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He ZH, Ni YQ, Shi JY, Rong H, Tao HY, Jamal AS. Upcycling textile sludge into magnesium oxychloride cement: Physical properties, microstructure, and leaching behavior. Sci Total Environ 2024; 924:171416. [PMID: 38447715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Textile sludge is a by-product produced during the wastewater treatment process in the textile printing and dyeing industry. Textile sludge is rich in heavy metal elements, which makes it a potential risk to the surrounding environment. This study designs a magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) components to solidify harmful substances in textile sludge and studies the influence of textile sludge ash (TSA) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of MOC samples. The results indicated that adding 5 %-20 % TSA is beneficial for increasing the compressive strength of air-cured MOC paste and improving its water resistance. Meanwhile, the MOC sample shows volume expansion in 168 h, which is related to the further hydration of residual MgO. Incorporating 10 %-20 % TSA substantially increased the volume expansion ratio of the mixture compared to plain MOC sample. In addition, the porosity of TSA-modified MOC after water curing did not change significantly compared to the sample before water curing, while the pore structure of plain MOC after water curing significantly coarsened. This is mainly because TSA reacts with MOC and generates Mg-Al-Cl-Si-H and Mg-Cl-Si-H gels, consequently improving the water stability of MOC sample. At the nanoscale, the 3/5-phase crystal and unreacted MgO content in the 15 % TSA-modified MOC sample is relatively reduced by 7.79 % and 25 %, respectively, compared to the plain sample, but the 13 % gel phase is detected. In addition, the MOC component can effectively solidify heavy metal elements in textile sludge. For the leachate of 20 % TSA-modified MOC paste, the Ni element is not detected, and its solidifying effect on heavy elements such as Zn and Mn exceeded 99 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hai He
- College of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics and Geohazards of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Ya-Qian Ni
- College of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jin-Yan Shi
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China.
| | - Hui Rong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hong-Yu Tao
- Yuanpei College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Ahmed Salah Jamal
- Civil Engineering Department, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
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Dhandapani P, Srinivasan V, Parthipan P, AlSalhi MS, Devanesan S, Narenkumar J, Rajamohan R, Ezhilselvi V, Rajasekar A. Development of an environmentally sustainable technique to minimize the sludge production in the textile effluent sector through an electrokinetic (EK) coupled with electrooxidation (EO) approach. Environ Geochem Health 2024; 46:81. [PMID: 38367190 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
This study presents an environmentally sustainable method for minimizing sludge production in the textile effluent sector through the combined application of electrokinetic (EK) and electrooxidation (EO) processes. AAS and XRF analyses reveal that utilizing acidic electrolytes in the EK method successfully eliminates heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Zn, and Cr) from sludge, demonstrating superior efficiency compared to alkaline conditions. In addition, the total removal efficiency of COD contents was calculated following the order of EK-3 (60%), EK-1 (51%) and EK-2 (34%). Notably, EK-3, leveraging pH gradient fluctuations induced by anolyte in the catholyte reservoir, outperforms other EK systems in removing COD from sludge. The EK process is complemented by the EO process, leading to further degradation of dye and other organic components through the electrochemical generation of hypochlorite (940 ppm). At an alkaline pH of 10.0, the color and COD removal were effectively achieved at 98 and 70% in EO treatment, compared to other mediums. In addition, GC-MS identified N-derivative residues at the end of the EO. This study demonstrates an integrated approach that effectively eliminates heavy metals and COD from textile sludge, combining EK with EO techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Dhandapani
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India
| | - Venkatesan Srinivasan
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India
| | - Punniyakotti Parthipan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Mohamad S AlSalhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jayaraman Narenkumar
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Rajaram Rajamohan
- Organic Materials Synthesis Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Varathan Ezhilselvi
- Indian Reference Materials (BND) Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India.
- Adjunct Faculty, Department of Prothodontics, Saveetha Dental Collge and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India.
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Fatema K, Nayem MA, Sanzid MS. Characterization of textile effluent treatment plant sludge and its industrial application in fired clay bricks with health risk assessment. J Environ Manage 2024; 351:119965. [PMID: 38171128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The textile industry in Bangladesh faces environmental and health challenges due to the disposal of solid waste from Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs). To address this issue, a study was conducted using soil from a brick industry near Dhaka, amending it with varying amounts of dry sludge to create clay bricks. The original soil had a loam texture and medium plasticity. The research found that adding 9 wt% of sludge resulted in Grade A commercial bricks with a compressive strength of 15.33 MPa and water absorption of 13.33 wt%, meeting BDS 208 standards. However, these sludge-incorporated bricks experienced more shrinkage during the burning process due to organic content, requiring additional soil to maintain conventional dimensions. Also, to assess the health hazards of these sludge-incorporated bricks, a leaching test was performed, revealing that no toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) in the leachate exceeded the limits set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The study indicates that textile ETP sludge can serve as a sustainable raw material for bricks, potentially reducing the environmental burden caused by textile sludge disposal by 28.75%. This innovative approach offers a promising solution to both environmental and health concerns associated with textile waste in Bangladesh's industrial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaniz Fatema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Abu Nayem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Shahriar Sanzid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Paul S, Goswami L, Pegu R, Kumar Chatterjee S, Sundar Bhattacharya S. Epigenetic regulations enhance adaptability and valorization efficiency in Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae during vermicomposting of textile sludge: Insights on repair mechanisms of metal-induced genetic damage and oxidative stress. Bioresour Technol 2022; 345:126493. [PMID: 34883193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity-based assessments of vermitechnology for textile-sludge valorization have rarely been attempted. Therefore, waste sanitization and epigenetic stress-regulation efficiency of Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae were evaluated in silk (DSPS) and cotton (CPWS) processing sludge-based vermibeds. Vermicomposting resulted in greater C, N, and P recovery than composting. Earthworm population reduced by 6-50% in DSPS/CPWS, while it significantly increased in cow dung (CD) mixed DSPS/CPWS. The Cr, Cd, Pb, and Zn accumulation efficiency of earthworms was higher in DSPS-based feedstocks than CPWS. However, metal-rich sludge elevated oxidative stress, causing greater inhibition of cell viability and DNA damage in Eudrilus than in Eisenia. Although histo-architecture of chloragogenous tissues was perturbed, earthworms combatted metal-induced lipid peroxidation via the activation of catalase, superoxide-dismutase, and reduced-glutathione. Correlation statistics revealed that genetic integrity in earthworms was restored through DNA-methyltransferase activity, especially in DSPS/CPWS + CD vermibeds. Overall, Eisenia was a healthier choice than Eudrilus for sustainable valorization of textile-sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Paul
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, India
| | - Linee Goswami
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Ratul Pegu
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, India
| | - Subhendu Kumar Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Satya Sundar Bhattacharya
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, India.
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Oke N, Mohan S. Development of nanoporous textile sludge based adsorbent for the dye removal from industrial textile effluent. J Hazard Mater 2022; 422:126864. [PMID: 34416690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of a novel textile sludge based activated carbon (TSBAC) adsorbent and its performance for the treatment of textile dyeing effluent, have been explained in this paper. TSBAC was prepared by the thermal treatment of textile effluent treatment sludge followed by the chemical activation using phosphoric acid. Characterization of TSBAC resulted in enhanced specific surface area (123.65 m2/g) along with the presence of active surface functional groups including -OH, -COOH, -CO. TSBAC showed superior adsorption capacity for methylene blue (123.6 mg/g), reactive red 198 (101.4 mg/g), and reactive yellow 145 (96.8 mg/g) individually, and from the synthetic textile effluent (106 mg/g). The pseudo-second order model and Langmuir isotherm model were found to be fitted well with batch experimental data. The results of the continuous column studies showed that adsorption capacity for methylene blue, reactive red 198, reactive yellow 145 are 101.8 mg/g, 76.6 mg/g, and 75.1 mg/g respectively, and the synthetic textile effluent resulted in an adsorption capacity value of 79.1 mg/g. The reuse potential of TSBAC was proved by effective dye removal up to six reuse cycles. The leachability studies proved that the used adsorbent could be safely disposed of without any harmful effect to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Oke
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
| | - S Mohan
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
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Testolin RC, Feuzer-Matos AJ, Cotelle S, Adani F, Janke L, Poyer-Radetski G, Pereira AC, Ariente-Neto R, Somensi CA, Radetski CM. Using textile industrial sludge, sewage wastewater, and sewage sludge as inoculum to degrade recalcitrant textile dyes in a co-composting process: an assessment of biodegradation efficiency and compost phytotoxicity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:49642-49650. [PMID: 33942267 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recalcitrant dyes found in textile wastewater represent a threat for sustainable textile production due to their resistance to conventional treatments. This study assessed an alternative co-composting system for the treatment of recalcitrant textile dyes where textile industrial sludge, sewage wastewater, or sewage sludge were used as microbial compost inocula. The biodegradation efficiency of bioreactor trials and compost quality of the co-composting system were assessed by visible spectrophotometry and by a phytotoxicity test. The co-composting system (dry weight (dw) basis) consisted of 200 g of restaurant organic residues + 200 g sewage sludge (or 100 mL sewage wastewater, or 200 g textile sludge) + 100 mL of a 10% dye solution (Reactive Red 195, or Synolon Brown, or Orange Remazol, or Yellow Synozol, or Reactive Orange 122, or Reactive Black 5). After 60 days of composting, all dyes were biodegraded according to spectrophotometric data, with efficiency varying from 97.2 to 99.9%. Inoculum efficiency ranking was textile sludge > sewage sludge > sewage wastewater. Regarding compost quality, a phytotoxicity study with lettuce showed no toxicity effect. Thus, co-composting can be a low-cost and efficient method for recalcitrant textile dye biodegradation and for managing textile sludge in terms of waste recycling, contributing to environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan C Testolin
- Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia Feuzer-Matos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Sylvie Cotelle
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000, Metz, France
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Università degli studi di Milano, Gruppo Ricicla labs., Territorio, Agroenergia (DiSAA), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Leandro Janke
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Poyer-Radetski
- Curso de Geografia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Madre Benvenuta, 2007, Florianópolis, SC, 88035-001, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Pereira
- Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Campus Araquari, Curso de Mestrado Profissional em Tecnologia e Ambiente, Rodovia BR 280, Km 27, Araquari, SC, 89245-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ariente-Neto
- Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Campus Luzerna, Av. Frei João, 550, Luzerna, SC, 89609-000, Brazil
| | - Cleder A Somensi
- Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Campus Araquari, Curso de Mestrado Profissional em Tecnologia e Ambiente, Rodovia BR 280, Km 27, Araquari, SC, 89245-000, Brazil.
| | - Claudemir M Radetski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, 88302-202, Brazil.
- Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Campus Araquari, Curso de Mestrado Profissional em Tecnologia e Ambiente, Rodovia BR 280, Km 27, Araquari, SC, 89245-000, Brazil.
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Zhang X, Zhou J, Xu Z, Zhu P, Liu J. Characterization of heavy metals in textile sludge with hydrothermal carbonization treatment. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123635. [PMID: 33254747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Presence of heavy metals in sludge can severely limit land application due to their bioavailability. The current work studied distribution and risk as well as leaching toxicity of heavy metals in textile sludge treated with hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at different conditions. Treatment temperature and time can significantly affect characteristics of heavy metals in sludge. For the treatment at 220 °C and 3 h, the content of Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn existed in form F1 + F2 (water soluble and bound to carbonate and Fe-Mn oxides) dropped by 4.7, 7.1, 8.8, and 7.3%, while the content of Cu, Cr, and Mn in form F4 (bound to quartz, feldspars, etc) increased by 12.9, 19.1, and 10.6%, respectively. This effectively lowered the bioavailability and leaching rate of heavy metals in sludge. Addition of weak alkaline Al(OH)3 could efficiently force the transformation of F1 to F4, possibly because of the increased pH value of sludge. HTC processing might be an effective way of fixing heavy metals in textile sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhenjia Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Peiru Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiayang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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Leal TW, Lourenço LA, Brandão HDL, da Silva A, de Souza SMAGU, de Souza AAU. Low-cost iron-doped catalyst for phenol degradation by heterogeneous Fenton. J Hazard Mater 2018; 359:96-103. [PMID: 30014919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the feasibility of textile sludge as a precursor to prepare catalysts for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) by chemical and thermal treatments. Textile sludge was characterized by physical-chemical and metal composition analyses. The chemical activation was evaluated using iron sulfate and the thermal treatment was carried out at 720 °C in a vacuum pyrolysis reactor. Two catalysts with iron contents of 1.5% and 5.6% were selected. Process parameters influence on CWPO of phenol were evaluated and a maximum removal of phenol and TOC was observed at pH 3 and 60 °C, using 3 g L-1 of the catalyst containing 5.6% of iron and 11.8 mmol L-1 of H2O2. Metal analysis indicated that the textile sludge is suitable to be employed as both iron catalyst and adsorbent. The catalysts characterization indicated a reasonable surface area with a well-developed microporosity and the presence of Hematite structures in the carbonaceous matrix. The degradation process achieved 98.2% of phenol conversion, 68.2% of mineralization and 2.11 mg L-1 of iron leaching in 150 min of reaction. The catalyst presented activity for up to 5 cycles of use, but with loss of efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcísio W Leal
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luís A Lourenço
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Heloísa de L Brandão
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Adriano da Silva
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Selene M A Guelli U de Souza
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Antônio A Ulson de Souza
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Sonai GG, de Souza SMAGU, de Oliveira D, de Souza AAU. The application of textile sludge adsorbents for the removal of Reactive Red 2 dye. J Environ Manage 2016; 168:149-156. [PMID: 26706227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sludge from the textile industry was used as a low-cost adsorbent to remove the dye Reactive Red 2 from an aqueous solution. Adsorbents were prepared through the thermal and chemical treatment of sludge originating from physical-chemical (PC) and biological (BIO) effluent treatment processes. The adsorbent characterization was carried out through physical-chemical analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, pHPZC determination, Boehm titration method, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Batch kinetic experiments and adsorption isotherm modeling were conducted under different pH and temperature conditions. The results for the kinetic studies indicate that the adsorption processes associated with these systems can be described by a pseudo-second-order model and for the equilibrium data the Langmuir model provided the best fit. The adsorption was strongly dependent on the pH but not on the temperature within the ranges studied. The maxima adsorption capacities were 159.3 mg g(-1) for the BIO adsorbent and 213.9 mg g(-1) for PC adsorbent at pH of 2 and 25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela G Sonai
- Laboratory of Mass Transfer, Chemical Engineering Department, PO Box 476, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, CEP 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Selene M A Guelli U de Souza
- Laboratory of Mass Transfer, Chemical Engineering Department, PO Box 476, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, CEP 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Mass Transfer, Chemical Engineering Department, PO Box 476, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, CEP 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Antônio Augusto U de Souza
- Laboratory of Mass Transfer, Chemical Engineering Department, PO Box 476, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, CEP 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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