inhibition of BMP Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1976:49-54. [PMID: 30977064 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9412-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest is a transient embryonic tissue that originates from the border of the neural plate prior to delamination and migration throughout the developing embryo, where it contributes to a wide range of different tissues. Defects in neural crest development have been implicated in a variety of different disorders (neurocristopathies) including cancers, neuropathies, craniofacial malformations, and pigment disorders. The differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into an in vitro counterpart to neural crest cells holds huge potential for the study of neural crest development, as well as modeling neurocristopathy, carrying out drug discovery experiments and eventually cell replacement therapy. Here we describe a method for generating human neural crest cells from hPSCs that is fully defined and free from animal-derived components. We found that in the absence of serum or bovine serum albumin (BSA), variability in endogenous BMP expression leads to unpredictable differentiation efficiency. In order to control against this issue, we have developed a system termed "top-down inhibition" (TDi) that allows robust neural crest induction as described below.
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Bhattacharya S, Serror L, Nir E, Dhiraj D, Altshuler A, Khreish M, Tiosano B, Hasson P, Panman L, Luxenburg C, Aberdam D, Shalom-Feuerstein R. SOX2 Regulates P63 and Stem/Progenitor Cell State in the Corneal Epithelium. Stem Cells 2019; 37:417-429. [PMID: 30548157 PMCID: PMC6850148 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in key transcription factors SOX2 and P63 were linked with developmental defects and postnatal abnormalities such as corneal opacification, neovascularization, and blindness. The latter phenotypes suggest that SOX2 and P63 may be involved in corneal epithelial regeneration. Although P63 has been shown to be a key regulator of limbal stem cells, the expression pattern and function of SOX2 in the adult cornea remained unclear. Here, we show that SOX2 regulates P63 to control corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cell function. SOX2 and P63 were co‐expressed in the stem/progenitor cell compartments of the murine cornea in vivo and in undifferentiated human limbal epithelial stem/progenitor cells in vitro. In line, a new consensus site that allows SOX2‐mediated regulation of P63 enhancer was identified while repression of SOX2 reduced P63 expression, suggesting that SOX2 is upstream to P63. Importantly, knockdown of SOX2 significantly attenuated cell proliferation, long‐term colony‐forming potential of stem/progenitor cells, and induced robust cell differentiation. However, this effect was reverted by forced expression of P63, suggesting that SOX2 acts, at least in part, through P63. Finally, miR‐450b was identified as a direct repressor of SOX2 that was required for SOX2/P63 downregulation and cell differentiation. Altogether, we propose that SOX2/P63 pathway is an essential regulator of corneal stem/progenitor cells while mutations in SOX2 or P63 may disrupt epithelial regeneration, leading to loss of corneal transparency and blindness. Stem Cells2019;37:417–429
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Laura Serror
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eshkar Nir
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dalbir Dhiraj
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Altshuler
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maroun Khreish
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Beatrice Tiosano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Peleg Hasson
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lia Panman
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Aberdam
- INSERM U976 and Université Paris-Diderot, Hôpital St-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Ruby Shalom-Feuerstein
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Lara-Reyna J, Carlton J, Parker WE, Greenfield JP. Synchronous complex Chiari malformation and cleft palate-a case-based review. Childs Nerv Syst 2018; 34:2353-2359. [PMID: 30128838 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-018-3950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between mid-facial clefts and Chiari malformation in the medical literature has been restricted to patients with syndromic craniofacial abnormalities. A common shared developmental pathway including causative factors for facial clefts and "complex" Chiari malformations, both midline skull base pathologies, seems logical but has not been reported. The coincident presentation of these findings in a single patient, and our subsequent discovery of other patients harboring these mutual findings prompted further investigation. CASE ILLUSTRATION We describe the case of a patient born with a cleft palate which was repaired during his first year of life, subsequently presenting as a teenager to our hospital with a severe and symptomatic complex Chiari malformation. We discuss his treatment strategy, suboccipital decompression with occipitocervical fusion and endoscopic anterior decompression surgeries, as well as his favorable radiological and clinical outcome, demonstrated at long-interval follow-up. Furthermore, we review his two pathologies, cleft palate and Chiari malformation, and posit a common embryological linkage. CONCLUSIONS The embryologic interaction between the paraxial mesoderm and ectoderm may explain the co-occurrence of cleft palate and complex Chiari malformation in a single patient. Complete radiological, clinical, and genetic evaluation and counseling is advised in this situation and raises the question of whether the presence of a cleft palate independently increases the risk for other skull base developmental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Lara-Reyna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, 520 East 70th Street, Starr Pavilion, Suite 651, New York, USA
| | - Johnny Carlton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, 520 East 70th Street, Starr Pavilion, Suite 651, New York, USA
| | - Whitney E Parker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, 520 East 70th Street, Starr Pavilion, Suite 651, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Greenfield
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, 520 East 70th Street, Starr Pavilion, Suite 651, New York, USA.
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Liao CH, Wang YH, Chang WW, Yang BC, Wu TJ, Liu WL, Yu AL, Yu J. Leucine-Rich Repeat Neuronal Protein 1 Regulates Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells by Post-Translational Modifications of Pluripotency Factors. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1514-1524. [PMID: 29893054 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell surface markers may facilitate a better understanding of stem cell biology through molecular function studies or serve as tools to monitor the differentiation status and behavior of stem cells in culture or tissue. Thus, it is important to identify additional novel stem cell markers. We used glycoproteomics to discover surface glycoproteins on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that may be useful stem cell markers. We found that a surface glycoprotein, leucine-rich repeat neuronal protein 1 (LRRN1), is expressed abundantly on the surface of hESCs before differentiation into embryoid bodies (EBs). Silencing of LRRN1 with short hairpin RNA (shLRRN1) in hESCs resulted in decreased capacity of self-renewal, and skewed differentiation toward endoderm/mesoderm lineages in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, the protein expression levels of the pluripotency factors OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 were reduced. Interestingly, the mRNA levels of these pluripotency factors were not affected in LRRN1 silenced cells, but protein half-lives were substantially shortened. Furthermore, we found LRRN1 silencing led to nuclear export and proteasomal degradation of all three pluripotency factors. In addition, the effects on nuclear export were mediated by AKT phosphorylation. These results suggest that LRRN1 plays an important role in maintaining the protein stability of pluripotency factors through AKT phosphorylation, thus maintaining hESC self-renewal capacity and pluripotency. Overall, we found that LRRN1 contributes to pluripotency of hESC by preventing translocation of OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 from nucleus to cytoplasm, thereby lessening their post-translational modification and degradation. Stem Cells 2018;36:1514-1524.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Liao
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wei Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bei-Chia Yang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Jung Wu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Liu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alice L Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Favarolo MB, López SL. Notch signaling in the division of germ layers in bilaterian embryos. Mech Dev 2018; 154:122-144. [PMID: 29940277 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bilaterian embryos are triploblastic organisms which develop three complete germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). While the ectoderm develops mainly from the animal hemisphere, there is diversity in the location from where the endoderm and the mesoderm arise in relation to the animal-vegetal axis, ranging from endoderm being specified between the ectoderm and mesoderm in echinoderms, and the mesoderm being specified between the ectoderm and the endoderm in vertebrates. A common feature is that part of the mesoderm segregates from an ancient bipotential endomesodermal domain. The process of segregation is noisy during the initial steps but it is gradually refined. In this review, we discuss the role of the Notch pathway in the establishment and refinement of boundaries between germ layers in bilaterians, with special focus on its interaction with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Favarolo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Embriología Molecular "Prof. Dr. Andrés E. Carrasco", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia L López
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Embriología Molecular "Prof. Dr. Andrés E. Carrasco", Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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30
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Mendoza-Ortíz MA, Murillo-Maldonado JM, Riesgo-Escovar JR. aaquetzalli is required for epithelial cell polarity and neural tissue formation in Drosophila. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5042. [PMID: 29942698 PMCID: PMC6015755 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogenetic movements during embryogenesis require dynamic changes in epithelial cell polarity and cytoskeletal reorganization. Such changes involve, among others, rearrangements of cell-cell contacts and protein traffic. In Drosophila melanogaster, neuroblast delamination during early neurogenesis is a well-characterized process requiring a polarized neuroepithelium, regulated by the Notch signaling pathway. Maintenance of epithelial cell polarity ensues proper Notch pathway activation during neurogenesis. We characterize here aaquetzalli (aqz), a gene whose mutations affect cell polarity and nervous system specification. The aqz locus encodes a protein that harbors a domain with significant homology to a proline-rich conserved domain of nuclear receptor co-activators. aqz expression occurs at all stages of the fly life cycle, and is dynamic. aqz mutants are lethal, showing a disruption of cell polarity during embryonic ventral neuroepithelium differentiation resulting in loss of epithelial integrity and mislocalization of membrane proteins (shown by mislocalization of Crumbs, DE-Cadherin, and Delta). As a consequence, aqz mutant embryos with compromised apical-basal cell polarity develop spotty changes of neuronal and epithelial numbers of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Mendoza-Ortíz
- Developmental Neurobiology and Neurophysiology, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Juan M Murillo-Maldonado
- Developmental Neurobiology and Neurophysiology, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Juan R Riesgo-Escovar
- Developmental Neurobiology and Neurophysiology, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
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31
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Sittewelle M, Monsoro-Burq AH. AKT signaling displays multifaceted functions in neural crest development. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S144-S155. [PMID: 29859890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AKT signaling is an essential intracellular pathway controlling cell homeostasis, cell proliferation and survival, as well as cell migration and differentiation in adults. Alterations impacting the AKT pathway are involved in many pathological conditions in human disease. Similarly, during development, multiple transmembrane molecules, such as FGF receptors, PDGF receptors or integrins, activate AKT to control embryonic cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and also cell fate decisions. While many studies in mouse embryos have clearly implicated AKT signaling in the differentiation of several neural crest derivatives, information on AKT functions during the earliest steps of neural crest development had remained relatively scarce until recently. However, recent studies on known and novel regulators of AKT signaling demonstrate that this pathway plays critical roles throughout the development of neural crest progenitors. Non-mammalian models such as fish and frog embryos have been instrumental to our understanding of AKT functions in neural crest development, both in neural crest progenitors and in the neighboring tissues. This review combines current knowledge acquired from all these different vertebrate animal models to describe the various roles of AKT signaling related to neural crest development in vivo. We first describe the importance of AKT signaling in patterning the tissues involved in neural crest induction, namely the dorsal mesoderm and the ectoderm. We then focus on AKT signaling functions in neural crest migration and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Méghane Sittewelle
- Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Anne H Monsoro-Burq
- Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Universitaire de France, F-75005 Paris, France.
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32
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Galli LM, Santana F, Apollon C, Szabo LA, Ngo K, Burrus LW. Direct visualization of the Wntless-induced redistribution of WNT1 in developing chick embryos. Dev Biol 2018; 439:53-64. [PMID: 29715461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paracrine Wnt signals are critical regulators of cell proliferation, specification, and differentiation during embryogenesis. Consistent with the discovery that Wnt ligands are post-translationally modified with palmitoleate (a 16 carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid), our studies show that the vast majority of bioavailable chick WNT1 (cWNT1) produced in stably transfected L cells is cell-associated. Thus, it seems unlikely that the WNT1 signal is propagated by diffusion alone. Unfortunately, the production and transport of vertebrate Wnt proteins has been exceedingly difficult to study as few antibodies are able to detect endogenous Wnt proteins and fixation is known to disrupt the architecture of cells and tissues. Furthermore, vertebrate Wnts have been extraordinarily refractory to tagging. To help overcome these obstacles, we have generated a number of tools that permit the detection of WNT1 in palmitoylation assays and the visualization of chick and zebrafish WNT1 in live cells and tissues. Consistent with previous studies in fixed cells, live imaging of cells and tissues with overexpressed cWNT1-moxGFP shows predominant localization of the protein to a reticulated network that is likely to be the endoplasmic reticulum. As PORCN and WLS are important upstream regulators of Wnt gradient formation, we also undertook the generation of mCherry-tagged variants of both proteins. While co-expression of PORCN-mCherry had no discernible effect on the localization of WNT1-moxGFP, co-expression of WLS-mCherry caused a marked redistribution of WNT1-moxGFP to the cell surface and cellular projections in cultured cells as well as in neural crest and surface ectoderm cells in developing chick embryos. Our studies further establish that the levels of WLS, and not PORCN, are rate limiting with respect to WNT1 trafficking.
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Abstract
The chick embryo is a well-established representative of amniote embryos, which has been used to make many discoveries, including many major concepts, which have moved our knowledge of developmental biology in hugely important ways. The chick has a relatively compact genome and is easily amenable to embryological manipulations and in vivo imaging. Morpholino gene manipulations have been used in a variety of contexts, and constitute a quick and versatile molecular tool. Here we describe methods to deliver morpholinos to chick embryos, allowing targeting of specific cell populations at defined developmental stages, using two stages as examples: the epiblast of the embryo in the first day of incubation, when the primary germ layers of the embryo are specified, and in ovo electroporation of the neural tube as an example of a later stage. With slight modifications, these general methods can be used to target other embryonic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian Voiculescu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.
| | - Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Shaikh A, Anand S, Kapoor S, Ganguly R, Bhartiya D. Mouse Bone Marrow VSELs Exhibit Differentiation into Three Embryonic Germ Lineages and Germ & Hematopoietic Cells in Culture. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:202-16. [PMID: 28070859 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) have been reported in various adult tissues, express pluripotent and primordial germ cells (PGCs) specific markers, are mobilized under stress/disease conditions, give rise to tissue committed progenitors and thus help regenerate and maintain homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro differentiation potential of VSELs using a quantitative approach. VSELs were collected from mouse bone marrow after 4 days of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 150 mg/Kg) treatment, further enriched by size based filtration and cultured on a feeder support in the presence of specific differentiation media. Cultured VSELs were found to differentiate into all three embryonic germ cell lineages, germ and hematopoietic cells after 14 days in culture. This was confirmed by studying Nestin, PDX-1, NKX2.5, DAZL, CD45 and other markers expression by various approaches. Very small, CD45 negative cells collected and enriched from GFP positive 5-FU treated mice bone marrow transitioned into CD45 positive cells in vitro thus demonstrating that VSELs can give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We envision that VSELs may be responsible for plasticity and ability of bone marrow cells to give rise to non-hematopoietic tissue progenitors of all 3 germ layers. Moreover the ability of VSELs to differentiate into germ cells as well as all the three lineages provides further evidence to support their pluripotent state and confirms developmental link between bone marrow VSELs and PGCs. The property of quiescence, no risk of teratoma formation and autologus source, make pluripotent VSELs a potential candidate to facilitate endogenous regeneration compared to cell replacement strategy envisioned using embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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35
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Hammond NL, Dixon J, Dixon MJ. Periderm: Life-cycle and function during orofacial and epidermal development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 91:75-83. [PMID: 28803895 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of the secondary palate involves a complex series of embryonic events which, if disrupted, result in the common congenital anomaly cleft palate. The secondary palate forms from paired palatal shelves which grow initially vertically before elevating to a horizontal position above the tongue and fusing together in the midline via the medial edge epithelia. As the epithelia of the vertical palatal shelves are in contact with the mandibular and lingual epithelia, pathological fusions between the palate and the mandible and/or the tongue must be prevented. This function is mediated by the single cell layered periderm which forms in a distinct and reproducible pattern early in embryogenesis, exhibits highly polarised expression of adhesion complexes, and is shed from the outer surface as the epidermis acquires its barrier function. Disruption of periderm formation and/or function underlies a series of birth defects that exhibit multiple inter-epithelial adhesions including the autosomal dominant popliteal pterygium syndrome and the autosomal recessive cocoon syndrome and Bartsocas Papas syndrome. Genetic analyses of these conditions have shown that IRF6, IKKA, SFN, RIPK4 and GRHL3, all of which are under the transcriptional control of p63, play a key role in periderm formation. Despite these observations, the medial edge epithelia must rapidly acquire the capability to fuse if the palatal shelves are not to remain cleft. This process is driven by TGFβ3-mediated, down-regulation of p63 in the medial edge epithelia which allows periderm migration out of the midline epithelial seam and reduces the proliferative potential of the midline epithelial seam thereby preventing cleft palate. Together, these findings indicate that periderm plays a transient but fundamental role during embryogenesis in preventing pathological adhesion between intimately apposed, adhesion-competent epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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Vandepas LE, Warren KJ, Amemiya CT, Browne WE. Establishing and maintaining primary cell cultures derived from the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1197-1201. [PMID: 28137975 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.152371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient method for the preparation and maintenance of primary cell cultures isolated from adult Mnemiopsis leidyi, a lobate ctenophore. Our primary cell cultures are derived from tissue explants or enzymatically dissociated cells, and maintained in a complex undefined ctenophore mesogleal serum. These methods can be used to isolate, maintain and visually monitor ctenophore cells to assess proliferation, cellular morphology and cell differentiation in future studies. Exemplar cell types that can be easily isolated from primary cultures include proliferative ectodermal and endodermal cells, motile amebocyte-like cells, and giant smooth muscle cells that exhibit inducible contractile properties. We have also derived 'tissue envelopes' containing sections of endodermal canal surrounded by mesoglea and ectoderm that can be used to monitor targeted cell types in an in vivo context. Access to efficient and reliably generated primary cell cultures will facilitate the analysis of ctenophore development, physiology and morphology from a cell biological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Vandepas
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kaitlyn J Warren
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Chris T Amemiya
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - William E Browne
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
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37
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Abstract
The process of germ layer formation is a universal feature of animal development. The germ layers separate the cells that produce the internal organs and tissues from those that produce the nervous system and outer tissues. Their discovery in the early nineteenth century transformed embryology from a purely descriptive field into a rigorous scientific discipline, in which hypotheses could be tested by observation and experimentation. By systematically addressing the questions of how the germ layers are formed and how they generate overall body plan, scientists have made fundamental contributions to the fields of evolution, cell signaling, morphogenesis, and stem cell biology. At each step, this work was advanced by the development of innovative methods of observing cell behavior in vivo and in culture. Here, we take an historical approach to describe our current understanding of vertebrate germ layer formation as it relates to the long-standing questions of developmental biology. By comparing how germ layers form in distantly related vertebrate species, we find that highly conserved molecular pathways can be adapted to perform the same function in dramatically different embryonic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chia Tseng
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mumingjiang Munisha
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Juan B Gutierrez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Scott T Dougan
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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38
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Imai KS, Hikawa H, Kobayashi K, Satou Y. Tfap2 and Sox1/2/3 cooperatively specify ectodermal fates in ascidian embryos. Development 2016; 144:33-37. [PMID: 27888190 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidermis and neural tissues differentiate from the ectoderm in animal embryos. Although epidermal fate is thought to be induced in vertebrate embryos, embryological evidence has indicated that no intercellular interactions during early stages are required for epidermal fate in ascidian embryos. To test this hypothesis, we determined the gene regulatory circuits for epidermal and neural specification in the ascidian embryo. These circuits started with Tfap2-r.b and Sox1/2/3, which are expressed in the ectodermal lineage immediately after zygotic genome activation. Tfap2-r.b expression was diminished in the neural lineages upon activation of fibroblast growth factor signaling, which is known to induce neural fate, and sustained only in the epidermal lineage. Tfap2-r.b specified the epidermal fate cooperatively with Dlx.b, which was activated by Sox1/2/3 This Sox1/2/3-Dlx.b circuit was also required for specification of the anterior neural fate. In the posterior neural lineage, Sox1/2/3 activated Nodal, which is required for specification of the posterior neural fate. Our findings support the hypothesis that the epidermal fate is specified autonomously in ascidian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru S Imai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kenji Kobayashi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yutaka Satou
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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39
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Shah VV, Soibam B, Ritter RA, Benham A, Oomen J, Sater AK. Data on microRNAs and microRNA-targeted mRNAs in Xenopus ectoderm. Data Brief 2016; 9:699-703. [PMID: 27812534 PMCID: PMC5079235 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs from early neural (i.e., Noggin-expressing, or NOG) and epidermal (expressing a constitutively active BMP4 receptor, CABR) ectoderm in Xenopus laevis were sequenced to identify microRNAs (miRs) expressed in each tissue. Argonaute-associated mRNAs were isolated and sequenced to identify genes that are regulated by microRNAs in these tissues. Interactions between these ectodermal miRs and selected miR-regulated mRNAs were predicted using the PITA algorithm; PITA predictions for over 600 mRNAs are presented. All sequencing data are available at NCBI (NCBI Bioproject Accession number: PRJNA325834). This article accompanies the manuscript “MicroRNAs and ectodermal specification I. Identification of miRs and miR-targeted mRNAs in early anterior neural and epidermal ectoderm” (V.V. Shah, B. Soibam, R.A. Ritter, A. Benham, J. Oomen, A.K. Sater, 2016) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Soibam
- Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering technology, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX, USA
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40
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Maldonado M, Luu RJ, Ramos MEP, Nam J. ROCK inhibitor primes human induced pluripotent stem cells to selectively differentiate towards mesendodermal lineage via epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like modulation. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:222-227. [PMID: 27591478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust control of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hIPSC) differentiation is essential to realize its patient-tailored therapeutic potential. Here, we demonstrate a novel application of Y-27632, a small molecule Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, to significantly influence the differentiation of hIPSCs in a lineage-specific manner. The application of Y-27632 to hIPSCs resulted in a decrease in actin bundling and disruption of colony formation in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Such changes in cell and colony morphology were associated with decreased expression of E-cadherin, a cell-cell junctional protein, proportional to the increased exposure to Y-27632. Interestingly, gene and protein expression of pluripotency markers such as NANOG and OCT4 were not downregulated by an exposure to Y-27632 up to 36h. Simultaneously, epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition markers were upregulated with an exposure to Y-27632. These EMT-like changes in the cells with longer exposure to Y-27632 resulted in a significant increase in the subsequent differentiation efficiency towards mesendodermal lineage. In contrast, an inhibitory effect was observed when cells were subjected to ectodermal differentiation after prolonged exposure to Y-27632. Collectively, these results present a novel method for priming hIPSCs to modulate their differentiation potential with a simple application of Y-27632.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricela Maldonado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Rebeccah J Luu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Michael E P Ramos
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jin Nam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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41
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Blitz IL, Paraiso KD, Patrushev I, Chiu WTY, Cho KWY, Gilchrist MJ. A catalog of Xenopus tropicalis transcription factors and their regional expression in the early gastrula stage embryo. Dev Biol 2016; 426:409-417. [PMID: 27475627 PMCID: PMC5596316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) involve highly combinatorial interactions between transcription factors and short sequence motifs in cis-regulatory modules of target genes to control cellular phenotypes. The GRNs specifying most cell types are largely unknown and are the subject of wide interest. A catalog of transcription factors is a valuable tool toward obtaining a deeper understanding of the role of these critical effectors in any biological setting. Here we present a comprehensive catalog of the transcription factors for the diploid frog Xenopus tropicalis. We identify 1235 genes encoding DNA-binding transcription factors, comparable to the numbers found in typical mammalian species. In detail, the repertoire of X. tropicalis transcription factor genes is nearly identical to human and mouse, with the exception of zinc finger family members, and a small number of species/lineage-specific gene duplications and losses relative to the mammalian repertoires. We applied this resource to the identification of transcription factors differentially expressed in the early gastrula stage embryo. We find transcription factor enrichment in Spemann's organizer, the ventral mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm, and report 218 TFs that show regionalized expression patterns at this stage. Many of these have not been previously reported as expressed in the early embryo, suggesting thus far unappreciated roles for many transcription factors in the GRNs regulating early development. We expect our transcription factor catalog will facilitate myriad studies using Xenopus as a model system to understand basic biology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira L Blitz
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
| | - Kitt D Paraiso
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Ilya Patrushev
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - William T Y Chiu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Ken W Y Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
| | - Michael J Gilchrist
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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42
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Green YS, Kwon S, Christian JL. Expression pattern of bcar3, a downstream target of Gata2, and its binding partner, bcar1, during Xenopus development. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 20:55-62. [PMID: 26631802 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Primitive hematopoiesis generates red blood cells that deliver oxygen to the developing embryo. Mesodermal cells commit to a primitive blood cell fate during gastrulation and, in order to do so the mesoderm must receive non-cell autonomous signals transmitted from other germ layers. In Xenopus, the transcription factor Gata2 functions in ectodermal cells to generate or transmit the non-cell autonomous signals. Here we have identified Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance 3 (bcar3) as a gene that is induced in ectodermal cells downstream of Gata2. Bcar3 and its binding partner Bcar1 function to transduce integrin signaling, leading to changes in cellular morphology, motility and adhesion. We show that gata2, bcar3 and bcar1 are co-expressed in ventral ectoderm from early gastrula to early tailbud stages. At later stages of development, bcar3 and bcar1 are co-expressed in the spinal cord, notochord, fin mesenchyme and pronephros but each shows additional unique sites of expression. These co-expression and unique expression patterns suggest that Bcar3 and Bcar1 may function together but also independently during Xenopus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsook Song Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, 20 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 94132, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, 20 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 94132, USA
| | - Sunjong Kwon
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Jan L Christian
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, 20 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 94132, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, 20 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 94132, USA.
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43
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Abstract
A teratoma is a tumour with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of more than one germ layer. We present a case of mediastinal mature teratoma as they have a low incidence rate. A 45-year-old female presented with right sided chest pain and paroxysmal attacks of dry cough and fever. A diagnosis of pulmonary hydatid cyst was made on computed tomography (CT) examination. Microscopic study revealed a tumour composed of elements from all the three germ layers. A diagnosis of mature mediastinal teratoma was made which is the second common site for germ cell tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vissa Shanti
- Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
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44
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Hilbrant M, Damen WGM. The embryonic origin of the ampullate silk glands of the spider Cupiennius salei. Arthropod Struct Dev 2015; 44:280-288. [PMID: 25882741 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silk production in spiders is considered a key innovation, and to have been vital for the diversification of the clade. The evolutionary origin of the organs involved in spider silk production, however, and in particular of the silk glands, is poorly understood. Homologies have been proposed between these and other glands found in arachnids, but lacking knowledge of the embryonic development of spider silk glands hampers an evaluation of hypotheses. This study focuses on the embryonic origin of the largest silk glands of the spider Cupiennius salei, the major and minor ampullate glands. We show how the ampullate glands originate from ectodermal invaginations on the embryonic spinneret limb buds, in relation to morphogenesis of these buds. Moreover, we visualize the subsequent growth of the ampullate glands in sections of the early postembryonic stages. The invaginations are shown to correlate with expression of the proneural gene CsASH2, which is remarkable since it has been proposed that spider silk glands and their nozzles originate from sensory bristles. Hence, by confirming the ectodermal origin of spider silk glands, and by describing the (post-)embryonic morphogenesis of the ampullate glands, this work provides a starting point for further investigating into the genetic program that underlies their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Hilbrant
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wim G M Damen
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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45
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Kaspi H, Chapnik E, Levy M, Beck G, Hornstein E, Soen Y. Brief report: miR-290-295 regulate embryonic stem cell differentiation propensities by repressing Pax6. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2266-72. [PMID: 23843298 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs of the miR-290-295 family are selectively expressed at high levels in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and have established roles in regulating self-renewal. However, the potential influence of these microRNAs on cell fate acquisition during differentiation has been overlooked. Here, we show that miR-290-295 regulate the propensity of mESCs to acquire specific fates. We generated a new miR-290-295-null mESC model, which exhibits increased propensity to generate ectoderm, at the expense of endoderm and mesoderm lineages. We further found that in wild-type cells, miR-290-295 repress Pax6 and ectoderm differentiation; accordingly, Pax6 knockdown partially rescues the mESCs differentiation impairment that is caused by loss of miR-290-295. Thus, in addition to regulating self-renewal, the large reservoir of miR-290-295 in undifferentiated mESCs fine-tunes the expression of master transcriptional factors, such as Pax6, thereby regulating the equilibrium of fate acquisition by mESC descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haggai Kaspi
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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46
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Gaivão MMF, Rambags BPB, Stout TAE. Gastrulation and the establishment of the three germ layers in the early horse conceptus. Theriogenology 2014; 82:354-65. [PMID: 24857628 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies and field surveys suggest that embryonic loss during the first 6 weeks of gestation is a common occurrence in the mare. During the first 2 weeks of development, a number of important cell differentiation events must occur to yield a viable embryo proper containing all three major germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). Because formation of the mesoderm and primitive streak are critical to the development of the embryo proper, but have not been described extensively in the horse, we examined tissue development and differentiation in early horse conceptuses using a combination of stereomicroscopy, light microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Ingression of epiblast cells to form the mesoderm was first observed on day 12 after ovulation; by Day 18 the conceptus had completed a series of differentiation events and morphologic changes that yielded an embryo proper with a functional circulation. While mesoderm precursor cells were present from Day 12 after ovulation, vimentin expression was not detectable until Day 14, suggesting that initial differentiation of mesoderm from the epiblast in the horse is independent of this intermediate filament protein, a situation that contrasts with other domestic species. Development of the other major embryonic germ layers was similar to other species. For example, ectodermal cells expressed cytokeratins, and there was a clear demarcation in staining intensity between embryonic ectoderm and trophectoderm. Hypoblast showed clear α1-fetoprotein expression from as early as Day 10 after ovulation, and seemed to be the only source of α1-fetoprotein in the early conceptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M F Gaivão
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Björn P B Rambags
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom A E Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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47
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Yamashita S, Michiue T. Quantitative analysis of cell arrangement indicates early differentiation of the neural region during Xenopus gastrulation. J Theor Biol 2014; 346:1-7. [PMID: 24412624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion properties change with the state of cell differentiation, causing specific rearrangements of cells within the tissue during morphogenesis. Any such differing cell arrangements must be a result of change of the adhesion properties. Thus, cell arrangement is expected to be an indication of differentiation and phenotype. However, there is no established system, theoretical or experimental, to describe general cell arrangements. In order to evaluate cell arrangement quantitatively, we used a mathematical graph model in which cell arrangement is simplified to an adjacency relationship. We introduce a new index of cell arrangement defined in terms of how much of different particular small graphs are included in the graph of cells. The index, represented by vectors, enables the comparison of areal cell arrangements. In an analysis of Xenopus ectoderm, the site where the vector changed was detected in an area between the dorsal and ventral regions at late gastrula, and this site moved toward the dorsal midline at early neurula, similar to the behavior of a prospective neural region. Interestingly, the border between areas with different cell arrangements corresponded to the neural-epithelial boundary. The graph model of cell arrangement was shown to be able to distinguish difference in cell arrangements which are hard to tell by intuitive analysis of microscopic images. The behavior of cell arrangement border suggests that it corresponds to a neural-epithelial border, and the neural differentiation at late gastrula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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48
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Zhang L, Li H, Yu J, Cao J, Chen H, Zhao H, Zhao J, Yao Y, Cheng H, Wang L, Zhou R, Yao Z, Guo X. Ectodermal Wnt signaling regulates abdominal myogenesis during ventral body wall development. Dev Biol 2014; 387:64-72. [PMID: 24394376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Defects of the ventral body wall are prevalent birth anomalies marked by deficiencies in body wall closure, hypoplasia of the abdominal musculature and multiple malformations across a gamut of organs. However, the mechanisms underlying ventral body wall defects remain elusive. Here, we investigated the role of Wnt signaling in ventral body wall development by inactivating Wls or β-catenin in murine abdominal ectoderm. The loss of Wls in the ventral epithelium, which blocks the secretion of Wnt proteins, resulted in dysgenesis of ventral musculature and genito-urinary tract during embryonic development. Molecular analyses revealed that the dermis and myogenic differentiation in the underlying mesenchymal progenitor cells was perturbed by the loss of ectodermal Wls. The activity of the Wnt-Pitx2 axis was impaired in the ventral mesenchyme of the mutant body wall, which partially accounted for the defects in ventral musculature formation. In contrast, epithelial depletion of β-catenin or Wnt5a did not resemble the body wall defects in the ectodermal Wls mutant. These findings indicate that ectodermal Wnt signaling instructs the underlying mesodermal specification and abdominal musculature formation during ventral body wall development, adding evidence to the theory that ectoderm-mesenchyme signaling is a potential unifying mechanism for the origin of ventral body wall defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hanjun Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianzhi Zhao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiyun Yao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huihui Cheng
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Rujiang Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhengju Yao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xizhi Guo
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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49
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Williams ML, Bhatia SK. Engineering the extracellular matrix for clinical applications: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:337-47. [PMID: 24390851 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is rapidly progressing from a research-based discipline to clinical applications. Emerging technologies could be utilized to develop therapeutics for a wide range of diseases, but many are contingent on a cell scaffold that can produce proper tissue ultrastructure. The extracellular matrix, which a cell scaffold simulates, is not merely a foundation for tissue growth but a dynamic participant in cellular crosstalk and organ homeostasis. Cells change their growth rates, recruitment, and differentiation in response to the composition, modulus, and patterning of the substrate on which they reside. Cell scaffolds can regulate these factors through precision design, functionalization, and application. The ideal therapy would utilize highly specialized cell scaffolds to best mimic the tissue of interest. This paper discusses advantages and challenges of optimized cell scaffold design in the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm for clinical applications in tracheal transplant, cardiac regeneration, and skin grafts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel L Williams
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Hazeltine LB, Selekman JA, Palecek SP. Engineering the human pluripotent stem cell microenvironment to direct cell fate. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1002-19. [PMID: 23510904 PMCID: PMC3758782 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including both embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, offer a potential cell source for research, drug screening, and regenerative medicine applications due to their unique ability to self-renew or differentiate to any somatic cell type. Before the full potential of hPSCs can be realized, robust protocols must be developed to direct their fate. Cell fate decisions are based on components of the surrounding microenvironment, including soluble factors, substrate or extracellular matrix, cell-cell interactions, mechanical forces, and 2D or 3D architecture. Depending on their spatio-temporal context, these components can signal hPSCs to either self-renew or differentiate to cell types of the ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm. Researchers working at the interface of engineering and biology have identified various factors which can affect hPSC fate, often based on lessons from embryonic development, and they have utilized this information to design in vitro niches which can reproducibly direct hPSC fate. This review highlights culture systems that have been engineered to promote self-renewal or differentiation of hPSCs, with a focus on studies that have elucidated the contributions of specific microenvironmental cues in the context of those culture systems. We propose the use of microsystem technologies for high-throughput screening of spatial-temporal presentation of cues, as this has been demonstrated to be a powerful approach for differentiating hPSCs to desired cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean P. Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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