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Hamilton J, Jimenez E, Zarei P, Lection J, Sorto R, Hovingh E, Martinez M, Bas S, Barragan AA. Exploring vaginal discharge scoring to assess clinical metritis severity: Comparison between intrauterine dextrose and systemic antibiotics treatments. Vet J 2024; 304:106103. [PMID: 38522779 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess: 1) differences in the metabolic status, systemic inflammation, daily milk yield, and daily rumination time between Holstein dairy cows with different vaginal discharge scores (VDS) in the first 7±3 DIM, and 2) effects of intrauterine dextrose infusion on metabolic status, systemic inflammation, daily milk yield and daily rumination time in dairy cows with VDS4 and VDS5. Cows (n=641) from a farm located in central Pennsylvania were screened at 7±3 DIM (study d 0) to assess vaginal discharge scores. Vaginal discharge was scored using a five-point scale (i.e., 1- clear fluid, 2- <50% white purulent fluid, 3- >50% white purulent fluid, 4- red-brownish fluid without fetid smell, and 5- fetid red-brownish watery fluid). Cows with VDS4 and VDS5 were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: 1) CONV (VDS4 n=15; VDS5 n= 23): two injections of ceftiofur (per label; 6.6 mg/Kg) 72 h apart; and 2) DEX (VDS4 n=15; VDS5 n=22): three intrauterine infusions of a 50% dextrose solution (1 L/cow) every 24 h. Cows that presented a VDS 1, 2, and 3 were categorized as normal vaginal discharge animals (NOMVDS; n=35) and were randomly selected and matched by parity to CONV and DEX cows. Daily milk yield and rumination time for the first 150 DIM were collected from on-farm computer records. Blood samples were collected to assess haptoglobin (HP) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations at study d 0, d 7, and d 14 relative to enrollment. Subclinical ketosis was defined as having a BHB concentration >1.2 mmol/dL at any of the sampling points. The data were analyzed using the MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS as a randomized complete block design. When comparing cows with different VDS (i.e., NOMVDS, VDS4, VDS5) separately, cows with VDS5 had the highest concentration of HP at enrollment compared to cows with VDS4 and NOMVDS; however, cows with VDS4 had higher concentrations of HP compared to cows with NOMVDS. Cows with VDS4 or VDS5 had a higher incidence of subclinical ketosis compared to cows with NOMVDS (p=0.005; VDS4= 62.08±9.16%; VDS5=74.44±6.74%; NOMVDS=34.36±8.53%). Similarly, daily milk yield (p<.0001; VDS4=30.17±1.32 kg/d; VDS5=27.40±1.27 kg/d; NOMVDS=35.14±1.35 kg/d) and daily rumination time (p=0.001; VDS4=490.77±19.44 min; VDS5=465±16.67 min; NOMVDS=558.29±18.80 min) was lower for cows with VDS4 and VDS5 compared to cows with NOMVDS at 7±3 days in milk. When analyzing HP concentration between treatment groups in cows with VDS4 (p=0.70), VDS5 (p=0.25), or VDS4 and VDS5 combined (p=0.31), there was no difference in HP concentration by study d 14 between treatment groups. Interestingly, when only cows with VDS4 were considered for treatment, both treatments, DEX and CONV, increased the daily milk yield to the levels of NOMVDS cows by 14 days in milk. On the other hand, when only cows with VDS5 were considered for treatment, cows treated with DEX produced, on average, 4.48 kg/d less milk in the first 150 days in milk compared to cows treated with CONV or cows that had NOMVDS. Similarly, when cows with either VDS4 or VDS5 were considered for treatment, DEX treatment also impaired milk yield. These results suggest that cows with either VDS 4 or 5 have an altered inflammatory status, and decreased milk yield and rumination compared to cows with NOMVDS. Furthermore, DEX treatment may have similar effects on daily milk yield and metabolic status compared to CONV in cows with VDS4, while DEX is not recommended for cows with VDS5.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hamilton
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - E Jimenez
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - P Zarei
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - J Lection
- Intergraduate Degree Program in Integrative & Biomedical Physiology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - R Sorto
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - E Hovingh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M Martinez
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - S Bas
- Phytobiotics Futterzusatzstoffe GmbH Bvd Villa Maria Córdoba Argentina, 5220, Argentina
| | - A A Barragan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Canadas ER, Lonergan P, Butler ST. Effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin administration on day 8 post-partum on ovarian follicular development, uterine health and uterine involution in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 2019; 123:54-61. [PMID: 30278259 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) injection on day 8 postpartum on ovarian cyclicity, uterine health and uterine involution in lactating dairy cows. Lactating dairy cows [n = 34, (21 primiparous and 13 multiparous)] were enrolled in the study. Animals were stratified by calving date, parity and BCS, and randomly assigned to either control (CON n = 18) or eCG treatments (n = 16). On day 8 ± 0.9 post-partum (pp), eCG treatment cows received a 2 ml i.m. injection (500 IU) of eCG and control treatment cows received a 2 ml i.m. injection of 0.9% sodium chloride. Ovaries were examined by transrectal ultrasound every second day from day 10 pp until ovulation or regression of the first follicle wave, and the diameter of the dominant follicle was recorded at each exam. Ultrasound exams were conducted on days 21, 28, 35 and 42 pp to measure the diameter of the cervix and the uterine horns. Vaginal discharge score (VDS) was recorded on a 1 to 5 scale on days 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 pp. Endometrial cytology samples were collected on day 42 pp, and the percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) determined. Milk samples were collected three times per week from day 14 pp until day 60 pp for P4 determination. Ovarian follicular development variables, ovarian function variables analysed and incidence of subclinical endometritis were not affected by treatment. There was a treatment by parity interaction for pp interval to commencement of luteal activity (P = 0.04) and number of luteal phases (P = 0.05), whereby eCG treatment caused an earlier pp commencement of luteal activity and a greater number of luteal phases in multiparous cows, but not in primiparous cows. A significant effect of treatment on uterine involution was observed (previously gravid horn: P = 0.03; previously non-gravid horn: P = 0.01) and uterine health status (P = 0.03), whereby eCG cows had smaller mean horn uterine diameter and lesser VDS than CON cows. In summary, parenteral administration of 500 IU eCG on day 8 post-partum did not affect resumption of ovarian cyclicity in all cows but did enhance uterine involution and VDS. In multiparous cows, eCG advanced commencement of luteal activity and increased the number of luteal phases.
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