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Nyamgerel N, Baasanmunkh S, Oyuntsetseg B, Tsegmed Z, Bayarmaa GA, Lazkov G, Pyak E, Gil HY, Park I, Choi HJ. Comparative plastome analysis and taxonomic classification of snow lotus species (Saussurea, Asteraceae) in Central Asia and Southern Siberia. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:42. [PMID: 38396290 PMCID: PMC10891264 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Four species of Saussurea, namely S. involucrata, S. orgaadayi, S. bogedaensis, and S. dorogostaiskii, are known as the "snow lotus," which are used as traditional medicines in China (Xinjiang), Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and Russia (Southern Siberia). These species are threatened globally, because of illegal harvesting and climate change. Furthermore, the taxonomic classification and identification of these threatened species remain unclear owing to limited research. The misidentification of medicinal species can sometimes be harmful to health. Therefore, the phylogenetic and genomic features of these species need to be confirmed. In this study, we sequenced five complete chloroplast genomes and seven nuclear ITS regions of four snow lotus species and other Saussurea species. We further explored their genetic variety, selective pressure at the sequence level, and phylogenetic relationships using the chloroplast genome, nuclear partial DNA sequences, and morphological features. Plastome of the snow lotus species has a conserved structure and gene content similar to most Saussurea species. Two intergenic regions (ndhJ-ndhK and ndhD-psaC) show significantly high diversity among chloroplast regions. Thus, ITS and these markers are suitable for identifying snow lotus species. In addition, we characterized 43 simple sequence repeats that may be useful in future population genetic studies. Analysis of the selection signatures identified three genes (rpoA, ndhB, and ycf2) that underwent positive selection. These genes may play important roles in the adaptation of the snow lotus species to alpine environments. S. dorogostaiskii is close to S. baicalensis and exhibits slightly different adaptation from others. The taxonomic position of the snow lotus species, confirmed by morphological and molecular evidence, is as follows: (i) S. involucrata has been excluded from the Mongolian flora due to misidentification as S. orgaadayi or S. bogedaensis for a long time; (ii) S. dorogostaiskii belongs to section Pycnocephala subgenus Saussurea, whereas other the snow lotus species belong to section Amphilaena subgenus Amphilaena; and (iii) S. krasnoborovii is synonymous of S. dorogostaiskii. This study clarified the speciation and lineage diversification of the snow lotus species in Central Asia and Southern Siberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nudkhuu Nyamgerel
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
| | | | - Batlai Oyuntsetseg
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Science, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Zagarjav Tsegmed
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
| | - Gun-Aajav Bayarmaa
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Science, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Georgy Lazkov
- Institute for Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Elizaveta Pyak
- Department of Botany, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Hee-Young Gil
- Department of Forest Biodiversity and Herbarium, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea.
| | - Hyeok Jae Choi
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea.
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Gong G, Huang J, Yang Y, Qi B, Han G, Zheng Y, He H, Chan K, Tsim KW, Dong TT. Saussureae Involucratae Herba ( Snow Lotus): Review of Chemical Compositions and Pharmacological Properties. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1549. [PMID: 32009958 PMCID: PMC6971814 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Saussureae Involucratae Herba is the dried ground part of Saussurea involucrata (Kar. et Kir.) Sch.-Bip, which is also named as “Snow lotus” and being used in traditional Uyghur and/or Chinese medicine. This rare herb can be found at 4,000 m elevation in western part of Tianshan Mountain, Xinjiang China. According to China Pharmacopoeia (2015), the major pharmaceutical values of “Snow lotus” (Xuě liánhuā in Chinese) are alleviating rheumatoid arthritis, accelerating blood circulation and mitigating other “cold” syndromes. Traditionally, the clinical application of “Snow lotus” includes the treatments in inflammation-associated disorder, blood circulation acceleration and heat and dampness elimination. Recent studies suggested that “Snow lotus” possessed therapeutic effects associating with anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, adipogenesis suppression and neuroprotection activities, which were proposed to be related with its bioactive constitutes, i.e. acacetin, hispidulin, and rutin. In the present review, we aim to summarize pharmacological effects and underlying cell signaling pathways of “Snow lotus” in treating various medical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Gong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Baohui Qi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Guangyi Han
- Gansu Institute for Drug Control, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuzhong Zheng
- Department of Biology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Huan He
- Department of Biological Engineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Kelvin Chan
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Wk Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tina Tx Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Xie Q, Shen KN, Hao X, Nam PN, Ngoc Hieu BT, Chen CH, Zhu C, Lin YC, Hsiao CD. The complete chloroplast genome of Tianshan Snow Lotus (Saussurea involucrata), a famous traditional Chinese medicinal plant of the family Asteraceae. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 28:294-295. [PMID: 26713569 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1118086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
abtract We decoded the complete chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence of the Tianshan Snow Lotus (Saussurea involucrata), a famous traditional Chinese medicinal plant of the family Asteraceae, by using next-generation sequencing technology. The genome consists of 152 490 bp containing a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25 202 bp, which was separated by a large single-copy region and a small single-copy region of 83 446 bp and 18 639 bp, respectively. The genic regions account for 57.7% of whole cpDNA, and the GC content of the cpDNA was 37.7%. The S. involucrata cpDNA encodes 114 unigenes (82 protein-coding genes, 4 rRNA genes, and 28 tRNA genes). There are eight protein-coding genes (atpF, ndhA, ndhB, rpl2, rpoC1, rps16, clpP, and ycf3) and five tRNA genes (trnA-UGC, trnI-GAU, trnK-UUU, trnL-UAA, and trnV-UAC) containing introns. A phylogenetic analysis of the 11 complete cpDNA from Asteracease showed that S. involucrata is closely related to Centaurea diffusa (Diffuse Knapweed). The complete cpDNA of S. involucrata provides essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis for Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- a Research Room of Molecular Biology and Informatics , Xinjiang Normal University , Urumqi , China
| | - Kang-Ning Shen
- b Center of Excellence for the Oceans , National Taiwan Ocean University , Keelung , Taiwan
| | - Xiuying Hao
- c Institute of Microbiology , Xinjiang Academy of Agricutural Science , Ulumuqi , China
| | - Phan Nhut Nam
- d Faculty of Applied Sciences , Ton Duc Thang University , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam.,e Department of Bioscience Technology , Chung Yuan Christian University , Chung Li, Taiwan
| | - Bui Thi Ngoc Hieu
- d Faculty of Applied Sciences , Ton Duc Thang University , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam.,e Department of Bioscience Technology , Chung Yuan Christian University , Chung Li, Taiwan
| | | | - Changqing Zhu
- a Research Room of Molecular Biology and Informatics , Xinjiang Normal University , Urumqi , China
| | - Yen-Chang Lin
- g Graduate Institute of Biotechnology , Chinese Culture University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- e Department of Bioscience Technology , Chung Yuan Christian University , Chung Li, Taiwan
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Kuo CL, Agrawal DC, Chang HC, Chiu YT, Huang CP, Chen YL, Huang SH, Tsay HS. In vitro culture and production of syringin and rutin in Saussurea involucrata (Kar. et Kir.) - an endangered medicinal plant. Bot Stud 2015; 56:12. [PMID: 28510821 PMCID: PMC5430372 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-015-0092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saussurea involucrata (Kar. et Kir.) commonly known as 'snow lotus' or 'Xue Lian' is an important plant in the traditional Chinese system of medicine. The plant contains flavonoids such as syringin and rutin. These compounds have been reported to be anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory and dilate blood vessels, lower blood pressure, prevent cardiovascular diseases, enhance immunity, and act as anti-aging, anti-cancer, and anti-fatigue agents. The species has become endangered due to the excessive collection of S. involucrata plants in the wild, slower plant growth and ecological destruction of natural habitats. There is a severe shortage of plant material, while the market demand is ever increasing. Hence, it is very important to apply tissue culture technique for plant propagation and production of the bioactive compounds of this species. RESULTS Multiple shoot induction and proliferation in shoot base explants derived from in vitro raised seedlings of S. involucrata was achieved on 3/4 strength of Murashige and Skoog's (MS) basal medium (MSBM) supplemented with 1.0 mg/L-1 BA and 1.5 mg/L-1 NAA. Rooting was induced in 100 % shoots cultured on 1/2X MSBM supplemented with 1.0 mg/L-1 IBA for one week and then transfer to auxin free medium. The plantlets could be acclimatized successfully by sachet technique and established in the greenhouse. Maximum callus induction and proliferation in leaf segments was achieved on 1/2X MSBM supplemented with 0.5 mg/L-1 BA, 0.5 mg/L-1 NAA, 0.4 % gelrite and on incubation at 20 °C. Container closures had an influence on the quality and quantity of callus and production of the active compounds. The HPLC analysis showed much higher syringin content in in vitro shoots and callus as compared to commercially available market crude drug. CONCLUSION The present study describes an in vitro culture protocol of Saussurea involucrata. The bioactive compounds, syringin and rutin could be produced through tissue culture technique without sacrificing the endangered Saussurea involucrata plants in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Hung-Chi Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Golden-Ager Industry Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chiu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Peng Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Sheng Tsay
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Yi T, Zhu L, Tang YN, Zhang JY, Liang ZT, Xu J, Zhao ZZ, Yu ZL, Bian ZX, Yang ZJ, Chen HB. An integrated strategy based on UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS for metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of herbal medicines: Tibetan " Snow Lotus" herb (Saussurea laniceps), a case study. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 153:701-13. [PMID: 24661968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz. (SL) has long been used under the herbal name Tibetan "Snow Lotus" for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, stomachache and dysmenorrhea in Tibetan folk medicine. Since herbal medicine (HM) is a synergistical system with multiple components, both of the metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of HM are interdependent. This study aimed to develop an integrated strategy based on the UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS technique for metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of HM. MATERIAL AND METHODS SL was used here as a test herb to verify the feasibility of the proposed strategy. SL was administered to rats, then, the blood plasma, urine and feces were analyzed to determine the metabolic profiles. Using our strategy, umbelliferone and scopoletin were evaluated to be the key bioactive components. Their pharmacokinetic parameters were measured and biotransformation pathways were elucidated. RESULTS After oral administration of SL to rats, 17 components in blood, 10 components in urine and 2 components in feces were identified and characterized using our UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS method. Umbelliferone, scopoletin and their metabolites were found to be the major components involved in the metabolism process. Literature reports also suggest that umbelliferone and scopoletin are responsible for the therapeutic effects of SL, thus these two components were selected as the active markers for pharmacokinetic study. In the test of validity, the established method presented good linearity with R(2)>0.99. The relative standard deviation value was below 13.9% for precision, and recovery studies for accuracy were found to be within the range 91.8-112.5%. CONCLUSION The present strategy offers, simultaneously, precision in quantitative analysis (metabolism study) and accuracy in quantitative analysis (pharmacokinetic study) with greater efficiency and less costs, which is therefore reliably used for integrated metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Yi-Na Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Jian-Ye Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Zhi-Tao Liang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jun Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Hu-Biao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
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