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Bailly C. The steroidal alkaloids α- tomatine and tomatidine: Panorama of their mode of action and pharmacological properties. Steroids 2021; 176:108933. [PMID: 34695457 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The steroidal glycoalkaloid α-tomatine (αTM) and its aglycone tomatidine (TD) are abundant in the skin of unripe green tomato and present in tomato leaves and flowers. They mainly serve as defensive agents to protect the plant against infections by insects, bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. In addition, the two products display a range of pharmacological properties potentially useful to treat various human diseases. We have analyzed all known pharmacological activities of αTM and TD, and the corresponding molecular targets and pathways impacted by these two steroidal alkaloids. In experimental models, αTM displays anticancer effects, particularly strong against androgen-independent prostate cancer, as well as robust antifungal effects. αTM is a potent cholesterol binder, useful as a vaccine adjuvant to improve delivery of protein antigens or therapeutic oligonucleotides. TD is a much less cytotoxic compound, able to restrict the spread of certain viruses (such as dengue, chikungunya and porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses) and to provide cardio and neuro-protective effects toward human cells. Both αTM and TD exhibit marked anti-inflammatory activities. They proceed through multiple signaling pathways and protein targets, including the sterol C24 methyltransferase Erg6 and vitamin D receptor, both directly targeted by TD. αTM is a powerful regulator of the NFkB/ERK signaling pathway implicated in various diseases. Collectively, the analysis shed light on the multitargeted action of αTM/TD and their usefulness as chemo-preventive or chemotherapeutic agents. A novel medicinal application for αTM is proposed.
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Tam CC, Nguyen K, Nguyen D, Hamada S, Kwon O, Kuang I, Gong S, Escobar S, Liu M, Kim J, Hou T, Tam J, Cheng LW, Kim JH, Land KM, Friedman M. Antimicrobial properties of tomato leaves, stems, and fruit and their relationship to chemical composition. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:229. [PMID: 34517859 PMCID: PMC8436577 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that the tomato glycoalkaloid tomatine inhibited the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis strain G3, Tritrichomonas foetus strain D1, and Tritrichomonas foetus-like strain C1 that cause disease in humans and farm and domesticated animals. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance requires development of new tools to enhance or replace medicinal antibiotics. METHODS Wild tomato plants were harvested and divided into leaves, stems, and fruit of different colors: green, yellow, and red. Samples were freeze dried and ground with a handheld mill. The resulting powders were evaluated for their potential anti-microbial effects on protozoan parasites, bacteria, and fungi. A concentration of 0.02% (w/v) was used for the inhibition of protozoan parasites. A high concentration of 10% (w/v) solution was tested for bacteria and fungi as an initial screen to evaluate potential anti-microbial activity and results using this high concentration limits its clinical relevance. RESULTS Natural powders derived from various parts of tomato plants were all effective in inhibiting the growth of the three trichomonads to varying degrees. Test samples from leaves, stems, and immature 'green' tomato peels and fruit, all containing tomatine, were more effective as an inhibitor of the D1 strain than those prepared from yellow and red tomato peels which lack tomatine. Chlorogenic acid and quercetin glycosides were present in all parts of the plant and fruit, while caffeic acid was only found in the fruit peels. Any correlation between plant components and inhibition of the G3 and C1 strains was not apparent, although all the powders were variably effective. Tomato leaf was the most effective powder in all strains, and was also the highest in tomatine. S. enterica showed a minor susceptibility while B. cereus and C. albicans fungi both showed a significant growth inhibition with some of the test powders. The powders inhibited growth of the pathogens without affecting beneficial lactobacilli found in the normal flora of the vagina. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that powders prepared from tomato leaves, stems, and green tomato peels and to a lesser extent from peels from yellow and red tomatoes offer potential multiple health benefits against infections caused by pathogenic protozoa, bacteria, and fungi, without affecting beneficial lactobacilli that also reside in the normal flora of the vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Sabrina Hamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Okhun Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Irene Kuang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Steven Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Sydney Escobar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Max Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Jihwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Tiffany Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Justin Tam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, 94710, USA.
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Casarrubias-Castillo K, Montero-Vargas JM, Dabdoub-González N, Winkler R, Martinez-Gallardo NA, Zañudo-Hernández J, Avilés-Arnaut H, Délano-Frier JP. Distinct gene expression and secondary metabolite profiles in suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 (spr2) tomato mutants having impaired mycorrhizal colonization. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8888. [PMID: 32337100 PMCID: PMC7167247 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization, sampled at 32-50 days post-inoculation (dpi), was significantly reduced in suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 (spr2) mutant tomato plants impaired in the ω-3 FATTY ACID DESATURASE7 (FAD7) gene that limits the generation of linolenic acid and, consequently, the wound-responsive jasmonic acid (JA) burst. Contrary to wild-type (WT) plants, JA levels in root and leaves of spr2 mutants remained unchanged in response to AMF colonization, further supporting its regulatory role in the AM symbiosis. Decreased AMF colonization in spr2 plants was also linked to alterations associated with a disrupted FAD7 function, such as enhanced salicylic acid (SA) levels and SA-related defense gene expression and a reduction in fatty acid content in both mycorrhizal spr2 roots and leaves. Transcriptomic data revealed that lower mycorrhizal colonization efficiency in spr2 mutants coincided with the modified expression of key genes controlling gibberellin and ethylene signaling, brassinosteroid, ethylene, apocarotenoid and phenylpropanoid synthesis, and the wound response. Targeted metabolomic analysis, performed at 45 dpi, revealed augmented contents of L-threonic acid and DL-malic acid in colonized spr2 roots which suggested unfavorable conditions for AMF colonization. Additionally, time- and genotype-dependent changes in root steroid glycoalkaloid levels, including tomatine, suggested that these metabolites might positively regulate the AM symbiosis in tomato. Untargeted metabolomic analysis demonstrated that the tomato root metabolomes were distinctly affected by genotype, mycorrhizal colonization and colonization time. In conclusion, reduced AMF colonization efficiency in spr2 mutants is probably caused by multiple and interconnected JA-dependent and independent gene expression and metabolomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kena Casarrubias-Castillo
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Josaphat M. Montero-Vargas
- Departamento de Investigación en Inmunogenética y Alergia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nicole Dabdoub-González
- Instituto de Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Norma A. Martinez-Gallardo
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Julia Zañudo-Hernández
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Hamlet Avilés-Arnaut
- Instituto de Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - John P. Délano-Frier
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad R, Sharopov F, Namiesnik J, Roointan A, Kamle M, Kumar P, Martins N, Sharifi-Rad J. Beneficial effects and potential risks of tomato consumption for human health: An overview. Nutrition 2019; 62:201-208. [PMID: 30925445 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tomato and its derived products have a very interesting nutritional value in addition to prominent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Tomatoes are generally quite safe to eat. However, overall consumption varies from individual to individual. Indeed, either beneficial or harmful effects of plants or their derived products are closely related to quality, including the presence of biologically active compounds. On the other hand, the synthesis and accumulation of these bioactive molecules depends on many other factors, such as environmental conditions. In this sense, this review briefly highlights the relationship between the chemistry of tomato and its derived products and their beneficial or harmful effects on human health, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease or heartburn, allergies, kidney and cardiovascular disorders, prostate cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, lycopenodermia, body aches, arthritis, and urinary problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Razieh Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Jacek Namiesnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Amir Roointan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Yelken BÖ, Balcı T, Süslüer SY, Kayabaşı Ç, Avcı ÇB, Kırmızıbayrak PB, Gündüz C. The effect of tomatine on metastasis related matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities in breast cancer cell model. Gene 2017; 627:408-411. [PMID: 28669925 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women and metastasis is the cause of morbidity and mortality in patients. In the development of metastasis, the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family has a very important role in tumor development. MMP-2 and MMP-9 work together for extracellular matrix (ECM) cleavage to increase migration. Tomatine is a secondary metabolite that has a natural defense role against plants, fungi, viruses and bacteria that are synthesized from tomato. In additıon, tomatine is also known that it breaks down the cell membrane and is a strong inhibitor in human cancer cells. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effect of tomatine on cytotoxicity, apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition in MCF-7 cell lines. Human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was used as a cell line. In MCF-7 cells, the IC50 dose of tomatine was determined to be 7.07μM. According to the control cells, apoptosis increased 3.4 fold in 48thh. Activation of MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-9\NGAL has been shown to decrease significantly in cells treated with tomatine by gelatin zymography compared to the control. As a result, matrix metalloproteinase activity and cell proliferation were suppressed by tomatine and this may provide support in treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besra Özmen Yelken
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Balcı
- Vocational School of Health Services, Medical Biology Department, Near East University, Cyprus.
| | - Sunde Yılmaz Süslüer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Çağla Kayabaşı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Çığır Biray Avcı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Cumhur Gündüz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Larbat R, Adamowicz S, Robin C, Han P, Desneux N, Le Bot J. Interrelated responses of tomato plants and the leaf miner Tuta absoluta to nitrogen supply. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2016; 18:495-504. [PMID: 26661406 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant-insect interactions are strongly modified by environmental factors. This study evaluates the influence of nitrogen fertilisation on the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cv. Santa clara and the leafminer (Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Greenhouse-grown tomato plants were fed hydroponically on a complete nutrient solution containing either a high nitrogen concentration (HN) sustaining maximum growth or a low nitrogen concentration (LN) limiting plant growth. Insect-free plants were compared with plants attacked by T. absoluta. Seven and 14 days after artificial oviposition leading to efficacious hatching and larvae development, we measured total carbon, nitrogen and soluble protein as well as defence compounds (phenolics, glycoalkaloids, polyphenol oxidase activity) in the HN versus LN plants. Only in the HN treatment did T. absoluta infestation slightly impair leaf growth and induce polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in the foliage. Neither the concentration of phenolic compounds and proteins nor the distribution of nitrogen within the plant was affected by T. absoluta infestation. In contrast, LN nutrition impaired T. absoluta-induced PPO activity. It decreased protein and total nitrogen concentration of plant organs and enhanced the accumulation of constitutive phenolics and tomatine. Moreover, LN nutrition impaired T. absoluta development by notably decreasing pupal weight and lengthening the development period from egg to adult. Adjusting the level of nitrogen nutrition may thus be a means of altering the life cycle of T. absoluta. This study provides a comprehensive dataset concerning interrelated responses of tomato plants and T. absoluta to nitrogen nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Larbat
- INRA, UMR 1121 Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - S Adamowicz
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - C Robin
- INRA, UMR 1121 Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - P Han
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - N Desneux
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - J Le Bot
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
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