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Rosas U, Fuentes-Pérez ES, Cervantes CR, Sandoval-Zapotitla E, Santiago-Sandoval I, Arias S, Reyes-Santiago J. Evolution of flower allometry and pigmentation in Mammillaria haageana (Cactaceae). BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:52. [PMID: 35078406 PMCID: PMC8787947 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A puzzle in evolution is the understanding of how the environment might drive subtle phenotypic variation, and whether this variation is adaptive. Under the neutral evolutionary theory, subtle phenotypes are almost neutral with little adaptive value. To test this idea, we studied the infraspecific variation in flower shape and color in Mammillaria haageana, a species with a wide geographical distribution and phenotypic variation, which populations are often recognized as infraspecific taxa. RESULTS We collected samples from wild populations, kept them in the greenhouse for at least one reproductive year, and collected newly formed flowers. Our first objective was to characterize tepal natural variation in M. haageana through geometric morphometric and multivariate pigmentation analyses. We used landmark-based morphometrics to quantify the trends of shape variation and tepal color-patterns in 20 M. haageana accessions, belonging to five subspecies, plus 8 M. albilanata accessions for comparison as the sister species. We obtained eight geometric morphometric traits for tepal shape and color-patterns. We found broad variation in these traits between accessions belonging to the same subspecies, without taxonomic congruence with those infraspecific units. Also the phenetic cluster analysis showed different grouping patterns among accessions. When we correlated these phenotypes to the environment, we also found that solar radiation might explain the variation in tepal shape and color, suggesting that subtle variation in flower phenotypes might be adaptive. Finally we present anatomical sections in M. haageana subsp. san-angelensis to propose some of the underlying tepal structural features that may give rise to tepal variation. CONCLUSIONS Our geometric morphometric approach of flower shape and color allowed us to identify the main trends of variation in each accession and putative subspecies, but also allowed us to correlate these variation to the environment, and propose anatomical mechanisms underlying this diversity of flower phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Rosas
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Elisa Sofía Fuentes-Pérez
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristian R Cervantes
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Estela Sandoval-Zapotitla
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzel Santiago-Sandoval
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salvador Arias
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jerónimo Reyes-Santiago
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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Xin Y, Pan W, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang M, Chen X, Yang F, Li J, Wu J, Du Y, Zhang X. Transcriptome profiling reveals key genes in regulation of the tepal trichome development in Lilium pumilum D.C. Plant Cell Rep 2021; 40:1889-1906. [PMID: 34259890 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A number of potential genes and pathways involved in tepal trichome development were identified in a natural lily mutant by transcriptome analysis and were confirmed with trichome and trichomeless species. Trichome is a specialized structure found on the surface of the plant with an important function in survival against abiotic and biotic stress. It is also an important economic trait in crop breeding. Extensive research has investigated the foliar trichome in model plants (Arabidopsis and tomato). However, the developmental mechanism of tepal trichome remains elusive. Lilium pumilum is an edible ornamental bulb and a good breeding parent possessing cold and salt-alkali resistance. Here, we found a natural mutant of Lilium pumilum grown on a highland whose tepals are covered by trichomes. Our data indicate that trichomes of the mutant are multicellular and branchless. Notably, stomata are also developed on the tepal of the mutant as well, suggesting there may be a correlation between trichome and stomata regulation. Furthermore, we isolated 27 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the transcriptome profiling between the natural mutant and the wild type. These 27 genes belong to 4 groups: epidermal cell cycle and division, trichome morphogenesis, stress response, and transcription factors. Quantitative real-time PCR in Lilium pumilum (natural mutant and the wild type) and other lily species (Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii/trichome; Lilium davidii var. willmottiae/, trichomeless) confirmed the validation of RNA-seq data and identified several trichome-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Wenqiang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xuqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Fengping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jingru Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Xiuhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Ghaemizadeh F, Dashti F, Shafeinia A. Expression pattern of ABCDE model genes in floral organs of bolting garlic clone. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 34:119059. [PMID: 31201930 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.119059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A correct understanding of the ABCDE model genes expression, especially genes involved in the development of the reproductive floral organs, in bolting and fertile garlic clones improves the process of its fertilization and breeding programs. Therefore, Real-Time PCR was employed to evaluate the temporal and spatial expression patterns of some floral organ identity genes in the inflorescence and different floret organs in the two stages of green and purple florets of bolting garlic clone. Relative expression of the studied genes, except AsSTK, in the mature inflorescence increased significantly during the early stages of initiation and differentiation of floral organs. Relative expression of the AsAP1 in the tepal and carpel, and AsAP2 in the tepal, stamen and carpel increased significantly. The highest relative expression levels of the AsAP1 and AsAP2 were found in the tepal of green florets and in the carpel of purple florets, respectively. AsAP3 and AsPI expression increased significantly in the stamen and carpel, and the highest relative expression of these two genes were observed in the green floret tepal. Relative expression of the AsAG increased significantly only in the reproductive floral organs and decreased significantly both in the carpel and stamen at floret maturity. The AsSEP1, 3 were expressed in all floral organs, but the AsSTK was only expressed in the carpel and its relative expression increased significantly at floret maturity. Finally, since considerable expression levels of the above genes were observed in the floral organs, these genes seem to be influential in the formation of floral organs in bolting garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farshad Dashti
- Department of Horticultural Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Alireza Shafeinia
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Ramin Agriculture and Natural University, Khuzestan, Iran.
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van Doorn WG, Kirasak K, Ketsa S. Macroautophagy and microautophagy in relation to vacuole formation in mesophyll cells of Dendrobium tepals. J Plant Physiol 2015; 177:67-73. [PMID: 25666541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Prior to flower opening, mesophyll cells at the vascular bundles of Dendrobium tepals showed a large increase in vacuolar volume, partially at the expense of the cytoplasm. Electron micrographs indicated that this increase in vacuolar volume was mainly due to vacuole fusion. Macroautophagous structures typical of plant cells were observed. Only a small part of the decrease in cytoplasmic volume seemed due to macroautophagy. The vacuoles contained vesicles of various types, including multilamellar bodies. It was not clear if these vacuolar inclusions were due to macroautophagy or microautophagy. Only a single structure was observed of a protruding vacuole, indicating microautophagy. It is concluded that macroautophagy occurs in these cells but its role in vacuole formation seems small, while a possible role of microautophagy in vacuole formation might be hypothesized. Careful labeling of organelle membranes seems required to advance our insight in plant macro- and microautophagy and their roles in vacuole formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter G van Doorn
- Mann Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Kanjana Kirasak
- Khon Kaen Field Crops Research Center, Amphur Muang, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Saichol Ketsa
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok Campus, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Academy of Science, The Royal Institute, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand.
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Pacifici S, Prisa D, Burchi G, van Doorn WG. Pollination increases ethylene production in Lilium hybrida cv. Brindisi flowers but does not affect the time to tepal senescence or tepal abscission. J Plant Physiol 2015; 173:116-119. [PMID: 25462085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In many species, pollination induces a rapid increase in ethylene production, which induces early petal senescence, petal abscission, or flower closure. Cross-pollination in Lilium hybrida cv. Brindisi resulted in a small increase in flower ethylene production. In intact plants and in isolated flowers, pollination had no effect on the time to tepal senescence or tepal abscission. When applied to closed buds of unpollinated flowers, exogenous ethylene slightly hastened the time to tepal senescence and abscission. However, exogenous ethylene had no effect when the flowers had just opened, i.e. at the time of pollination. Experiments with silver thiosulphate, which blocks the ethylene receptor, indicated that endogenous ethylene had a slight effect on the regulation of tepal senescence and tepal abscission, although only at the time the tepals were still inside buds and not in open flowers. Low ethylene-sensitivity after anthesis therefore explains why pollination had no effect on the processes studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pacifici
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (CRA-VIV), Via dei Fiori 8, 51012 Pescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Prisa
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (CRA-VIV), Via dei Fiori 8, 51012 Pescia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Burchi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura (CRA-VIV), Via dei Fiori 8, 51012 Pescia, Italy
| | - Wouter G van Doorn
- Mann Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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