Crucial Role of the Ca2+/CN Signaling Pathway in the Antifungal Activity of Seselin against Botrytis cinerea

Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold in many fruit and vegetable crops. We previously found that Seselin (SL) displayed antifungal activity against B. cinerea (EC₅₀ = 6.1 μg·mL^-1), and this study investigated the effects of Ca²⁺ and the Ca²⁺/CN signaling pathway on its antifungal activity against B. cinerea. The results indicated that exogenous Ca²⁺, Cyclosporine A, and Verapamil reduced the sensitivity of SL against B. cinerea; SL significantly reduced the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration in the hyphae; the sensitivity of strains ΔbcCCH1 and ΔbcMID1 to SL were significantly increased; and the expressions of CCH1, MID1, CNA, PMC1, and PMR1 genes of the Ca²⁺/CN signaling pathway were significantly downregulated by SL treatment. Hence, SL is a potential compound for developing fungicides against B. cinerea. SL dramatically reduces intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration and disturbs Ca²⁺ homeostasis, leading to cell death. The Ca²⁺/CN signaling pathway plays an important role in the antifungal activity of SL against B. cinerea.

Antiviral activity of seselin from Aegle marmelos against nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection in the larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Traditional Indian medicine has utilized Aeglemarmelos (L.) Corr. commonly called as bael in several indigenous systems against various diseases. Bioactive components isolated from various plant parts of A. marmelos were used in ethno-medicine. More precisely they are known for its antiviral property against various human and animal viruses.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study was conducted to investigate the antiviral activity of A.marmelos against Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Among the various crude extracts tested, hexane extracts of leaves of A. marmelos with promising anti-BmNPV activity was subjected to bioactivity guided fractionation based on column chromatography. Out of 40 fractions obtained from the fractionation, fractions showing similar TLC profiles were pooled into 14 fractions. A fraction with potential activity was used to purify a molecule with anti-BmNPV activity. This molecule was characterized through structural and functional analyses.

RESULTS

The functionally and structurally characterized molecule in the fraction with prospective anti-BmNPV activity revealed a single crystal compound 'seselin' (8, 8-dimethyl pyrido oxazine-2-one).

CONCLUSION

It is therefore understood that this seselin compound could be used as a natural medicine for the management of NPV infection in the silkworm larvae under commercial conditions after suitable field evaluations.

Isolation of seselin from Clausena anisata (Rutaceae) leaves and its effects on the feeding and development of Lucilia cuprina larvae may explain its use in ethnoveterinary medicine

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The leaves of Clausena anisata are used traditionally to expel maggots from wounds of animals in Zimbabwe. We have previously proved in the laboratory that the plant certainly affects the behaviour and growth of blowfly larvae. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the active compounds responsible for this activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The acetone extract of Clausena anisata leaf powder was separated by solvent-solvent partition into five fractions. The n-hexane fraction was the most active in the larvicidal assay and therefore subjected to open column chromatography on silica gel.

RESULTS

The isolated compound was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS) as the pyranocoumarin, seselin, chemically known as 2',2'-dimethylpyranocoumarin. It inhibited feed intake in the first and second instars of blowfly larvae at the minimum concentration tested of 1 ppm resulting in significant lower mass pupae (13.5±0.5 mg and 22.4±0.4 mg for the first and second instar larvae respectively) compared to the solvent control group (26.19±0.8 mg) (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first report of the isolation of seselin from the leaves of Clausena anisata and the first report of the compound having an effect against blowfly larvae.