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Rosa-Díaz I, Rowe J, Cayuela-Lopez A, Arbona V, Díaz I, Jones AM. Spider mite herbivory induces an abscisic acid-driven stomatal defense. Plant Physiol 2024:kiae215. [PMID: 38669227 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Arthropod herbivory poses a serious threat to crop yield, prompting plants to employ intricate defense mechanisms against pest feeding. The generalist pest two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) inflicts rapid damage and remains challenging due to its broad target range. In this study, we explored the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) response to T. urticae infestation, revealing the induction of abscisic acid (ABA), a hormone typically associated with abiotic stress adaptation, and stomatal closure during water stress. Leveraging a FRET-based ABA biosensor (nlsABACUS2-400n), we observed elevated ABA levels in various leaf cell types post-mite feeding. While ABA's role in pest resistance or susceptibility has been debated, an ABA-deficient mutant exhibited increased mite infestation alongside intact canonical biotic stress signaling, indicating an independent function of ABA in mite defense. We established that ABA-triggered stomatal closure effectively hinders mite feeding and minimizes leaf cell damage through genetic and pharmacological interventions targeting ABA levels, ABA signaling, stomatal aperture, and density. This study underscores the critical interplay between biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, highlighting how the vulnerability to mite infestation arising from open stomata, crucial for transpiration and photosynthesis, reinforces the intricate relationship between these stress types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rosa-Díaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, 20223 Madrid, Spain
| | - James Rowe
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Cayuela-Lopez
- Confocal Microscopy unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Biologia, Bioquímica i Ciències Naturals, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Isabel Díaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, 20223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander M Jones
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
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Abubakar M, Umer A, Shad SA, Sarwar ZM, Kamran M. Negative Impact of Unstable Spiromesifen Resistance on Fitness of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Neotrop Entomol 2023; 52:772-780. [PMID: 37195556 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a phytophagous haplodiploid mite and its control is largely based on the use of pesticides. But, the short life cycle and high reproductive rate allow them to develop resistance to many pesticides. To design a strategy for resistance management, a fitness cost study was conducted on different populations of T. urticae, i.e., spiromesifen selected (SPIRO-SEL), unselected (Unsel), and reciprocal crosses. After twelve rounds of selections, T. urticae developed high spiromesifen resistance (71.7-fold) compared to the Unsel strain. Results showed a fitness cost for SPIRO-SEL, Cross1 (Unsel ♀ × SPIRO-SEL ♂), and Cross2 (SPIRO-SEL ♀ × Unsel ♂) with a relative fitness values of 0.63, 0.86, and 0.70, respectively. There was a significant increase in the incubation period, quiescent larvae, and egg to adult male and female developmental period of the SPIRO-SEL compared with Unsel strain. Moreover, resistance to spiromesifen was unstable with a decline in resistance value of - 0.05. The presence of unstable spiromesifen resistance associated with fitness costs suggests that intermittent withdrawal of its usage could potentially preserve its effectiveness for management of T. urticae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abubakar
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya Univ, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Ayyan Umer
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya Univ, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Ali Shad
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya Univ, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Zahid Mehmood Sarwar
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya Univ, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya Univ, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
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Svobodová Z, Zemek R, Skoková Habuštová O. Different maize varieties have greater impact on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) than GE maize expressing Cry3Bb1 insecticidal protein. J Insect Physiol 2023; 146:104502. [PMID: 36933763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered (GE) maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 protein was developed to control Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). However, Cry proteins have been reported to have effects on non-target arthropods. We therefore investigated whether the non-target pest Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) was negatively affected by GE maize expressing the insecticidal Cry3Bb1 protein. Five treatments were used in the laboratory tests to determine the life history parameters of T. urticae on leaves of field-grown maize varieties: (1) GE maize MON 88017, (2) isogenic maize, (3) isogenic maize protected with the soil applied insecticide chlorpyrifos (Dursban 10G), and two unrelated varieties (4) Kipous and (5) PR38N86. Newly emerged T. urticae larvae were individually released on the upper surface of leaf discs placed on water saturated cotton wool. Immatures and adults survival, duration of developmental stages and female fecundity were recorded daily until T. urticae died. Age-stage, two-sex life table method and test for trends, revealed no significant differences in 13 of 18 studied parameters. The unrelated varieties Kipous and PR38N86 on one side and maize with the same genetic background, namely GE maize and isogenic maize with or without insecticide protection, on the other side, showed significant variations in male longevity, larval survival rate, preoviposition period, and fecundity. In addition to the differences between varieties, GE maize and insecticide-protected isogenic maize showed a substantial difference in age-specific fecundity, but not in the mean number of eggs laid by females. The obtained results do not indicate that consumption of Cry3Bb1 has negative effect on T. urticae and suggest that GE maize does not pose a risk with respect to the non-target mite pest T. urticae. The results may have implications for the approval and renewal of import and cultivation for GE crop in the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeňka Svobodová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Rostislav Zemek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Oxana Skoková Habuštová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Shavit R, Batyrshina ZS, Yaakov B, Florean M, Köllner TG, Tzin V. The wheat dioxygenase BX6 is involved in the formation of benzoxazinoids in planta and contributes to plant defense against insect herbivores. Plant Sci 2022; 316:111171. [PMID: 35151455 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids are plant specialized metabolites with defense properties, highly abundant in wheat (Triticum), one of the world's most important crops. The goal of our study was to characterize dioxygenase BX6 genes in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat genotypes and to elucidate their effects on defense against herbivores. Phylogenetic analysis revealed four BX6 genes in the hexaploid wheat T. aestivum, but only one ortholog was found in the tetraploid (T. turgidum) wild emmer wheat and the cultivated durum wheat. Transcriptome sequencing of durum wheat plants, damaged by either aphids or caterpillars, revealed that several BX genes, including TtBX6, were upregulated upon caterpillar feeding, relative to the undamaged control plants. A virus-induced gene silencing approach was used to reduce the expression of BX6 in T. aestivum plants, which exhibited both reduced transcript levels and reduced accumulation of different benzoxazinoids. To elucidate the effect of BX6 on plant defense, bioassays with different herbivores feeding on BX6-silenced leaves were conducted. The results showed that plants with silenced BX6 were more susceptible to aphids and the two-spotted spider mite than the control. Overall, our study indicates that wheat BX6 is involved in benzoxazinoid formation in planta and contributes to plant resistance against insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Shavit
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Zhaniya S Batyrshina
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Beery Yaakov
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Matilde Florean
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Vered Tzin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel.
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Savi PJ, Gonsaga RF, de Matos STS, Braz LT, de Moraes GJ, de Andrade DJ. Performance of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on three hop cultivars (Humulus lupulus). Exp Appl Acarol 2021; 84:733-753. [PMID: 34244884 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major pest species in numerous crops including hop (Humulus lupulus L.). Substantial T. urticae infestation was observed to occur in this recently introduced crop in Brazil. The adoption of less suitable cultivars to the pest species is highly desirable for integrated pest management. We used free-choice trials and two-sex life table analysis to determine the preference and population growth of T. urticae under laboratory conditions using three of hop cultivars currently expanding in Brazil (Mantiqueira, Victoria, and Yakima Gold). We also estimated the density of non-glandular trichomes and lupulin glands found on the abaxial leaf surface of these cultivars and correlated them with performance parameters of T. urticae. Mantiqueira appeared to be the least preferred by adult females for attractiveness and oviposition suggesting existence of antixenosis on this cultivar. Female immature stages developed slower on Yakima Gold and Mantiqueira, but no difference was observed between the latter and Victoria. Fecundity and longevity were significantly lower on Mantiqueira than on Victoria and Yakima Gold. No significant differences were observed among cultivars for intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net rate of reproduction (R0), suggesting the absence of antibiosis. Although, lupilin gland densities were higher on Mantiqueira and Yakima Gold than on Victoria, no significant correlations were observed between these defensive traits and performance parameters of T. urticae. However, 30-day population simulations of T. urticae suggest that Yakima Gold is the least susceptible, Mantiqueira is moderately susceptible, and Victoria is highly susceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Jacob Savi
- College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/nº, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Renan Furlan Gonsaga
- College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/nº, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Sidnéia Terezinha Soares de Matos
- College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/nº, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Leila Trevisan Braz
- College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/nº, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Gilberto José de Moraes
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Postal Box 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Júnior de Andrade
- College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/nº, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
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Daneshian L, Schlachter C, Timmers LFSM, Radford T, Kapingidza B, Dias T, Liese J, Sperotto RA, Grbic V, Grbic M, Chruszcz M. Delta class glutathione S-transferase (TuGSTd01) from the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is inhibited by abamectin. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2021; 176:104873. [PMID: 34119218 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
GSTs (Glutathione S-transferases) are known to catalyze the nucleophilic attack of the sulfhydryl group of reduced glutathione (GSH) on electrophilic centers of xenobiotic compounds, including insecticides and acaricides. Genome analyses of the polyphagous spider mite herbivore Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted spider mite) revealed the presence of a set of 32 genes that code for secreted proteins belonging to the GST family of enzymes. To better understand the role of these proteins in T. urticae, we have functionally characterized TuGSTd01. Moreover, we have modeled the structure of the enzyme in apo form, as well as in the form with bound inhibitor. We demonstrated that this protein is a glutathione S-transferase that can conjugate glutathione to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). We have tested TuGSTd01 activity with a range of potential substrates such as cinnamic acid, cumene hydroperoxide, and allyl isothiocyanate; however, the enzyme was unable to process these compounds. Using mutagenesis, we showed that putative active site variants S11A, E66A, S67A, and R68A mutants, which were residues predicted to interact directly with GSH, have no measurable activity, and these residues are required for the enzymatic activity of TuGSTd01. There are several reports that associate some T. urticae acaricide resistance with increased activity of GSTs . However, we found that TuGSTd01 is not able to detoxify abamectin; in fact, the acaricide inhibits the enzyme with Ki = 101 μM. Therefore, we suggest that the increased GST activity observed in abamectin resistant T. urticae field populations is a part of the compensatory feedback loop. In this case, the increased production of GSTs and relatively high concentration of GSH in cells allow GSTs to maintain physiological functions despite the presence of the acaricide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leily Daneshian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Caleb Schlachter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Taylor Radford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Brenda Kapingidza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Travis Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jana Liese
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Raul Antonio Sperotto
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Taquari Valley - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; The University of La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; The University of La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Namin HH, Zhurov V, Spenler J, Grbić M, Grbić V, Scott IM. Resistance to pyridaben in Canadian greenhouse populations of two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Koch). Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 170:104677. [PMID: 32980052 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is an important agricultural pest that causes considerable yield losses to over 150 field and greenhouse crops. Mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors (METI) acaricides are commonly used to control mite species in commercial Canadian greenhouses. Development of resistance to METIs in TSSM populations have been reported worldwide, but not until recently in Canada. The objectives of this study were to: 1) monitor the acaricide-susceptibility in greenhouse TSSM populations, and 2) investigate the resistance to pyridaben, a METI acaricide, in greenhouse resistant and pyridaben-selected (SRS) mite strains. The increased mortality to the pyridaben sub-lethal concentration (LC30) when SRS mites were exposed to piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a general cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor, and higher P450 activity compared to the greenhouse strain (RS) mites, indicated that P450s may be at least partially responsible for the resistance. The molecular mechanisms of target site insensitivity-mediated resistance in the pyridaben resistant strain of TSSM were investigated by comparing the DNA sequence of NADH dehydrogenase subunits TYKY and PSST, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 and 5 (ND1, ND5) and the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 49 kDa from SRS to the reference strain (SS) and RS. Despite a number of nucleotide substitutions, none correlated with the pyridaben resistance. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of TSSM adaptation to acaricides is an essential part of resistance management strategy in any IPM program. The findings of this study will encourage growers to apply acaricides with different modes of action to reduce the rate at which acaricide resistance will occur in greenhouse TSSM populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy Spenler
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vojislava Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian M Scott
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Uygun T, Ozguven MM, Yanar D. A new approach to monitor and assess the damage caused by two-spotted spider mite. Exp Appl Acarol 2020; 82:335-346. [PMID: 33085036 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study uses an image-processing technique to determine the damage level caused by two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) to cucumber plants and changes in the number of mites in a greenhouse. Firstly, a new agricultural platform was developed to ensure camera stability for capturing quality images. The images of 50 leaves infested with T. urticae were captured weekly for 5 weeks with the platform, which resulted in 250 images. Fifty of these captured images were randomly selected and processed with an image-processing algorithm developed using an image processing toolbox module of MATLAB. The results obtained from the image processing algorithm were compared with expert observations. The image-processing method predicted the damage with 3.91 root mean squared error (RMSE). A highly significant positive relationship was found between image processing and expert observations. The results indicate that this new image-processing method may be successfully used in place of expert observation to determine T. urticae damage in greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin Uygun
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, 60150, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Metin Ozguven
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, 60150, Tokat, Turkey.
| | - Durdane Yanar
- Department of Plant Protection, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, 60150, Tokat, Turkey
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Shibuya T, Iwahashi Y, Suzuki T, Endo R, Hirai N. Light intensity influences feeding and fecundity of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) through the responses of host Cucumis sativus leaves. Exp Appl Acarol 2020; 81:163-172. [PMID: 32378068 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated feeding and fecundity of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), on leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings that had been acclimatized to different light intensities. Based on these data, we analyzed the relationships between mite performance (feeding and fecundity) and leaf properties. The cucumber seedlings were grown in controlled-environment chambers under different light intensities at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 50, 100, 150, 300, or 450 µmol m- 2 s- 1 until the first true leaves had expanded. Adult females were released on the adaxial surfaces of excised leaf samples from the seedlings of each treatment group and held under standardized light intensity (200 µmol m- 2 s- 1). Fecundity and leaf damage area increased and decreased, respectively, as the acclimatization light intensity increased, indicating indirect effects of light intensity on feeding and fecundity through changes in the host leaf properties. Leaf mass per area (LMA) and photosynthetic capacity, which increased as the acclimatization light intensity increased, was positively related to the fecundity, but was negatively related to the leaf damage area. The higher LMA and photosynthetic capacity results in an increased amount of mesophyll per unit leaf area. This would allow the mites to feed efficiently from a limited area, which may explain the increased fecundity on these leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Shibuya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan.
| | - Yuta Iwahashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-6, Koganei, 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Endo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan
| | - Norio Hirai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan
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de Araújo MJC, da Câmara CAG, Born FDS, de Moraes MM. Acaricidal activity of binary blends of essential oils and selected constituents against Tetranychus urticae in laboratory/greenhouse experiments and the impact on Neoseiulus californicus. Exp Appl Acarol 2020; 80:423-444. [PMID: 31950299 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of essential oils form Piper aduncum, Melaleuca leucadendra and Schinus terebinthifolius and their blends by fumigation and residual contact on Tetranychus urticae and its natural enemy, Neoseiulus californicus. Bioassays were performed in a greenhouse with the best blend of the oils and compared to the individual oils and Vertimec® (positive control). The main constituents identified by GC-MS were dillapiole, (E)-nerolidol and limonene in the oils from P. aduncum (76.5%), M. leucadendra (87.3%) and S. terebinthifolius (unripe/ripe fruits, 42.5/34.1%). The P. aduncum and M. leucadendra oils were the most toxic to the pest. Among the blends, the greatest toxicity to T. urticae occurred by residual contact with the M. leucadendra + S. terebinthifolius ripe fruit blend (50/50). The evaluation of the effects on N. californicus showed the compatibility of the oils and blends with the predator mite for use in the integrated management of T. urticae. β-Caryophyllene was the most toxic, independent of the method used. Based on toxicities of 11 oil constituents, the structure-activity relationship of these compounds is also discussed. This study showed that the acaricidal effect of the Piper, Melaleuca and Schinus oils can easily be increased by the binary combination of these oils. The binary blend between the oils of the Melaleuca leaves and ripe Schinus fruit in the greenhouse was effective at controlling the mite after 72 h, exhibiting the same level of toxicity as that found for the positive control (Vertimec 18 EC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Jorge Cerqueira de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia Agrícola, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Sn, Recife, PE, 52.171-900, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Augusto Gomes da Câmara
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia Agrícola, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Sn, Recife, PE, 52.171-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Sn, Recife, PE, 52.171-900, Brazil.
| | - Flávia de Souza Born
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia Agrícola, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Sn, Recife, PE, 52.171-900, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Martins de Moraes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Sn, Recife, PE, 52.171-900, Brazil
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11
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Niu J, Zhang W, Sun QZ, Wang JJ. Three novel RNA viruses in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae and their possible interactions with the host RNA interference response. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 166:107228. [PMID: 31386829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a polyphagous herbivore, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is engaged with various plant hosts and interacts with diverse organisms that share the same ecological niche. Thus, T. urticae faces frequent challenges from viral infections. However, the RNA viruses of T. urticae are still unknown. Here, we constructed two libraries (~8 Gb for RNA and ~10 Mb for small RNA) from a strain of T. urticae using deep sequencing, and identified three novel RNA viruses from the families Kitaviridae, Dicistroviridae, and Chuviridae. Among them, the Kitaviridae and Dicistroviridae viruses presented a possible interaction pattern with the host RNA interference pathway.
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12
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Schlachter CR, Daneshian L, Amaya J, Klapper V, Wybouw N, Borowski T, Van Leeuwen T, Grbic V, Grbic M, Makris TM, Chruszcz M. Structural and functional characterization of an intradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase from the polyphagous spider mite herbivore Tetranychus urticae Koch. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 107:19-30. [PMID: 30529144 PMCID: PMC6768081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Genome analyses of the polyphagous spider mite herbivore Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted spider mite) revealed the presence of a set of 17 genes that code for secreted proteins belonging to the "intradiol dioxygenase-like" subgroup. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that this novel enzyme family has been acquired by horizontal gene transfer. In order to better understand the role of these proteins in T. urticae, we have structurally and functionally characterized one paralog (tetur07g02040). It was demonstrated that this protein is indeed an intradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase, as the enzyme is able to cleave catechol between two hydroxyl-groups using atmospheric dioxygen. The enzyme was characterized functionally and structurally. The active site of the T. urticae enzyme contains an Fe3+ cofactor that is coordinated by two histidine and two tyrosine residues, an arrangement that is similar to those observed in bacterial homologs. However, the active site is significantly more solvent exposed than in bacterial proteins. Moreover, the mite enzyme is monomeric, while almost all structurally characterized bacterial homologs form oligomeric assemblies. Tetur07g02040 is not only the first spider mite dioxygenase that has been characterized at the molecular level, but is also the first structurally characterized intradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase originating from a eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R Schlachter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Leily Daneshian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jose Amaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Vincent Klapper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Tomasz Borowski
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239, Krakow, Poland
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada; University of La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada; University of La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Thomas M Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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13
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Eroglu C, Cimen H, Ulug D, Karagoz M, Hazir S, Cakmak I. Acaricidal effect of cell-free supernatants from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 160:61-66. [PMID: 30528928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of secondary metabolites produced by the following symbiotic bacteria, Xenorhabdus szentirmaii, X. nematophila, X. bovienii, X. cabanillasii, Photorhabdus luminescens and P. temperata, associated with entomopathogenic nematodes, were investigated against various developmental stages of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) using cell-free bacterial supernatants in Petri dishes. In addition, the effects of the most active bacterial supernatant(s) found in Petri dish experiments were tested on T. urticae in pot experiments. All studies were conducted at 25 ± 1 °C temperature, 70 ± 5% relative humidity and a light cycle of 16 h in a climate room. The result of the Petri dish experiments showed that the supernatants had little or no effect on the egg stage, as less than 4% mortality was recorded. Depending on the bacterial supernatant, mortality in the other stages was 46-97% for larvae, 30-96% for protonymphs, 41-92% for deutonymphs, 92-100% for adult males and 46-93% for adult females. Control mortalities ranged from 1-7% for larvae, 2-9% for protonymphs, 4-10% for deutonymphs, 6-10% for adult males and 4-8% for adult females. Among supernatants tested, X. szentirmaii and X. nematophila were the most efficacious with mortality greater than 90% on the mobile stages of T. urticae. According to the results from pot experiments, the supernatants of X. szentirmaii and X. nematophila, singularly and in combination, significantly reduced the T. urticae population. However, the mixture of X. szentirmaii and X. nematophila supernatants did not increase efficiency to reduce T. urticae population compared to each supernatant alone. Further studies are warranted to find the active compound(s) in the supernatants of X. szentirmaii or and X. nematophila and assess whether the supernatant(s) has the potential of being a practical and economical control agent for T. urticae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Eroglu
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Harun Cimen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karagoz
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Cakmak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
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14
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de Cássia Neves Esteca F, Rodrigues LR, de Moraes GJ, Júnior ID, Klingen I. Mulching with coffee husk and pulp in strawberry affects edaphic predatory mite and spider mite densities. Exp Appl Acarol 2018; 76:161-183. [PMID: 30293177 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mulching of soil beds of strawberry fields is usually done with polyethylene film in southern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. This material is relatively expensive and difficult to discard after use. In some countries, mulching is done with the use of organic material that could have an advantage over the use of plastic for its easier degradation after use, and for favoring edaphic beneficial organisms. Predatory mites (especially Gamasina, Mesostigmata) may be abundant in the soil and could conceivably move to the soil surface and onto the short-growing strawberry plants at night, helping in the control or pest arthropods. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is considered an important strawberry pest in that region, where the fungus Neozygites floridana (Weiser and Muma) has been found to infect it. Different mulching types could affect the incidence of this pathogen. Dehydrated coffee husk and pulp (DCHP) is a byproduct readily available in southern Minas Gerais, where could be used as organic mulching in strawberry beds. The temporary contact of that material with the soil of a patch of natural vegetation could facilitate its colonization by edaphic predatory mites helpful in the control of strawberry pests. The objective of this work was to study the effect of mulching type on the population dynamics of the two-spotted spider mite, associate mites and N. floridana, in a greenhouse and in the field. The use of DCHP increased the number of edaphic Gamasina on strawberry plants-Proctolaelaps pygmaeus (Müller) (Melicharidae) and Blattisocius dentriticus (Berlese) (Blattisociidae) were observed on strawberry leaflets, mainly in nocturnal samplings, indicating their possible daily migration from soil to plants. Lower levels of two-spotted spider mite occurred on plants from pots or soil beds mulched with DCHP instead of polyethylene film, possibly because of the slightly higher levels of mites of the family Phytoseiidae and infection by N. floridana. Adding DCHP onto the floor of natural vegetation did not result in higher diversity or levels of gamasine mites on DCHP. Complementary studies should be conducted to find ways to increase diversity and density of those organisms in strawberry beds, in an attempt to improve biological control of strawberry pests. The decision to use DCHP for mulching should also take into account other factors such as strawberry yield, costs and efficiency of weed management, to be evaluated in subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Cássia Neves Esteca
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Luis Rodolfo Rodrigues
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Gilberto José de Moraes
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Italo Delalibera Júnior
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Ingeborg Klingen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), P.O. Box 115, 1431, Ås, Norway
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Stocco RSM, Sato ME, Santos TL. Stability and fitness costs associated with etoxazole resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp Appl Acarol 2016; 69:413-425. [PMID: 27222145 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is one of the most important pests on a wide range of crops worldwide. Studies on stability of resistance and possible fitness costs associated with etoxazole resistance were carried out in T. urticae to provide basic information necessary to define effective acaricide resistance management strategies for this pest. Selection for resistance to etoxazole was performed in a population of T. urticae collected from a commercial rose field, in Holambra County, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. After five rounds of selection for resistance, the resistance ratio (R/S) at the LC50 reached 8739 fold value in comparison with a susceptible strain (Brazabrantes S Strain). The stability of etoxazole resistance was studied under laboratory conditions, using a population with initial frequency of 75 % of resistant mites. The frequencies of etoxazole resistance were evaluated monthly for a period of 13 months. The frequency of etoxazole resistance decreased from 75 to 37 % in this period. Comparison of biological traits between resistant and susceptible strains indicated the presence of fitness costs associated with etoxazole resistance. The resistant strain showed lower fecundity and a higher proportion of males in the population. The figures for net reproductive rate (R 0), intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m) and finite rate of increase (λ) were higher in the susceptible strain. The instability of etoxazole resistance is a favorable aspect for the acaricide resistance management in the spider mite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mário Eidi Sato
- Instituto Biológico, APTA, Caixa Postal 70, Campinas City, São Paulo, CEP 13001-970, Brazil.
| | - Taiana Lumi Santos
- Instituto Biológico, APTA, Caixa Postal 70, Campinas City, São Paulo, CEP 13001-970, Brazil
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16
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Choi O, Park JJ, Kim J. Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) transmits Acidovorax citrulli, causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon. Exp Appl Acarol 2016; 69:445-51. [PMID: 27178042 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) Tetranychus urticae is one of the most important pests of cucurbit plants. If TSSM can act as vector for Acidovorax citrulli (Acc), causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), then the movement of mites from infected to healthy plants may represent a potential source of inocula for BFB outbreaks. To confirm the association between Acc and TSSM, we generated a green fluorescent protein-tagged mutant strain (Acc02rf) by transposon mutagenesis and demonstrated that TSSM can transmit Acc from infected to non-infected watermelon plants. Challenge with 10 TSSMs carrying Acc02rf population densities of 1.3 × 10(3) CFU each on freshly grown individual watermelon plants caused disease transmission to 53 %. Incubation periods ranged 7-9 days. Bacteria recovered from symptoms typical of those associated with leaf necrosis were characterized and identified as Acc. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that TSSM can be a vector of Acc. The results reported here support that the strong association of TSSM with Acc is of particular importance in controlling BFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okhee Choi
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Klingen I, Holthe MP, Westrum K, Suthaparan A, Torp T. Effect of light quality and light-dark cycle on sporulation patterns of the mite pathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana (Neozygitales: Entomophthoromycota), a natural enemy of Tetranychus urticae. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 137:43-48. [PMID: 27142576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A controlled climatic chamber microcosm experiment was conducted to examine how light affects the hourly sporulation pattern of the beneficial mite pathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana during a 24h cyclus over a period of eight consecutive days. This was done by inoculating two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) with N. floridana and placing them on strawberry plants for death and sporulation. Spore (primary conidia) discharge was observed by using a spore trap. Two light regimes were tested: Plant growth light of 150μmolm(-2)s(-1) for 12h supplied by high pressure sodium lamps (HPS), followed by either; (i) 4h of 50μmolm(-2)s(-1) light with similar HPS lamps followed by 8h darkness (full HPS light+reduced HPS light+darkness) or (ii) 4h of 50μmolm(-2)s(-1) red light followed by 8h darkness (full HPS light+red light+darkness). A clear difference in hourly primary conidia discharge pattern between the two different light treatments was seen and a significant interaction effect between light treatment and hour in day during the 24h cycle was observed. The primary conidia discharge peak for treatment (ii) that included red light was mainly reached within the red light hours (19:00-23:00) and the dark hours (23:00-07:00). The primary conidia discharge peak for treatment (i) with HPS light only was mainly reached within the dark hours (23:00-07:00).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Klingen
- NIBIO Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy, Biotechnology and Plant Health Division, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Maren Pindsle Holthe
- NIBIO Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy, Biotechnology and Plant Health Division, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Karin Westrum
- NIBIO Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy, Biotechnology and Plant Health Division, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Aruppillai Suthaparan
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Torfinn Torp
- NIBIO Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy, Biotechnology and Plant Health Division, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
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18
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Westrum K, Duarte VS, Humber RA, Delalibera I, Klingen I. Confirmation of Neozygites floridana azygospore formation in two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in strains from tropical and temperate regions. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 122:1-5. [PMID: 25108135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neozygites floridana is an obligate fungal pathogen of mites in the family Tetranychidae and is an important natural enemy of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). Until now, information about the formation of azygospores remained to be fully confirmed. In this study, we document the formation of azygospores by a Brazilian N. floridana strain and the formation of azygospores and zygospores by a Norwegian N. floridana strain, both in the host T. urticae. Evidence of both zygosporogenesis and azygosporogenesis was also found in the same individual in the Norwegian stains. Further we report the presence of immature azygospores with 1-3 nuclei for the Norwegian strains, immature resting spores (probably azygospores) with 1-8 nuclei for the Brazilian strain, and mature resting spores with 2 nuclei for both the Norwegian and the Brazilian strains (azygo- or zygospores). Our observations suggest that the immature resting spore (prespore) of both strains begins in a multinucleate condition but that the nuclear number is reduced during maturation until mature resting spore is binucleate regardless of its origin as a zygospore or azygospore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Westrum
- Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Plant Health and Plant Protection Division, Høgskoleveien 7, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Vanessa S Duarte
- ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Laboratory of Pathology and Microbial Control of Insects, Av. Padua Dias, 11, P.O. Box 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Richard A Humber
- USDA-ARS BioIPM Research, RW Holley Center for Agriculture & Health, 538 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Italo Delalibera
- ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Laboratory of Pathology and Microbial Control of Insects, Av. Padua Dias, 11, P.O. Box 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingeborg Klingen
- Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Plant Health and Plant Protection Division, Høgskoleveien 7, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
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Abstract
The activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway in plants by environmental stimuli is one of the most universal biochemical stress responses known. Induction of enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase and the accumulation of such phenolics as lignin can occur in response to insect and pathogen attack, exposure to oxidizing pollutants, and mechanical stimulation, and are thought to function in the resistance of plants to damage by these stresses. I investigated whether induction of components of this generalized stress response by wind-induced mechanical stimulation could influence the resistance to pests of common bean. In greenhouse studies, exposure of 7- to 10-day-old bean seedlings to daily periods of fan-produced wind led to increased activities of peroxidase and cinnamyl alcohol-dehydrogenase and enhanced the accumulation of lignin in primary leaves of these plants. Egg production and population growth of two-spotted spider mites were reduced when offered leaves of mechanically-stimulated plants in leaf-disk and whole-plant bioassays. Infection by anthracnose after inoculation in a detached-leaf bioassay was also reduced in leaves of mechanically-stimulated plants. The consistent positive association between the enhanced activity of the lignin branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway and enhanced resistance to pests found in leaves of mechanically-stimulated plants illustrates one way in which exposure of plants to environmental stimuli that activate a generalized stress response (e.g., wind) can influence the interactions of those plants with other environmental stimuli (e.g., pests).
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