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Franco-Gil ME, Graça A, Martins A, Marto J, Ribeiro HM. Emollients in dermatological creams: Early evaluation for tailoring formulation and therapeutic performance. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123825. [PMID: 38253270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The targeted choice of the emollient of a cream determines its physicochemical properties and clinical effectiveness. This work researched the effects of emollient properties on the final characteristics and potential performance of oil-in-water dermatological creams. Seven emollients with different chemical characteristics and structures (alkane, triglyceride, ether, silicone, vegetable oils, and mineral oil) were tested in a model formulation. Early stability, pH, droplet size distribution, rheology, tackiness, adhesivity, spreadability, tribology, and release profile of a lipophilic substance model (in Franz cells, through a synthetic membrane, for six hours) were assessed. The creams had acid epicutaneous pH and a "shear-thinning" "solid-like" viscoelastic behavior. Among the seven emollients' properties, polarity, density, and viscosity were the most influential. Droplet parameters were the most impacted, pH and release were moderately affected, and the textural properties were lowly to moderately impacted. The emollient substitution in the model formulation affected the experimental parameters differently, allowing formulation optimization and tailoring its potential therapeutic performance regarding drug release, coadjutant effects, and dwell time on the skin. By looking at the creams' characteristics, it was possible to select the best-suited emollients for releasing a lipophilic drug, applying on painful skin, and formulation in wash-off products or leave-on protective barrier creams.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Franco-Gil
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto S/N, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy (IUFI), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Graça
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto S/N, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - A Martins
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto S/N, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - J Marto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto S/N, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - H M Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto S/N, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Charlton C, Christiansen F, Ward R, Mackay AI, Andrews-Goff V, Zerbini AN, Childerhouse S, Guggenheimer S, O'Shannessy B, Brownell RL. Evaluating short- to medium-term effects of implantable satellite tags on southern right whales Eubalaena australis. Dis Aquat Organ 2023; 155:125-140. [PMID: 37706643 DOI: 10.3354/dao03730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving our understanding of the effects of satellite tags on large whales is a critical step in ongoing tag development to minimise potential health effects whilst addressing important research questions that enhance conservation management policy. In 2014, satellite tags were deployed on 9 female southern right whales Eubalaena australis accompanied by a calf off Australia. Photo-identification resights (n = 48) of 4 photo-identified individuals were recorded 1 to 2894 d (1-8 yr) post-tagging. Short-term (<22 d) effects observed included localised and regional swelling, depression at the tag site, blubber extrusion, skin loss and pigmentation colour change. Broad swelling observable from lateral but not aerial imagery (~1.2 m diameter or ~9% of body length) and depression at the tag site persisted up to 1446 d post-tagging for 1 individual, indicating a persistent foreign-body response or infection. Two tagged individuals returned 4 yr post-tagging in 2018 with a calf, and the medium-term effects were evaluated by comparing body condition of tagged whales with non-tagged whales. These females calved in a typical 4 yr interval, suggesting no apparent immediate impact of tagging on reproduction for these individuals, but longer-term monitoring is needed. There was no observable difference in the body condition between the 2 tagged and non-tagged females. Ongoing monitoring post-tagging is required to build on the sample size and statistical power. We demonstrate the value of long-term monitoring programmes and a collaborative approach for evaluating effects from satellite-tagging cetaceans to support species management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Charlton
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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Summers A, Visscher MO, Khatry SK, Sherchand JB, LeClerq SC, Katz J, Tielsch JM, Mullany LC. Impact of sunflower seed oil versus mustard seed oil on skin barrier function in newborns: a community-based, cluster-randomized trial. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:512. [PMID: 31870338 PMCID: PMC6927111 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural vegetable oils are widely used for newborn massage in many low resource settings. Animal models indicated that sunflower seed oil (SSO) can accelerate skin barrier recovery following damage, while other oils, including mustard oil (MO), may cause further skin barrier damage. The objective was to compare the effects of two SSO and MO used for routine massage on skin integrity in premature and full-term neonates. Methods This community-based cluster randomized controlled trial included 995 neonates assigned to full body massage with sunflower seed oil (SSO, intervention) or mustard seed oil (MO, standard practice) from July 2012–May 2014 in Sarlahi, Nepal. Skin integrity measures were evaluated over 28 days, including skin condition (erythema, rash, dryness), skin surface pH, stratum corneum (SC) cohesion/protein concentration, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Overall means and rates of change in these skin measures were compared between oil groups using bivariate random-effects models. Results 500 and 495 live born neonates received repeated massage with MO and SSO, respectively. Skin pH decreased more quickly for SSO than MO in the first week of life, with a difference in mean daily reductions of 0.02 (95% CI: 0.002–0.040). Erythema, rash and dryness increased (worsened) over days 1–14 then decreased by day 28, with no significant oil group differences. TEWL increased over time, with no significant oil group differences. Gestational age did not modify the effect; the slightly faster decrease in skin pH among SSO infants was similar in magnitude between term and preterm infants. Conclusions Oil type may contribute to differences in skin integrity when neonates are massaged regularly. The more rapid acid mantle development observed for SSO may be protective for neonates in lower resource settings. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01177111); registered August 6th, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Summers
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, W5009, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marty O Visscher
- Skin Sciences Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Subarna K Khatry
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, W5009, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project-Sarlahi (NNIPS), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jeevan B Sherchand
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj Rd, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Steven C LeClerq
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, W5009, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joanne Katz
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, W5009, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - James M Tielsch
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Luke C Mullany
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, W5009, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Daniels R. [Basic therapeutics : What are the features of modern personal care products to protect and regenerate the skin barrier?]. Hautarzt 2017; 68:912-5. [PMID: 28879393 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-017-4044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is international consensus that the daily use of properly selected products for the maintenance therapy is a must in the adjuvant treatment of most chronic skin diseases. In a first step, the selection of an adequate product can be guided by the classical triangle of the dermal vehicles. However, modern skin care products use diverse excipients, e. g. emulsifiers and viscosity enhancers, to improve the galenical and haptic properties of the formulations. It is thus no longer sufficient to simply have knowledge about the oil and water content of a cream in order to make a proper selection. A very positive effect on the skin barrier can be achieved using biomimetic lipids which can be incorporated into the epidermal lipid barrier. The application of such products as a foam cream is the most convenient way especially favorable when inflamed or hardly accessible skin areas have to be treated.
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Strunk T, Pupala S, Hibbert J, Doherty D, Patole S. Topical Coconut Oil in Very Preterm Infants: An Open-Label Randomised Controlled Trial. Neonatology 2018; 113:146-151. [PMID: 29197867 DOI: 10.1159/000480538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immature fragile skin of preterm infants represents an inadequate protective barrier. The emollient and anti-infective properties of coconut oil make it a potentially beneficial topical agent for this population. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to evaluate feasibility, safety, and the effects of topical coconut oil on skin condition in very preterm infants. METHODS An open-label randomised controlled trial in preterm infants <30 weeks' gestation was conducted. Enrolled infants were randomised to receive either routine care or topical coconut oil (5 mL/kg) twice daily for 21 days, starting within 24 h of birth. The neonatal skin condition was the primary outcome, and was assessed using the Neonatal Skin Condition Score (NSCS) on days 1, 7, 14, and 21. The number of coconut oil applications was recorded to assess clinical feasibility and all enrolled infants were monitored for adverse effects of topical coconut application, such as skin irritation. RESULTS A total of 72 infants born <30 weeks' gestation were enrolled (36 infants per arm), with comparable demographic characteristics. Topical application of coconut oil was feasible and without adverse effects. The NSCS was maintained in the coconut oil group throughout the intervention period, but deteriorated from a median (IQR) of 3 (3-4) on day 1 to 4 (4-4) on day 21 in the control group (p = 0.01). There were no differences in common neonatal outcomes, including sepsis, necrotising enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, chronic lung disease, and mortality. CONCLUSIONS Topical coconut oil maintained a better skin condition in very preterm infants without adverse effects. This simple, safe, and affordable intervention warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Strunk
- Neonatal Directorate, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Subiaco, WA, Australia
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Lee JC, Lee Y, Park HR. Effects of bathing interval on skin condition and axillary bacterial colonization in preterm infants. Appl Nurs Res 2018; 40:34-8. [PMID: 29579496 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of preterm infant bathing periods on skin condition and axillary skin colonization. BACKGROUND Reducing the frequency of bathing in preterm infants is beneficial in reducing the risk of hypothermia and exposure to stress from frequent nursing contacts. METHODS The subjects of this study were observed at The V hospital at the C University in South Korea between December 2012 and August 2013. A total of 32 preterm infants were included and were randomly assigned to two different bathing intervals; every four days (n=16) and the other every two days (n=16) bathing groups. A neonatal skin conditions were assessed on a daily basis, whereas, axillary skin colonization was measured every eight days before bathing. Data was analyzed via the SPSS program with a non-inferiority test, t-test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and paired t-test. RESULTS Mean differences of skin condition between the four-day bathing and two-day bathing groups were 0.065 and the 97.5% one-sided confidence limit was 0.196 (less than the non-inferiority margin, 0.3). There were no statistically significant differences in skin condition and axillary skin colonization between the two groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The interval of bathing for preterm infants can be changed from every two days to every four days without increasing the incidence of skin condition problems or axillary skin colonization. Less-frequent bathing may decrease the chance of physiological instability caused by the caring process, while providing them with a better environment for growth and development.
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Evans RL, Turner GA, Bates S, Robinson T, Arnold D, Marriott RE, Pudney PDA, Bonnist EYM, Green D. Human axillary skin condition is improved following incorporation of glycerol into the stratum corneum from an antiperspirant formulation. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 309:739-48. [PMID: 28889318 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The study objectives were to demonstrate that glycerol, when topically applied from a roll-on antiperspirant formulation, can be delivered directly to human skin ex vivo and the axillary stratum corneum (SC) in vivo, and to assess whether it improves the quality of the axillary skin barrier. Ex vivo human skin absorption of glycerol was measured following application of a roll-on antiperspirant formulation containing 4% 13C3-glycerol. Skin distribution of 13C3-glycerol over 24 h was assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In vivo axillary SC penetration was measured by confocal Raman spectroscopy and multivariate curve-resolution software 1 h after topical application of a roll-on antiperspirant formulation containing 8% deuterated glycerol (d5-glycerol). A clinical study was conducted to determine the efficacy of a roll-on antiperspirant formulation containing 4% glycerol in reducing shaving-induced visual irritation and in increasing axillary-skin hydration. Ex vivo skin absorption studies indicated that the formulation delivered 13C3-glycerol into the SC at all timepoints over the 24-h period. In vivo Raman measurements (1 h after application) demonstrated that d5-glycerol was detectable to a depth of at least 10 μm in the axillary SC. Application of 4% glycerol from a roll-on antiperspirant formulation to the axilla was associated with significantly less visible irritation and greater skin hydration than observed with the control (glycerol-free) product. These studies demonstrate that glycerol, incorporated in a roll-on antiperspirant formulation, is delivered directly and rapidly to all depths of the axillary SC, and results in improvements in visible irritation and hydration in the axilla.
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Kong F, Galzote C, Duan Y. Change in skin properties over the first 10 years of life: a cross-sectional study. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 309:653-8. [PMID: 28726004 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated skin characteristics in healthy Chinese children aged from 1 to 10 years and compared these findings with similar measures from the child’s mothers. Children aged 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 years (n = 29–30 per age group) and the child’s mothers were enrolled in a single-visit cross-sectional study. Clinical parameters evaluated on the face, ventral forearm, and calf were softness, smoothness, erythema, edema, rash, dryness, and scaling. Instrumental evaluations included transepidermal water loss, moisture content, and water-holding capacity. The clinical evaluations indicated a general decrease in softness, smoothness, and overall skin condition with increased child age. In general, the child’s clinical scores were better than in adults. Children had a more permeable skin barrier that matured to adult values by approximately 5 years of age. Mothers had greater skin moisture than children. Clinical and instrumental measures were consistent with skin being softer and smoother and in better overall condition in younger children. As the skin matured with age, higher scores were observed. Instrumental measures demonstrated a more permeable skin barrier in younger children compared with older children and with adults.
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Jones AL, Porcheron A, Sweda JR, Morizot F, Russell R. Coloration in different areas of facial skin is a cue to health: The role of cheek redness and periorbital luminance in health perception. Body Image 2016; 17:57-66. [PMID: 26967010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Looking healthy is a desirable trait, and facial skin color is a predictor of perceived health. However, skin conditions that cause dissatisfaction with appearance are specific to particular facial areas. We investigated whether color variation in facial skin is related to perceived health. Study 1 defined three areas based on color differences between faces perceived as healthy or unhealthy: the forehead, periorbital areas, and the cheeks. Periorbital luminance and cheek redness predicted perceived health, as did global skin yellowness. In Study 2, increased luminance and redness caused faces to be perceived as healthier, but only when the increase was in the periorbital and cheek areas, respectively. Manipulating each area separately in Study 3 revealed cheek redness and periorbital luminance equally increased perceived health, with low periorbital luminance more negatively affecting perceptions. These findings show that color variation in facial skin is a cue for health perception in female faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L Jones
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA.
| | - Aurélie Porcheron
- CHANEL Recherche et Technologie, CHANEL PB, Paris, France; LPNC, University of Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jennifer R Sweda
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
| | | | - Richard Russell
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA.
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Tong SF, Yip J, Yick KL, Yuen MC. Effects of different heel angles in sleep mode on heel interface pressure in the elderly. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2016; 32:229-35. [PMID: 26651476 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heels are one of the most common sites of pressure ulcers, and the incidence rate in the elderly aged 70 years or older is high. Although there is literature on heel interface pressure, the heel interface pressure of the elderly in different postures has not yet been explored, which will be investigated in this study, as well as the effects of different foot positions. Their skin conditions will also be examined. METHODS Twenty-five females and twenty-six males, 70 years old or older, are evaluated while lying down, with only their naked foot in its natural position on a mattress, as well as placed on a standard or pressure-relieving mattress in different positions. The moisture, sebum content, and elasticity of the skin of the heel are tested. FINDINGS The heel of most of the participants is positioned at a 60°-69° or 90°-99° angle to the support surface. The heel interface pressure is the greatest when the foot is upright. The age, weight, and body mass index have no significant impacts. The moisture and sebum content are extremely low while elasticity is normal. INTERPRETATION The relaxed position of the foot is in neutral external rotation and upright positions. A greater amount of pressure is experienced when the foot is upright. The pressure-relieving mattress is more effective for reducing heel pressure but may not apply to all cases. Finally, the skin of the heel is dry and lacks sebum, which implies greater risk of developing heel sores.
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