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Adachi N, Sakhri FZ, Ikemoto H, Ohashi Y, Kato M, Inoue T, Hisamitsu T, Sunagawa M. Kamikihito rescued depressive-like behaviors and hippocampus neurogenesis in chronic restraint stress rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2022; 12:172-179. [PMID: 35528472 PMCID: PMC9072803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Substantial evidence suggests the effectiveness of plant-based medicine in stress-related diseases. Kamikihito (KKT), a Japanese traditional herbal medicine (Kampo), has been used for anemia, insomnia, and anxiety. Recent studies revealed its ameliorating effect on cognitive and memory dysfunction in several animal models. We, therefore, determined whether daily supplementation of KKT has an antidepressant-like effect on the stress-induced behavioral and neurological changes in rats. Experimental procedure The effect of KKT against the stress-induced changes in anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and hippocampal neurogenesis were determined using a rat model of chronic restraint stress (CRS). KKT was orally administered daily at 300 or 1000 mg/kg during 21 consecutive days of CRS (6 h/day). The effect of CRS and KKT on physiological parameters, including body weight gain, food/water consumptions, plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels, and percentage of adrenal gland weight to body weight, were firstly measured. Anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in rats were assessed in the open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), and forced swimming test (FST). Hippocampal neurogenesis was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results and conclusion CRS for 21 days caused a significant decrease in body weight gain and increase in plasma CORT levels and percentage of adrenal gland weight to body weight, which were rescued by KKT treatment. KKT also suppressed the CRS-induced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis. These results suggest that daily treatment of KKT has a protective effect against physiological, neurological, and behavioral changes in a rat model of depression.
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Key Words
- Antidepressant-like effect
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CORT, corticosterone
- CRS, chronic restraint stress
- Chronic restraint stress
- DCX, doublecortin
- DG, dentate gyrus
- DNA, methyltransferase
- FST, forced swimming test
- HPA, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
- Hippocampal neurogenesis
- KKT, Kamikihito
- Kamikihito (加味帰脾湯)
- MAO, monoamine oxidase
- MDD, major depressive disorder
- Major depressive disorder
- NSPCs, neural progenitor/stem cells
- OFT, open field test
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SPT, sucrose preference test
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Adachi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Fatma Zahra Sakhri
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Freres Mentouri Constantine-Algeria, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Hideshi Ikemoto
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohashi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Mami Kato
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Inoue
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hisamitsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masataka Sunagawa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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Rudyk C, Dwyer Z, McNeill J, Salmaso N, Farmer K, Prowse N, Hayley S. Chronic unpredictable stress influenced the behavioral but not the neurodegenerative impact of paraquat. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 11:100179. [PMID: 31304199 PMCID: PMC6599913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of psychological stressors on the progression of motor and non-motor disturbances observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) has received little attention. Given that PD likely results from many different environmental “hits”, we were interested in whether a chronic unpredictable stressor regimen would act additively or possibly even synergistically to augment the impact of the toxicant, paraquat, which has previously been linked to PD. Our findings support the contention that paraquat itself acted as a systemic stressor, with the pesticide increasing plasma corticosterone, as well as altering glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, stressed mice that also received paraquat displayed synergistic motor coordination impairment on a rotarod test and augmented signs of anhedonia (sucrose preference test). The individual stressor and paraquat treatments also caused a range of non-motor (e.g. open field, Y and plus mazes) deficits, but there were no signs of an interaction (neither additive nor synergistic) between the insults. Similarly, paraquat caused the expected loss of substantia nigra dopamine neurons and microglial activation, but this effect was not further influenced by the chronic stressor. Taken together, these results indicate that paraquat has many effects comparable to that of a more traditional stressor and that at least some behavioral measures (i.e. sucrose preference and rotarod) are augmented by the combined pesticide and stress treatments. Thus, although psychological stressors might not necessarily increase the neurodegenerative effects of the toxicant exposure, they may promote co-morbid behaviors pathology. Paraquat induced behavioral and neurochemical alterations similar to those induced by a chronic unpredictable stressor. Chronic unpredictable stress did not influence the degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons or microglia activation. The paraquat and chronic stressor exposure resulted in augmented motor impairment and anhedonic-like behavior.
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Key Words
- AAR, alternate arm return
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- CUS, chronic unpredictable stress
- Cytokine
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EPM, elevated plus maze
- FST, forced swim test
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- HPA, hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal
- IBA1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1
- Inflammatory
- MMx, Micromax
- Microglia
- PB, phosphate buffer
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Parkinson's
- RIPA, Radio Immuno Precipitation Assay
- RR, rotarod
- SAB, spontaneous alternation behavior
- SAR, same arm return
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate
- SNc, substantia nigra pars compacta
- SPT, sucrose preference test
- Stress
- TH, tyrosine hydroxylase
- Toxicity
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- pGR, phosphate glucocorticoid receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rudyk
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Zach Dwyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Jessica McNeill
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Natalina Salmaso
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Kyle Farmer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Natalie Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
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