1
|
Wu Y, Taisne C, Mahtal N, Forrester A, Lussignol M, Cintrat JC, Esclatine A, Gillet D, Barbier J. Autophagic Degradation Is Involved in Cell Protection against Ricin Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050304. [PMID: 37235339 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex and highly regulated degradative process, which acts as a survival pathway in response to cellular stress, starvation and pathogen infection. Ricin toxin is a plant toxin produced by the castor bean and classified as a category B biothreat agent. Ricin toxin inhibits cellular protein synthesis by catalytically inactivating ribosomes, leading to cell death. Currently, there is no licensed treatment for patients exposed to ricin. Ricin-induced apoptosis has been extensively studied; however, whether its intoxication via protein synthesis inhibition affects autophagy is not yet resolved. In this work, we demonstrated that ricin intoxication is accompanied by its own autophagic degradation in mammalian cells. Autophagy deficiency, by knocking down ATG5, attenuates ricin degradation, thus aggravating ricin-induced cytotoxicity. Additionally, the autophagy inducer SMER28 (Small Molecule Enhancer 28) partially protects cells against ricin cytotoxicity, an effect not observed in autophagy-deficient cells. These results demonstrate that autophagic degradation acts as a survival response of cells against ricin intoxication. This suggests that stimulation of autophagic degradation may be a strategy to counteract ricin intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
- Institute of Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230001, China
| | - Clémence Taisne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Nassim Mahtal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Alison Forrester
- Research Unit of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Marion Lussignol
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Cintrat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Julien Barbier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wrobel L, Hill SM, Rubinsztein DC. SMER28 binding to VCP/p97 enhances both autophagic and proteasomal neurotoxic protein clearance. Autophagy 2023; 19:1348-1350. [PMID: 36036202 PMCID: PMC10012944 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2116832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to maintain a functional proteome by clearing damaged or misfolded proteins is critical for cell survival, and aggregate-prone proteins accumulate in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington, Alzheimer, and Parkinson diseases. The removal of such proteins is mainly mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy, and the activity of these systems declines in disease or with age. We recently found that targeting VCP/p97 with compounds like SMER28 enhances macroautophagy/autophagy flux mediated by the increased activity of the PtdIns3K complex I. Additionally, we found that SMER28 binding to VCP stimulates aggregate-prone protein clearance via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. This concurrent action of SMER28 on both degradation pathways resulted in the selective decrease in disease-causing proteins but not their wild-type counterparts. These results reveal a promising mode of VCP activation to counteract the toxicity caused by aggregate-prone proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Wrobel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sandra M. Hill
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David C. Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vantaggiato C, Orso G, Guarato G, Brivio F, Napoli B, Panzeri E, Masotti S, Santorelli FM, Lamprou M, Gumeni S, Clementi E, Bassi MT. Rescue of lysosomal function as therapeutic strategy for SPG15 hereditary spastic paraplegia. Brain 2022; 146:1103-1120. [PMID: 36029068 PMCID: PMC9976989 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SPG15 is a hereditary spastic paraplegia subtype caused by mutations in Spastizin, a protein encoded by the ZFYVE26 gene. Spastizin is involved in autophagosome maturation and autophagic lysosome reformation and SPG15-related mutations lead to autophagic lysosome reformation defects with lysosome enlargement, free lysosome depletion and autophagosome accumulation. Symptomatic and rehabilitative treatments are the only therapy currently available for patients. Here, we targeted autophagy and lysosomes in SPG15 patient-derived cells by using a library of autophagy-modulating compounds. We identified a rose of compounds affecting intracellular calcium levels, the calcium-calpain pathway or lysosomal functions, which reduced autophagosome accumulation. The six most effective compounds were tested in vivo in a new SPG15 loss of function Drosophila model that mimicked the reported SPG15 phenotype, with autophagosome accumulation, enlarged lysosomes, reduced free lysosomes, autophagic lysosome reformation defects and locomotor deficit. These compounds, namely verapamil, Bay K8644, 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine, trehalose, Small-Molecule Enhancer of Rapamycin 28 and trifluoperazine, improved lysosome biogenesis and function in vivo, demonstrating that lysosomes are a key pharmacological target to rescue SPG15 phenotype. Among the others, the Small-Molecule Enhancer of Rapamycin 28 was the most effective, rescuing both autophagic lysosome reformation defects and locomotor deficit, and could be considered as a potential therapeutic compound for this hereditary spastic paraplegia subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vantaggiato
- Correspondence to: Chiara Vantaggiato, PhD Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Via D. L. Monza 20 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy E-mail:
| | - Genny Orso
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Genny Orso, PhD Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, Padova, Italy E-mail:
| | - Giulia Guarato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Brivio
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Barbara Napoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Panzeri
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Simona Masotti
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Maria Lamprou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Sentiljana Gumeni
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, ‘Luigi Sacco’ University Hospital, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Koukourakis MI, Giatromanolaki A, Fylaktakidou K, Sivridis E, Zois CE, Kalamida D, Mitrakas A, Pouliliou S, Karagounis IV, Simopoulos K, Ferguson DJP, Harris AL. SMER28 is a mTOR-independent small molecule enhancer of autophagy that protects mouse bone marrow and liver against radiotherapy. Invest New Drugs 2018; 36:773-781. [PMID: 29387992 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Effective cytoprotectors that are selective for normal tissues could decrease radiotherapy and chemotherapy sequelae and facilitate the safe administration of higher radiation doses. This could improve the cure rates of radiotherapy for cancer patients. Autophagy is a cytoplasmic cellular process that is necessary for the clearance of damaged or aged proteins and organelles. It is a strong determinant of post-irradiation cell fate. In this study, we investigated the effect of the mTOR-independent small molecule enhancer of autophagy (SMER28) on mouse liver autophagy and post-irradiation recovery of mouse bone marrow and liver. SMER28 enhanced the autophagy flux and improved the survival of normal hepatocytes. This effect was specific for normal cells because SMER28 had no protective effect on hepatoma or other cancer cell line survival in vitro. In vivo subcutaneous administration of SMER28 protected mouse liver and bone marrow against radiation damage and facilitated survival of mice after lethal whole body or abdominal irradiation. These findings open a new field of research on autophagy-targeting radioprotectors with clinical applications in oncology, occupational, and space medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Koukourakis
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantina Fylaktakidou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Efthimios Sivridis
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christos E Zois
- CR UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Dimitra Kalamida
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Achilleas Mitrakas
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stamatia Pouliliou
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ilias V Karagounis
- Department of Radiotherapy/Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Simopoulos
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace / University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - David J P Ferguson
- CR UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- CR UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clark AE, Sabalza M, Gordts PLSM, Spector DH. Human Cytomegalovirus Replication Is Inhibited by the Autophagy-Inducing Compounds Trehalose and SMER28 through Distinctively Different Mechanisms. J Virol 2018; 92:e02015-17. [PMID: 29237845 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02015-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the top viral cause of birth defects worldwide, and current therapies have high toxicity. We previously reported that the mTOR-independent autophagy-inducing disaccharide trehalose inhibits HCMV replication in multiple cell types. Here, we examine the mechanism of inhibition and introduce the autophagy inducer SMER28 as an additional inhibitor of HCMV acting through a different mechanism. We find that trehalose induces vacuolation and acidification of vacuoles and that debris, including debris with an appearance consistent with that of abnormal virions, is present in multivesicular bodies. Trehalose treatment increased the levels of Rab7, a protein required for lysosomal biogenesis and fusion, and slightly decreased the levels of Rab11, which is associated with recycling endosomes. We also present evidence that trehalose can promote autophagy without altering cellular glucose uptake. We show that SMER28 inhibits HCMV at the level of early protein production and interferes with viral genome replication in a cell type-dependent fashion. Finally, we show that SMER28 treatment does not cause the vacuolation, acidification, or redistribution of Rab7 associated with trehalose treatment and shows only a modest and cell type-dependent effect on autophagy. We propose a model in which the reciprocal effects on Rab7 and Rab11 induced by trehalose contribute to the redirection of enveloped virions from the plasma membrane to acidified compartments and subsequent degradation, and SMER28 treatment results in decreased expression levels of early and late proteins, reducing the number of virions produced without the widespread vacuolation characteristic of trehalose treatment.IMPORTANCE There is a need for less toxic HCMV antiviral drugs, and modulation of autophagy to control viral infection is a new strategy that takes advantage of virus dependence on autophagy inhibition. The present study extends our previous work on trehalose by showing a possible mechanism of action and introduces another autophagy-inducing compound, SMER28, that is effective against HCMV in several cell types. The mechanism by which trehalose induces autophagy is currently unknown, although our data show that trehalose does not inhibit cellular glucose uptake in cells relevant for HCMV replication but instead alters virion degradation by promoting acidic vacuolization. The comparison of our cell types and those used by others highlights the cell type-dependent nature of studying autophagy.
Collapse
|