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Chen WH, Lee KT, Ho KY, Culaba AB, Ashokkumar V, Juan CJ. Multi-objective operation optimization of spent coffee ground torrefaction for carbon-neutral biochar production. Bioresour Technol 2023; 370:128584. [PMID: 36610482 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many energy-intensive processes are employed to enhance biomass fuel properties to overcome the difficulties in utilizing biomass as fuel. Therefore, energy conservation during these processes is crucial for realizing a circular bioeconomy. This study develops a newly devised method to evaluate SCG biochars' higher heating value (HHV) and predict moisture content from power consumption. It is found that the increasing rates of HHV immediately follow decreases in power consumption, which could be used to determine the pretreatment time for energy conservation. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) maximizes SCG biochar's HHV while minimizing energy consumption. The results show that producing SCG biochar with 23.98 MJ∙kg-1 HHV requires 20.042 MJ∙kg-1, using a torrefaction temperature of 244 °C and torrefaction time of 27 min and 43 sec. Every kilogram of biochar with an energy yield of 85.93 % is estimated to cost NT$ 12.21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Ting Lee
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Ho
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Alvin B Culaba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Center for Engineering Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Biorefineries for Biofuels & Bioproducts Laboratory (BBBL), Center for Trandisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, SDC, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Ching Joon Juan
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NanoCat), Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Manatura K, Chalermsinsuwan B, Kaewtrakulchai N, Kwon EE, Chen WH. Machine learning and statistical analysis for biomass torrefaction: A review. Bioresour Technol 2023; 369:128504. [PMID: 36538955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Torrefaction is a remarkable technology in biomass-to-energy. However, biomass has several disadvantages, including hydrophilic properties, higher moisture, lower heating value, and heterogeneous properties. Many conventional approaches, such as kinetic analysis, process modeling, and computational fluid dynamics, have been used to explain torrefaction performance and characteristics. However, they may be insufficient in actual applications because of providing only some specific solutions. Machine learning (ML) and statistical approaches are powerful tools for analyzing and predicting torrefaction outcomes and even optimizing the thermal process for its utilization. This state-of-the-art review aims to present ML-assisted torrefaction. Artificial neural networks, multivariate adaptive regression splines, decision tree, support vector machine, and other methods in the literature are discussed. Statistical approaches (SAs) for torrefaction, including Taguchi, response surface methodology, and analysis of variance, are also reviewed. Overall, this review has provided valuable insights into torrefaction optimization, which is conducive to biomass upgrading for achieving net zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanit Manatura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Benjapon Chalermsinsuwan
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Napat Kaewtrakulchai
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan.
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Chen WH, Ho KY, Lee KT, Ding L, Andrew Lin KY, Rajendran S, Singh Y, Chang JS. Dual pretreatment of mixing H 2O 2 followed by torrefaction to upgrade spent coffee grounds for fuel production and upgrade level identification of H 2O 2 pretreatment. Environ Res 2022; 215:114016. [PMID: 35977586 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a carbon-neutral solid fuel and has emerged as a potential candidate to replace coal. Meanwhile, spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are an abundant and promising biomass waste that could be used for biochar production. This study develops a biochar valorization strategy by mixing SCGs with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a weight ratio of 1:0.75 to upgrade SCG biochar. In this dual pretreatment method, the H2O2 oxidative ability at a pretreatment temperature of 105 °C contributes to an increase in the higher heating value (HHV) and carbon content of the SCG biochars. The HHV and carbon content of biochar increase by about 6.5% and 7.8%, respectively, when compared to the unpretreated one under the same conditions. Maximized biochar's HHV derived via the Taguchi method is 30.33 MJkg-1, a 46.9% increase compared to the raw SCG, and a 6.5% increase compared to the unpretreated SCG biochar. The H2O2 concentration is 18% for the maximized HHV. A quantitative identification index of intensity of difference (IOD) is adopted to evaluate the contributive level of H2O2 pretreatment in terms of the HHV and carbon content. IOD increases with increasing H2O2 pretreatment temperature. Before torrefaction, SCGs' IOD pretreated at 50 °C is 1.94%, while that pretreated at 105 °C is 8.06%. This is because, before torrefaction, H2O2 pretreatment sufficiently weakens SCGs' molecular structure, resulting in a higher IOD value. The IOD value of torrefied SCGs (TSCG) pretreated at 105 °C is 10.71%, accounting for a 4.59% increase compared to that pretreated at 50 °C. This implies that TSCG pretreated by H2O2 at 105 °C has better thermal stability. For every 1% increase in IOD of TSCG, the carbon content of the biochar increases 0.726%, and the HHV increases 0.529%. Overall, it is demonstrated that H2O2 is a green and promising pretreatment additive for upgrading SCG biochar's calorific value, and torrefied SCGs can be used as a potential solid fuel to approach carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Yu Ho
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Lee
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Lu Ding
- Institute of Clean Coal Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez 1775, Arica, Chile
| | - Yashvir Singh
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, 411, Taiwan
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Chen WH, Hsu HJ, Kumar G, Budzianowski WM, Ong HC. Predictions of biochar production and torrefaction performance from sugarcane bagasse using interpolation and regression analysis. Bioresour Technol 2017; 246:12-19. [PMID: 28803060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the biochar formation and torrefaction performance of sugarcane bagasse, and they are predicted using the bilinear interpolation (BLI), inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation, and regression analysis. It is found that the biomass torrefied at 275°C for 60min or at 300°C for 30min or longer is appropriate to produce biochar as alternative fuel to coal with low carbon footprint, but the energy yield from the torrefaction at 300°C is too low. From the biochar yield, enhancement factor of HHV, and energy yield, the results suggest that the three methods are all feasible for predicting the performance, especially for the enhancement factor. The power parameter of unity in the IDW method provides the best predictions and the error is below 5%. The second order in regression analysis gives a more reasonable approach than the first order, and is recommended for the predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Jen Hsu
- International Bachelor Degree Program on Energy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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