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Gao P, Zhong W, Li T, Liu W, Zhou L. Room temperature, ultrafast and one-step synthesis of highly fluorescent sulfur quantum dots probe and their logic gate operation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 666:221-231. [PMID: 38598995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The direct and rapid conversion of abundant and cheap elemental sulfur into fluorescent sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) at room temperature is a critical and urgent challenge. Conventional synthesis methods require high temperatures, high pressures, or specific atmospheric conditions, making them complex and impractical for real applications. Herein, we propose a simple method for synthesizing SQDs simply by adding H2O2 to an elemental sulfur-ethylenediamine (S-EDA) solution at room temperature. Remarkably, within a mere 10 min, SQDs with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 23.6 % can be obtained without the need for additional steps. A comprehensive analysis of the mechanism has demonstrated that H2O2 is capable of converting Sx2- ions generated in the S-EDA solution into zero-valent sulfur atoms through oxidation. The obtained SQDs can be utilized as a fluorescent probe for detection of tetracycline (TC) and Ca2+ ions with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.137 μM and 0.386 μM respectively. Moreover, we have developed a sensitive logic gate sensor based on SQDs, harnessing the activated cascade effect to create an intelligent probe for monitoring trace levels of TC and Ca2+ ions. This paper not only presents a viable approach for ultrafast and scalable synthesis of SQDs at room temperature, but also contributes to the efficient utilization of elemental sulfur resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Weiheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tengbao Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomedical Polymer Materials, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Weizhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomedical Polymer Materials, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
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2
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Priyadarshi R, Pourmoslemi S, Khan A, Riahi Z, Rhim JW. Sulfur quantum dots as sustainable materials for biomedical applications: Current trends and future perspectives. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 237:113863. [PMID: 38552287 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Discovered over a decade ago, sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) have rapidly emerged as a sustainable, safe, and inexpensive quantum material. Sustainably synthesizing SQDs using sublimed sulfur powders, typically produced as waste in industrial petrochemical refining processes, has attracted researchers to use these functional quantum materials in various research fields. SQDs quickly found applications in various research fields, such as electronics, environmental sensing, food packaging, and biomedical engineering. Although low production yields, time-consuming and energy-intensive synthetic methods, and low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) have been some problems, researchers have found ways to improve synthetic methods, develop passivating agents, and systematically modify reaction schemes and energy sources to achieve large-scale synthesis of stable SQDs with high PLQY. Nonetheless, SQDs have succeeded tremendously in biomedical and related applications due to their low toxicity, antibacterial and antioxidant properties, biocompatibility, appropriate cellular uptake, and photoluminescent properties. Although the bioimaging applications of SQDs have been extensively studied, their other reported properties indicate their suitability for use as antimicrobial agents, free radical scavengers, and drug carriers in other biomedical applications, such as tissue regeneration, wound healing, and targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchir Priyadarshi
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Ajahar Khan
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Zohreh Riahi
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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3
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Wang X, Yan F, Xu M, Ning J, Wei X, Bai X. Facile synthesis of multicolor emitting sulfur quantum dots and their applications in light blocking field, anti-counterfeiting and sensing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:1137-1149. [PMID: 37788582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) have aroused widespread interest from researchers in a wide range of fields due to their excellent photoluminescent properties. Ethylenediamine, diaminopropane and butanediamine were used as precursor amine raw materials to interact with sublimated sulfur to synthesize SQDs with blue, cyan and green fluorescence emission, respectively. Multicolour emitting SQDs were first prepared via sulfur-amine interactions. Further characterization and calculations showed that the precursor amine substances could alter growth size and band gap energy of SQDs to allow for a wider absorption and fluorescence transfer to long wavelength emission region, resulting in tunable fluorescence emission. In terms of application, the excellent down-conversion properties of SQDs were utilized to obtain highly transparent and flexible photoblocking films by blending SQDs with polyvinyl alcohol matrixes, achieving a blocking of light in UV region of up to 99.69 %. In addition, we constructed an encoded storage microarray based on standard 8-bit ASCII character binary codes using BSQDs and GSQDs to store and encrypt important information. Finally, GSQDs-based fluorescent sensors were designed to achieve fluorescent trace detection of o-nitrophenols with limits of detection as low as 2.54 μM. The multicolor emitting SQDs prepared in this work have great potential for applications in analytical detection, optical anti-counterfeiting and light blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiule Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin 300387, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, PR China
| | - Fanyong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin 300387, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tiangong University, PR China.
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin 300387, PR China; School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, PR China
| | - Jin Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin 300387, PR China; School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, PR China
| | - Xin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin 300387, PR China; School of Textiles Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, PR China
| | - Xinyi Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin 300387, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, PR China
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4
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Mirzaei SM, Oskuee RK, Sadri K, Sabouri Z, Far BF, Abdulabbas HS, Darroudi M. Development of a Novel Sulfur Quantum Dots: Synthesis, 99mTc Radiolabeling, and Biodistribution. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04703-7. [PMID: 37650949 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) as free heavy metal element quantum dots have promising applications in diagnosis and therapy; however, SQDs' in vivo biodistribution has not been studied. In the current study, SQDs were synthesized directly from cheap sublimated sulfur powder via a one-pot solvothermal method, and sucrose was used as a stabilizer to enhance stability and biocompatibility. The as-obtained SQDs with an average size of 4.6 nm exhibited great water dispersity, highly favorable quantum yield (21.5%), and uniformly spherical shape which were confirmed by UV-Vis, fluorescence spectrophotometer, TEM, and FESEM/EDX/PSA analyses. Moreover, the as-synthesized SQDs had very low cytotoxicity based on cancer (C26) and normal (L929) cell lines via MTT assay. And also, SQDs were radio-labeled directly by Technetium-99m (99mTc), which had good stability ranging from 86 to 99% in PBS and human serum. The SQDs' cell uptake on C26 and L929 cell lines demonstrated that cancer cells had more uptake than normal cells by increasing concentrations. Moreover, SQDs' in vivo biodistribution results displayed high kidney dose accumulation and rapid renal clearance, making them suitable for imaging and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Mozhdeh Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Kazemi Oskuee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kayvan Sadri
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Sabouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahareh Farasati Far
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Sajid Abdulabbas
- Continuous Education Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, 56001, Iraq
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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5
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Liu J, Ning K, Fu Y, Sun Y, Liang J. Sulfur quantum dots as a fluorescent sensor for N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase detection. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 294:122553. [PMID: 36893676 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is an important biomarker for early clinical diagnosis of renal disease, suggesting the necessity to develop a fast and sensitive method for its detection. In this paper, we developed a fluorescent sensor based on polyethylene glycol (400) (PEG-400)-modified and H2O2-assisted etched sulfur quantum dots (SQDs). According to the fluorescence inner filter effect (IFE), the fluorescence of SQDs can be quenched by the p-nitrophenol (PNP) generated by NAG-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide (PNP-NAG). We successfully used the SQDs as a nano-fluorescent probe to detect the NAG activity from 0.4 to 7.5 U·L-1, with a detection limit of 0.1 U·L-1. Furthermore, the method is highly selective and was successfully used in the detection of NAG activity in bovine serum samples, suggesting its great application prospect in clinical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Keke Ning
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yao Fu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiangong Liang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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6
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Gong X, Cai Q, Zhang J, Min Y, Fu W, Wang Y, Zhang P. Protein-directed synthesis of fluorescent sulfur quantum dots for highly robust detection of pyrophosphate. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:104. [PMID: 36826596 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphate anions (PPi) play a key role in various biological processes and act as an essential indicator for physiological function evaluation and disease diagnosis. However, there is still a lack of available approaches for straightforward, robust, and convenient PPi detection. Herein, we design an on-off-on fluorescent switching nanoprobe employing Fe3+-mediated fluorescent sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) for highly robust detection of PPi. The bovine serum protein (BSA)-capped SQDs with fine water dispersibility and good optical stability are synthesized by an H2O2-assisted chemical etching reaction. Specifically, Fe3+ can strongly induce the aggregation of the SQDs into relatively larger sizes, resulting in aggregation-induced fluorescence quenching behavior. PPi can selectively bind with Fe3+ via emulative coordination and in preventing the aggregation of SQDs this is accompanied by recovery of fluorescence. The physicochemical properties of aggregated and disaggregated SQDs have been systematically investigated. Aggregation and disaggregation of the SQDs and the corresponding quenching and recovery of fluorescence occurs and guarantees the high-contrast sensing performance of the SQD system in complex and challenging aquatic environments. Our designed on-off-on nanoswitch holds great potential for the design of elemental quantum dot-based biosensors for the highly robust detection of analytes in the near future.
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Peng X, Wang Y, Wang Q, Tang J, Zhang M, Yang X. Selective and sensitive detection of tartrazine in beverages by sulfur quantum dots with high fluorescence quantum yield. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 279:121454. [PMID: 35667140 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, sulfur quantum dots (TPA-SQDs) protected by terephthalic acid as a stabilizer were synthesized using a one-pot method. When excited at 310 nm, the synthesized TPA-SQDs solution emitted strong blue fluorescence at 428 nm, and the absolute quantum yield was as high as 85.99%. The proposed SQDs can be used as a fluorescent probe to specifically quench tartrazine (TZ), showing a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.996) at TZ concentrations of 0.1-20 μM, with a detection limit of 39 nM. By analysing the fluorescence lifetime, UV-Vis absorption spectrum and zeta potential of the assay system, it can be speculated that the fluorescence quenching mechanism of TZ on TPA-SQDs is the inner filter effect (IFE). The proposed method was applied to the detection of TZ in vitamin water and orange juice, and the results were consistent with the determination results by high-performance liquid chromatography. The recoveries and relative standard deviations were 93.2-102.6% and 1.34-2.88%, respectively, which provided an alternative method for the determination of TZ in beverages or other food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Ya Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China.
| | - Qingying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Jiaojiao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Maosen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Xiupei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China.
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Sun Z, Qing M, Fan YZ, Yan H, Li NB, Luo HQ. Quadruple analyte responsive platform: Point-of-care testing and multi-coding logic computation based on metal ions recognition and selective response. J Hazard Mater 2022; 437:129331. [PMID: 35709623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While it is recognized that instrumentation techniques can provide precise and sensitive solutions to heavy metal ion monitoring, it remains challenging to transform laboratory testing into a convenient, on-site, and quantitative sensing platform for point-of-care testing (POCT) in a resource-constrained setting. To address these limitations, an affordable and user-friendly colorimetric POCT sensing system is proposed here for selectively monitoring four metal ions (Fe3+, Co2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+) based on the sulfur quantum dots (S dots). Quadruple distinct visual signals (green, brown, precipitation, and bright yellow) are presented on the fabricated paper-based analytical devices (PADs) when mixing S dots and metal ions. The high-quality photographs of the PADs are captured by a scanner, while a smartphone App converts visual signals to HSV values. The quantitative analysis relies on the digital colorimetric reading, and the limits of detection are 0.59, 0.47, 0.82, and 0.53 μM for Fe3+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+, respectively. This metal ions-responsive platform is engineered as a smart strategy for multiple logic operations (YES, NOT, AND, INHIBIT, and NOR) by integrating multi-responsive blocks into the S dots with encoded patterns, which improves the computing capability. Accordingly, this strategy demonstrates its potential for on-site environmental testing and sophisticated molecular computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Min Qing
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu Zhu Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Nian Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Hong Qun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Mojarrad S, Naseri A, Hallaj T. Sulfur quantum dots as a novel platform to design a sensitive chemiluminescence probe and its application for Pb 2+ detection. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1769-1775. [PMID: 35916778 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of Pb as a hazardous heavy metal element for the environment and human health is of high importance. In this study, a simple and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) probe based on sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) was designed for the determination of Pb2+ . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the analytical application of the CL method based on SQDs. For this purpose, SQDs were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and characterized by TEM, FT-IR, XPS and X-ray diffraction. Then, the direct chemiluminescence (CL) of SQDs elicited by common oxidants was investigated. The highest CL intensity was observed for the SQDs-KMnO4 reaction, and its CL mechanism was studied. We indicated that the CL intensity of introduced system can be diminished as a result of interaction between Pb2+ and SQDs, and exploited this fact for designing a CL-based probe for the determination of Pb2+ . The CL intensity of SQDs-KMnO4 reaction was linearly quenched by Pb2+ at the range of 50 to 2000 nM with a limit of detection as 16 nM (S/N=3). The probe was employed for the determination of Pb2+ in different water samples and the recovery results (95.2 to 102.8%) indicated the good analytical performance of the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Mojarrad
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Naseri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tooba Hallaj
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Riahi Z, Priyadarshi R, Rhim JW, Lotfali E, Bagheri R, Pircheraghi G. Alginate-based multifunctional films incorporated with sulfur quantum dots for active packaging applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 215:112519. [PMID: 35487069 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) were fabricated using a facile hydrothermal method and used for the preparation of functional food packaging film and compared the properties with other sulfur-based fillers like elemental sulfur (ES) and sulfur nanoparticles (SNP). The SQDs have an average size of 5.3 nm and were very stable in aqueous suspension. Unlike other sulfur-based fillers, the SQD showed high antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity, but no cytotoxicity was found for L929 mouse fibroblasts even after long-term exposure of 48 h. When sulfur-based fillers were added to the alginate film, SQD was more evenly dispersed in the polymer matrix than SNP and ES. The addition of SQD to the alginate film increased the film's UV barrier property by 82% and tensile strength by 18%. Also, the addition of SQDs to the films did not affect the stiffness (elastic modulus, EM) and water vapor barrier permeability (WVP) of the films. In addition, SQD-added films exhibited excellent antioxidant and strong antibacterial activity against bacterial (E. coli and L. monocytogenes) and fungal (A. niger and P. chrysogenum) food pathogens. When the film was applied as a bread packaging test, the SQD-added film prevented mold growth for 14 days, unlike the ES and SNP-added films.
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11
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Chen M, Zhang J, Chang J, Li H, Zhai Y, Wang Z. Ultrasensitive detection of butyrylcholinesterase activity based on self-polymerization modulated fluorescence of sulfur quantum dots. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 269:120756. [PMID: 34952437 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an important clinical diagnosing index for liver dysfunction and organophosphate toxicity. However, the current assays for BChE activity are suffering from the relative poor detection sensitivity. In this work, an ultrasensitive fluorescence assay for BChE activity was developed based on the self-polymerization modulated fluorescence of sulfur quantum dots (S-dots). The luminescence of S-dots can be quenched by the self-polymerized dopamine. The hydrolysate of substrates, thiocholine, under the catalysis of BChE can reduce dopamine, which results in the inhibition of self-polymerization and the fluorescence recovery of S-dots. BChE can be quantitatively detected by recording the recovered fluorescence of S-dots, and a linear relationship is observed between the ratio of fluorescence and the concentration of BChE in the range from 0.01 to 10 U/L. A limit of detection as low as 0.0069 U/L calculated, which is the lowest number so far. The assay also shows excellent selectivity towards various interference species and acetylcholinesterase. These features allowed the direct detection of BChE activity in human serum, demonstrating the great practical applications of our assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jingdan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jianyu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Huiya Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yongqing Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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12
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Zhang H, Li Y, Lu H, Gan F. A ratiometric fluorescence and colorimetric dual-mode sensing platform based on sulfur quantum dots and carbon quantum dots for selective detection of Cu 2. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2471-2480. [PMID: 35169908 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03888-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A new dual-mode ratiometric fluorescence and colorimetric probe for selective determination of Cu2+ was developed based on blue-emission sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) and yellow-emission carbon quantum dots (CQDs). The fluorescence and absorbance of CQDs increased in the presence of Cu2+ due to the Cu2+ -oxidized o-phenylenediamine group on the surface of the CQDs. Because of the inner filter effect between SQDs and CQDs-Cu2+, the fluorescence response of SQDs decreased following the introduction of Cu2+. Furthermore, in the presence of Cu2+, the dual-mode SQD-CQD probe showed visible color changes under both ultraviolet light and sunlight. Under optimal conditions, the dual-mode probe was used to quantitatively detect Cu2+ with a linear range of 0.1-5.0 μM for ratiometric fluorescence and colorimetry, with a limit of detection of about 31 nM and 47 nM, respectively. Finally, the dual-mode probe was used for the determination of Cu2+ in practical samples to expand the practical application, and the difference between ratiometric fluorescence and colorimetric methods was compared. The recovery results confirmed the high accuracy of the dual-mode probe, showing that it has immense potential for sensitive and selective detection of Cu2+ in practical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixin Lu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gan
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Liu S, Wang J, Shi YE, Zhai Y, Lv YK, Zhang P, Wang Z. Glutathione modulated fluorescence quenching of sulfur quantum dots by Cu 2O nanoparticles for sensitive assay. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 265:120365. [PMID: 34509893 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur quantum dots (S-dots) show great potential for applications in various field, due to their favorable biocompatibility, high stability, and antibacterial properties. However, the use of S-dots in chemical sensing is limited by the lack of functional groups on the surface. In this work, a fluorescence glutathione (GSH) assay is developed based on the GSH modulated quenching effect of Cu2O nanoparticles (NP) on S-dots. The fluorescence of S-dots is effectively quenched after forming complex with Cu2O NP through a static quenching effect (SQE). Introducing of GSH can trigger the decomposition of Cu2O NP into GSH-Cu(I) complex, which leads to the weaken of SQE and the partial recover of the fluorescence. The intensity of recovered fluorescence shows a positive correlation with the concentration of GSH in the concentration range of 20 to 500 μM. The fluorescence GSH assay shows excellent selectivity and robustness towards various interferences and high concentration salt, which endow the successful detection of GSH in human blood sample. The presented results provide a new door for the design of fluorescence assays, which also provides a platform for the applications in nanomedicine and environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- College of Modern Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yu-E Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Yongqing Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yun-Kai Lv
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenzhen Luohu people's hospital, No. 47 Youyi Rd, Luohu, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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14
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Lu C, Wang Y, Xu B, Zhang W, Xie Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Wang X. A colorimetric and fluorescence dual-signal determination for iron (II) and H 2O 2 in food based on sulfur quantum dots. Food Chem 2022; 366:130613. [PMID: 34304136 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A colorimetric and fluorescence dual-signal method based on sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) was established for determination of iron (II) (Fe2+) and H2O2 in foods. Due to the complexation of Fe2+ with SQD, Fe2+ can cause fluorescence quenching of SQDs, and the color of the mixed solution changed from light yellow to deep green. By use of Fenton reaction, H2O2 can restore the quenched fluorescence of SQDs, and the color of the mixture changed from green to colorless. The concentration of Fe2+ and H2O2 has a good linear relationship with the fluorescence intensity and absorbance in the range of 2.5-55 μM and 1.25-500 μM, and the detection limits were 1.41 μM and 0.54 μM, respectively. For determination of H2O2, the linear ranges were 1.17-1.97 mM and 0.867-1.50 mM, and the detection limits were 0.03 μM and 0.06 μM, respectively.
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15
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Zhuang Y, Lin B, Yu Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Cao Y, Guo M. A ratiometric fluorescent probe based on sulfur quantum dots and calcium ion for sensitive and visual detection of doxycycline in food. Food Chem 2021; 356:129720. [PMID: 33831834 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The residue of doxycycline in food can cause harm to human. Therefore, the detection of doxycycline residue is necessary. Herein, a ratiometric fluorescent probe was designed based on sulfur quantum dots (S dots) and Ca2+. Due to static quenching and inter filter effect between doxycycline and S dots, doxycycline quenched fluorescence of S dots at 450 nm. Meanwhile, doxycycline and Ca2+ formed fluorescent complex through coordination to produce new peak at 520 nm. The ratio of fluorescence intensity (F520/F450) and doxycycline concentration showed good linear relationship with detection limit of 0.19 μM. The fluorescence color of S dots/Ca2+ changed from blue to light green with increasing doxycycline concentration, which was applied for visual semi-quantitative detection of doxycycline. Moreover, the method was used for detecting doxycycline in milk and fish samples with recoveries in the range of 91%-110%. The method showed good application potential in detection of doxycycline in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuerui Zhuang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bixia Lin
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yumin Wang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yujuan Cao
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Manli Guo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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16
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Tan Q, An X, Pan S, Liu H, Hu X. Hydrogen peroxide assisted synthesis of sulfur quantum dots for the detection of chromium (VI) and ascorbic acid. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 247:119122. [PMID: 33161271 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur quantum dots (SQDs), heavy-metal-free quantum dots, are regarded as the next generation promising green nanomaterials compared with traditional heavy-metal-based quantum dots. However, there have been few reports on the synthesis and application of SQDs for analytical detection. Herein, an H2O2-assisted top-down method is used to synthesize SQDs. The as-obtained SQDs have good water dispersion, stability, photoluminescence (PL) properties and achieving a quantum yield (QY) to 11%. After adding Cr (VI) in SQDs, the fluorescence intensity decreases base on inner filter effect (IFE). Moreover, Cr (VI) can be reduced to Cr(III) when ascorbic acid (AA) is introduced into the SQDs - Cr (VI) system, accompanying the recovery of the fluorescence intensity. The fluorescence sensor displays high sensitivity and quickly response toward Cr (VI) and AA in a range of 10-120 μmol L-1 and 20-500 μmol L-1 with a detection limit of 0.36 μmol L-1 and 1.21 μmol L-1, respectively. In addition, the fluorescence sensor has been applied for the determination of Cr (VI) and AA in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuanxuan An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shuang Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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17
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Pal A, Arshad F, Sk MP. Emergence of sulfur quantum dots: Unfolding their synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 285:102274. [PMID: 32992078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the sphere of applied science has witnessed soaring demand in developing high performance, novel and sustainable materials due to ever-increasing population coupled with need for alternative-green-energy resources. Inevitably, sulfur research expands through the breadth of materials sciences including sustainable use of the by-products obtained from petroleum industry, preparation of biocompatible materials, and constructing energy harvesting devices, indispensable to our everyday lives. Congruous with popular heavy-metal free elemental quantum dots such as the carbon, silicon and phosphorus, emergence of sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) has drawn substantial attention due to their bright luminescence, infrequent to other sulfur allotropes. In this review article, we focus some of the pioneering advances on synthesis and characterizations of luminescent sulfur nanodots and their potential applications in bioimaging, fabrication of light emitting devices, sensing and catalysis. Finally, critical challenges along with future perspectives corresponding to this newly discovered research area have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Pal
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Farwa Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Palashuddin Sk
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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18
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Duan Y, Tan J, Huang Z, Deng Q, Liu S, Wang G, Li L, Zhou L. Facile synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose sulfur quantum dots for live cell imaging and sensitive detection of Cr(VI) and ascorbic acid. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 249:116882. [PMID: 32933697 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays the synthesis of stable fluorescent sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) remains a big challenge. Herein, the utilization of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to synthesis of SQDs is reported. Benefiting from the unique composition and structure of CMC macromolecule, the resulted CMC-SQDs simultaneously show high aqueous dispersibility and stability, tunable emission, stable fluorescence and low cytotoxicity, which make them promising for working as a fluorescent probe. Fluorescence detection experiments suggested that the CMC-SQDs could serve as a fluorescence on-off-on switch to sensitive and selective detection of Cr(VI) and ascorbic acid (AA) based on the inner filter effect (IFE). The limit of detection towards Cr(VI) and AA can reach 0.024 and 0.18 μM with linear range of 0.5-225 and 1-300 μM, respectively, which compares favorably to other reported fluorescent probes. In addition, the employment of fluorescent CMC-SQDs for practical detection of Cr(VI) and AA was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Duan
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal and Materials of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jisuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal and Materials of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Zeming Huang
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal and Materials of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Qiaomei Deng
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine & Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Preclinical Medicine & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine & Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Preclinical Medicine & Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Guan Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A⁎STAR, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ligui Li
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal and Materials of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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19
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Wu X, Tao W, Li Z. Ultrasensitive detection of Cr(VI) (Cr 2O 72-/CrO 42-) ions in water environment with a fluorescent sensor based on metal-organic frameworks combined with sulfur quantum dots. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1131:68-79. [PMID: 32928481 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate, simple and quick detection methods for Cr(VI) detection are urgently needed for water quality monitoring. Herein, a novel and facile method of detecting Cr(VI) (Cr2O72-/CrO42-) ions is developed via the fluorescent detection technology based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) doped with sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) (SQDs@UiO-66-NH2). The blue-light-emitting SQDs@UiO-66-NH2 composites exhibit excellent fluorescent properties in water environment with high quantum yield (68%) and ideal fluorescent stability, thus demonstrating excellent potential for serving as a chemical sensor. After characterizing the performance and stability of SQDs@UiO-66-NH2, qualitative and quantitative detection of Cr2O72- and CrO42- ions was successfully conducted. The fluorescence of SQDs@UiO-66-NH2 composites in aqueous solution was quenched effectively with more than 90% quenching efficiency by Cr(VI) via the inner filter effect. The detection system provides considerable advantages such as rapid response (10 s), high sensitivity with a low detection limit of 0.16 μM in a broad linear range of 0-200 μM (R2 = 0.99) for Cr2O72- and 0.17 μM for CrO42- in a broad linear range of 0-220 μM (R2 = 0.99), high selectivity and reproducibility for at least five cycles with simple washing with alcohol. In practical applications, the sensor showed rapid response, high sensitivity and excellent recoveries (96.7%-105.4%) for detecting Cr2O72- in real water samples. Furthermore, a SQDs@UiO-66-NH2-based fluorescent test paper was successfully developed, providing a simple, reliable and portable method for Cr(VI) (Cr2O72-/CrO42-) detection in water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Jiaxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Wenquan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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