Surgical Planning for "Borderline Resectable" and "Locally Advanced" Pancreatic Cancer During Open Pancreatic Resection

Pancreatic resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most complex procedures in abdominal surgery due to the technical and oncological challenges given by its local aggressive growth. The improvement of new multidrug chemotherapy regimens and surgical techniques has increased the caseload of "borderline resectable" (BR) or even "locally advanced" (LA) PDAC candidates for surgical resection. As a result, the increased heterogeneity of surgical scenarios has made it essential to utilize a tailored surgical strategy for each individual case. Notably, the strategy employed to approach and assess the peripancreatic vessels should be weighted according to tumor's location and the site of suspected vascular infiltration. The aim of this paper is to describe the open surgical approach for "BR" or "LA" PDAC used at our Institution and summarizes a "step-up approach" to manage vascular infiltration.

Venous resection in pancreatic oncologic surgery: Different techniques for different situations

INTRODUCTION

To report the clinical results of patients with malignant pancreatic lesions who underwent oncological surgery with vascular resection. The type of intervention performed, types of vascular reconstruction, the pathological anatomy results, postoperative morbidity and mortality, and survival at 3 and 5 years were analyzed.

METHODS

Retrospective, cross-sectional and comparative analysis. We include 41 patients with malignant pancreatic lesions who underwent surgery with vascular resection due to vascular involvement, from 2013 to 2021.

RESULTS

The most performed surgery was pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) using median laparotomy, in 35 out of the 41 patients (85%). One of the cases in the series was performed laparoscopically. Type 1 reconstruction (simple suture) was performed in 11 (27%) patients, type 2 in 4 (10%) cases, type 3 (end-to-end) in 23 (56%) cases, and type 4 reconstruction by autologous graft in 3 (7%) cases. The mean length of the resected venous segment was 21 (11-46) mm, and mean surgical time was 290 (220-360) minutes. 90% (37/41) were pancreatic adenocarcinoma. 83% were considered R0, and there was involvement in the resected vascular section in 41% of the cases. Four patients had Clavien Dindo morbidity >3, and there were no cases of postoperative mortality. Survival at 3 years was 48% and at 5 years 20%.

CONCLUSIONS

The aggressive surgical treatment with venous resection in pancreatic malignant lesions to ensure R0 and its vascular reconstruction is a feasible technique, with an acceptable morbid-mortality rate and overall survival.

Aggressive surgical approach with vascular resection and reconstruction for retroperitoneal sarcomas: a systematic review

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment and completeness of surgical resection is critical to achieve local control for retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS). En-bloc resection of adjacent organs, including major abdominal vessels, is often required to achieve negative margins. The aim of this review was to summarise the available evidence to assess the relative benefits and disadvantages of an aggressive surgical approach with vascular resection in patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS).

METHODS

We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE for relevant studies published from inception up to August 1, 2022. We performed a systematic review of the available studies to assess the safety and long-term survival results of vascular resection for RPS.

RESULTS

We identified a total of 23 studies for our review. Overall postoperative in-hospital or 30-day mortality rate of patients with primary iliocaval leiomyosarcoma was 3% (11/359), and the major complication rate was 13%. The recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates after the follow-up period varied between 15% and 52%, and the 5-year overall survival (OS) rates ranged from 25 to 78%. Overall postoperative in-hospital or 30-day mortality rate of patients with RPSs receiving vascular resection was 3%, and the major complication rate was 27%. The RFS rates after the follow-up period were 18-86%, and the 5-year OS rates varied between 50% and 73%. There were no significant differences in the rates of RFS (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.74-1.19; p = 0.945) and OS (HR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.66-1.36; p = 0.774) between the extended resection group and tumour resection alone group.

CONCLUSIONS

With adequate preparation and proper management, for patients with RPSs involving major vessels, aggressive surgical approach with vascular resection can achieve R0/R1 resection and improve survival.

How we do it-the use of peritoneal patches for reconstruction of vena cava inferior and portal vein in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery

PURPOSE

Extended resections in hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery frequently require vascular resection to obtain tumor clearance. The use of alloplastic grafts may increase postoperative morbidity due to septic or thrombotic complications. The use of suitable autologous venous interponates (internal jugular vein, great saphenous vein) is frequently associated with additional incisions. The aim of this study was to report on our experience with venous reconstruction using the introperative easily available parietal peritoneum, focusing on key technical aspects.

METHODS

All patients who underwent HPB resections with venous reconstruction using peritoneal patches at our department between January 2017 and November 2021 were included in this retrospective analysis with median follow-up of 2 months (IQR: 1-8 months). We focused on technical aspects of the procedure and evaluated vascular patency and perioperative morbidity.

RESULTS

Parietal peritoneum patches (PPPs) were applied for reconstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) (13 patients) and portal vein (PV) (4 patients) during major hepatic (n = 14) or pancreatic (n = 2) resections. There were no cases of postoperative bleeding due to anastomotic leakage. Following PV reconstruction, two patients showed postoperative vascular stenosis after severe pancreatitis with postoperative pancreatic fistula and bile leakage, respectively. In patients with reconstruction of the IVC, no relevant perioperative vascular complications occurred.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of a peritoneal patch for reconstruction of the IVC in HPB surgery is a feasible, effective, and low-cost alternative to alloplastic, xenogenous, or venous grafts. The graft can be easily harvested and tailored to the required size. More evidence is still needed to confirm the safety of this procedure for the portal vein regarding long-term results.

Robotic versus open pancreaticoduodenectomy with vascular resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: surgical and oncological outcomes from pilot experience

PURPOSE

Venous resection and reconstruction (VR) is a feasible surgical technique to achieve optimal outcomes in selected patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) who undergo open pancreaticoduodenectomy (OPD). However, data regarding patient outcomes in patients who undergo VR in robotic-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) are scarce.

METHODS

All patients with a diagnosis of PDAC who underwent upfront open or robotic pancreatoduodenectomy with VR in a high-volume institution for pancreatic surgery between 2011 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Perioperative and long-term outcomes were compared between the RPD and OPD cohorts.

RESULTS

A total of 84 patients were included in the final analysis, 14 patients underwent RPD with VR and 70 who had OPD with VR. Reconstructed venous patency, postoperative 30-day morbidity, and 90-day mortality were comparable; however, lymph node resection rates were lower in the RPC cohort (p = 0.029). No difference was identified in 3-year survival rates between the two groups (34.0% versus 25.7% respectively, p = 0.667).

CONCLUSION

RPD with VR is a feasible approach for patients with PDAC and venous invasion. Further studies are needed to assess long-term outcomes compared to the open approach.

Vascular Resections in Association With Pancreatic Resections for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIM

Locally advanced pancreatic cancer has been considered for a long period of time as an unresectable lesion and therefore, all patients have been traditionally addressed to the oncological services for palliative purposes. However, due to the wide usage of newer oncological agents in association with improved surgical techniques, radical surgical procedures became feasible. The aim of this study was to present the different surgical procedures that were performed in locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients in order to achieve radical resections.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between 2019 and 2020, six cases were submitted to pancreatic and vascular resections in Fundeni Clinical Hospital.

RESULTS

In all cases, surgery with curative intent was attempted; portal vein resection was performed in five cases, whereas arterial resection was performed in three cases. Reconstruction was performed by direct re-anastomosis, by placing cadaveric or synthetic grafts. The postoperative outcomes were favourable in all cases.

CONCLUSION

Vascular resections can be safely associated with pancreatic resections in cases presenting locally advanced pancreatic lesions, with acceptable morbidity rates.

Implementation of a regional reference center in pancreatic surgery. Experience after 631 procedures

INTRODUCTION

The main objective of this study is to determine whether our unit meets the quality standards required by the scientific community from the reference centers for pancreatic surgery in terms of peri-operative results. The secondary objectives are to compare the different pancreatic surgery techniques performed in terms of early post-operative morbidity and mortality and to analyze the impact of the resections added in these terms.

METHOD

Descriptive, retrospective and single-center study, corresponding to the period 2006-2019. The results obtained were compared with the proposed quality standards, by Bassi et al. and Sabater et al., required from the reference centers in pancreatic surgery. The sample was divided according to surgical technique and compared in terms of early post-operative morbidity and mortality, studying the impact of extended vascular and visceral resections. All patients undergoing pancreatic surgery in our unit due to pancreatic, malignant and benign pathology were included, since it was implemented as a reference center. Emergency procedures were excluded.

RESULTS

631 patients were analyzed. The values ​​obtained in the quality standards are in range. The most frequent surgery was pancreaticoduodenectomy, which associated higher peri-operative morbidity and mortality rates (P ≤ .05). The extended vascular resections impacted the pancreaticoduodenectomy group, associating a longer mean stay (P = .01) and a higher rate of re-interventions (P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS

The experience accumulated allows to meet the required quality standards, as well as perform extended resections to pancreatectomy with good results in terms of post-operative morbidity and mortality.

Proclivity to Explore Locally Advanced Pancreas Cancer Is Not Associated with Surgeon Volume

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

There is limited high-level evidence to guide locally advanced pancreas cancer (LAPC) management. Recent work shows that surgeons' preferences in LAPC management vary broadly. We sought to examine whether surgeon volume was associated with attitudes regarding LAPC management.

METHODS

An electronic survey was distributed by email to an international cohort of pancreas surgeons to evaluate practice patterns regarding LAPC management. Clinical vignette-based questions evaluated surgeons' attitudes regarding patient eligibility and the proclivity to offer exploration. Surgeons were classified into "low-" or "high-volume" categories according to thresholds of self-reported annual pancreatectomy volume. Surgeon's attitudes regarding LAPC management and inclination to consider exploration were compared across annual volume categories.

RESULTS

A total of 153 eligible responses were received from 4 continents, for an estimated response rate of 10.6%. Median duration of practice was 12 years (IQR 6-20). Most respondents reported >25 cases/year (89, 58.2%), of which 34 (22.2%) reported >50. Compared to surgeons with <25 cases/year, surgeons with >25 cases/year practiced longer (median 15 vs. 7.5 years, P<0.001) and were more likely to "always" recommend neoadjuvant chemotherapy (83.2% vs. 56.3%, P=0.001). Surgeons performing >50 cases/year were more likely to offer arterial resection (70.6% vs. 43.7%, P=0.006). The willingness to offer (or defer) exploration did not differ across any categories of surgeons' annual case volume.

CONCLUSIONS

In an international survey of pancreas surgeons, the proclivity to consider exploration for LAPC was not associated with multiple categories of surgeon volume. Better evidence is needed to define the optimal management approach to LAPC.

Effect of vascular resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of vascular resection (VR), including portal vein resection (PVR) and hepatic artery resection (HAR), on short- and long-term outcomes in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC).

BACKGROUND

Resection surgery and transplantation are the main treatment methods for PHC that provide a chance of long-term survival. However, the efficacy and safety of VR, including PVR and HAR, for treating PHC remain controversial.

METHODS

This study was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020223330). The EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were used to search for eligible studies published through November 28, 2020. Studies comparing short- and long-term outcomes between patients who underwent hepatectomy with or without PVR and/or HAR were included. Random- and fixed-effects models were applied to assess the outcomes, including morbidity, mortality, and R0 resection rate, as well as the impact of PVR and HAR on long-term survival.

RESULTS

Twenty-two studies including 4,091 patients were deemed eligible and included in this study. The meta-analysis showed that PVR did not increase the postoperative morbidity rate (odds ratio (OR): 1.03, 95% confidenceinterval (CI): [0.74-1.42], P = 0.88) and slightly increased the postoperative mortality rate (OR: 1.61, 95% CI [1.02-2.54], P = 0.04). HAR did not increase the postoperative morbidity rate (OR: 1.32, 95% CI [0.83-2.11], P = 0.24) and significantly increased the postoperative mortality rate (OR: 4.20, 95% CI [1.88-9.39], P = 0.0005). Neither PVR nor HAR improved the R0 resection rate (OR: 0.70, 95% CI [0.47-1.03], P = 0.07; OR: 0.77, 95% CI [0.37-1.61], P = 0.49, respectively) or long-term survival (OR: 0.52, 95% CI [0.35-0.76], P = 0.0008; OR: 0.43, 95% CI [0.32-0.57], P < 0.00001, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

PVR is relatively safe and might benefit certain patients with advanced PHC in terms of long-term survival, but it is not routinely recommended. HAR results in a higher mortality rate and lower overall survival rate, with no proven benefit.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy and Vascular Reconstruction: Indications and Techniques

Pancreaticoduodenectomy with vascular resection/reconstruction can be safely completed following 6 standard steps plus basic principles of vascular surgery. Particular attention is paid to the location of the tumor relative to the 2 first-order vein branches, portal vein -splenic vein -superior mesenteric vein confluence, inferior mesenteric vein, and the presence of arterial perineural invasion. Successful resection following neoadjuvant therapy can result in median survival 3 times that of historical controls.

Oncological outcomes after major vascular resections for primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma

BACKGROUND

The surgical management of retroperitoneal sarcomas frequently involves complex multivisceral resections, however retroperitoneal liposarcoma (LPS) rarely invade major abdominal vessels. The aim of the study was to assess association of major vascular resections with outcome of primary LPS.

METHODS

All consecutive patients who underwent resection at our institutions for primary LPS between 2002 and 2019 were included. A propensity matched analysis was performed, adjusting the groups for the variables of Sarculator, to assess the effect of vascular resection on oncological outcomes.

RESULTS

Overall 425 patients were identified. Twenty-four (5%) patients had vascular resection. At final pathology 18 patients had vascular infiltration, 2 vascular encasement and 4 involvement without infiltration. Vascular resection was associated with longer operative time (480' vs. 330'; p < 0.001) and greater need for transfusions (4 vs. 0 units; p < 0.001), and was burdened by a higher rate of major complications (54% vs. 25%; p = 0.002). After propensity matched analysis, patients undergoing vascular resection had a lower 5-year OS (60% vs. 81%; p = 0.05), and a higher incidence of local and distant recurrence at 5 years (local: 45% vs. 24%, p = 0.05; distant: 20% vs. 0%, p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Vascular resection is feasible and safe even in the context of multivisceral resection for primary retroperitoneal liposarcomas, although associated to a higher complication rate. However, the independent association between vascular involvement and a higher risk of local recurrence, distant metastases and death may imply a more aggressive biology, which should be factored in the initial management of this complex disease.

Transient mesoportal shunt: An innovative technique for maintaining portal flow during pancreatoduodenectomy with portal vein resection

Pancreatic cancers exhibit a surgical challenge, in light of frequent vascular involvement. In absence of metastatic spread, vascular invasion is the predominant limiting factor for determining the resectability. With progression of time vascular involvement is no longer considered a surgical contraindication. However these complex procedures are fraught with technical challenges. Portal clamping required for vascular resection and reconstruction results in hepatic ischemia and visceral congestion. In order to mitigate these untoward effects, surgeons have tried diverse techniques including venous shunts. Venous shunting facilitates the resection and allows for an enhanced exposure and a safe procedure. Previously described techniques were either cumbersome or failed to maintain portal flow. We present a technique of transient mesoportal shunt, to facilitate vascular resection during pancreatoduodenectomy. This technique is both simple and maintains portal flow throughout the procedure preventing both hepatic ischemia and visceral congestion.

Total upper transversal hepatectomy with outflow reconstruction for advanced mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma

We describe a complex case of extended hepatectomy with venous outflow reconstruction for the treatment of advanced mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma (MFCCC) invading the three main hepatic veins (HVs). A 50-year-old woman who received a diagnosis of MFCCC and judged unresectable, was referred to our hospital. After multidisciplinary team evaluation, the patient underwent abdominal computed tomography, gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. The radiological examinations showed a large mass located in S4s-8 and S1, in contact with the right hepatic vein (RHV), the inferior right hepatic vein, the anterior wall of the inferior vena cava (IVC), infiltrating the middle and left hepatic veins (MHV, LHV). Several communicating veins between the RHV, MHV and LHV were detected. The case was further investigated, and the surgical strategy planned by means of using three-dimensional simulation software. A total upper transversal hepatectomy with resection of the main HVs and outflow reconstruction was performed. The outflow of the remnant liver was restored performing a vascular anastomosis between the parenchymal stump of the RHV and the IVC. Meticulous review of pre-operative imaging techniques with three-dimensional simulation of hepatectomy together with advanced use of intra-operative ultrasound allowed us to offer the chance of cure to a patient otherwise considered unresectable.

Implementation of a regional reference center in pancreatic surgery. Experience after 631 procedures

INTRODUCTION

The main objective of this study is to determine if our unit meets the quality standards required by the scientific community from the reference centers for pancreatic surgery in terms of peri-operative results. The secondary objectives are to compare the different pancreatic surgery techniques performed in terms of early post-operative morbidity and mortality and to analyze the impact of the resections added in these terms.

METHOD

Descriptive, retrospective and single-center study, corresponding to the period 2006-2019. The results obtained were compared with the proposed quality standards, by Bassi et al. and Sabater et al., required from the reference centers in pancreatic surgery. The sample was divided according to surgical technique and compared in terms of early post-operative morbidity and mortality, studying the impact of extended vascular and visceral resections. All patients undergoing pancreatic surgery in our unit due to pancreatic, malignant and benign pathology were included, since it was implemented as a reference center. Emergency procedures were excluded.

RESULTS

631 patients were analyzed. The values ??obtained in the quality standards are in range. The most frequent surgery was cephalic duodenopancreatectomy, which associated higher peri-operative morbidity and mortality rates (p ≤ 0.05). The extended vascular resections impacted the cephalic duodenopancreatectomy group, associating a longer mean stay (p = 0.01) and a higher rate of re-interventions (p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

The experience accumulated allows to meet the required quality standards, as well as perform extended resections to pancreatectomy with good results in terms of post-operative morbi-mortality.

Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy with Vascular Resection for Pancreatic Cancer: Tips and Tricks

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-RAMPS) with vascular resection for pancreatic cancer has been rarely reported in the literature. Several critical steps are required to achieve a safe radical resection under laparoscopy while respecting oncologic principles of radicality.

METHODS

Prospectively collected data on a consecutive series of patients undergoing radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) were retrospectively reviewed for the purpose of this study. Patients were divided into two groups based on the surgical approach and the need for vascular resection, and data were compared. The surgical technique is reported in detail focusing on the different modalities of vascular resection.

RESULTS

Twenty-three patients (male/female ratio, 12/11; mean age, 73 years) underwent RAMPS between July 2014 and October 2018 at our institution. Of these, 17 had a laparoscopic approach and six a standard open approach. All patients in the open group underwent complex vascular reconstructions while four out of 17 (23.5%) underwent laparoscopic vascular resection. One patient in the laparoscopic approach required a vascular reconstruction with graft interposition, which combined the two approaches. There was no mortality, and the complication rate and the duration of surgery were comparable between the two groups.

CONCLUSION

L-RAMPS with vascular resection is feasible and safe in selected cases when performed by advanced pancreatic surgeons with experience in laparoscopic surgery.

Factors predicting survival in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer undergoing pancreatectomy with arterial resection

Pancreatectomy with arterial resection is a treatment option in selected patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. This study aimed to identify factors predicting cancer-specific survival in this patient population. A single-Institution prospective database was used. Pre-operative prognostic factors were identified and used to develop a prognostic score. Matching with pathologic parameters was used for internal validation. In a patient population with a median Ca 19.9 level of 19.8 U/mL(IQR: 7.1–77), cancer-specific survival was predicted by: metabolic deterioration of diabetes (OR = 0.22, p = 0.0012), platelet count (OR = 1.00; p = 0.0013), serum level of Ca 15.3 (OR = 1.01, p = 0.0018) and Ca 125 (OR = 1.02, p = 0.00000137), neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio (OR = 1.16; p = 0.00015), lymphocytes-to-monocytes ratio (OR = 0.88; p = 0.00233), platelets-to-lymphocytes ratio (OR = 0.99; p = 0.00118), and FOLFIRINOX neoadjuvant chemotherapy (OR = 0.57; p = 0.00144). A prognostic score was developed and three risk groups were identified. Harrell’s C-Index was 0.74. Median cancer-specific survival was 16.0 months (IQR: 12.3–28.2) for the high-risk group, 24.7 months (IQR: 17.6–33.4) for the intermediate-risk group, and 39.0 months (IQR: 22.7–NA) for the low-risk group (p = 0.0003). Matching the three risk groups against pathology parameters, N2 rate was 61.9, 42.1, and 23.8% (p = 0.04), median value of lymph-node ratio was 0.07 (IQR: 0.05–0.14), 0.04 (IQR:0.02–0.07), and 0.03 (IQR: 0.01–0.04) (p = 0.008), and mean value of logarithm odds of positive nodes was − 1.07 ± 0.5, − 1.3 ± 0.4, and − 1.4 ± 0.4 (p = 0.03), in the high-risk, intermediate-risk, and low-risk groups, respectively. An online calculator is available at www.survivalcalculator-lapdac-arterialresection.org. The prognostic factors identified in this study predict cancer-specific survival in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer and low Ca 19.9 levels undergoing pancreatectomy with arterial resection.

Outcomes of vascular resection associated with curative intent hepatectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

We aimed to investigate the impact of vascular resection (VR) on postoperative outcomes and survival of patients undergoing hepatectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of a multi-institutional series of 270 patients with resected ICC was carried out. Patients were divided into three groups: portal vein VR (PVR), inferior vena cava VR (CVR) and no VR (NVR). Univariate and multivariate analysis were applied to define the impact of VR on postoperative outcomes and survival.

RESULTS

Thirty-one patients (11.5%) underwent VR: 15 (5.6%) to PVR and 16 (5.9%) to CVR. R0 resection rates were 73.6% in NVR, 73.3% of PVR and 68.8% in CVR. The postoperative mortality rate was increased in VR groups: 2.5% in NVR, 6.7% in PVR and 12.5% in CVR. The 5-years overall survival (OS) rates progressively decreased from 38.4% in NVR, to 30.1% in CVR and to 22.2% in PVR, p = 0.030. However, multivariable analysis did not confirm an association between VR and prognosis. The following prognostic factors were identified: size ≥50 mm, patterns of distribution of hepatic nodules (single, satellites or multifocal), lymph-node metastases (N1) and R1 resections. In the VR group the 5-years OS rate in patients without lymph-node metastases undergoing R0 resection (VRR0N0) was 44.4%, while in N1 patients undergoing R1 resection was 20% (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Vascular resection (PVR and CVR) is associated with higher operative risk, but seems to be justified by the good survival results, especially in patients without other negative prognostic factors (R0N0 resections).

Tangential Venous Resections during Robotic-Assisted Pancreaticoduodenectomy: the Results of a Case Series (with Video)

INTRODUCTION

Despite the potential advantages in terms of microdissection and microsuturing capabilites, the robotic approach for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer is scarcely reported.

METHODS

We report our technique for a robotic-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy with tangential Portal/ Superior Mesenteric Vein resection/reconstruction (RPD PV/SMV).We also compared the surgical outcomes of eight consecutive patients undergoing RPD PV/SMV with that of sixty patients who underwent robotic-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) in the same period of time.

RESULTS

A total of eight consecutive patients underwent RPD PV/SMV. We observed an increased estimated blood loss (550 vs 280 mL, p = 0.003) and operative time (438 vs 350 min, p = 0.002) in the RPD PV/SMV group of patients compared with RPD group, whereas the complication rate (28% vs 31%, p = 0.726) was similar. No venous-congestion related complications were observed in the postoperative course. The median length of hospital stay was similar in the RPD group in comparison to that in the RPD PV/SMV group (10 vs 13 range 6-19 days, p = 0.313).

CONCLUSION

RPD PV/SMV is a challenging operation. It is associated with higher operative time and increased estimated blood loss in comparison to standard RPD.

Limb sparing surgery with vascular reconstruction for nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma in infants: A novel solution using allogenic vein graft from the parent

Surgery continues to remain an integral component of treatment, especially for nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma as compared to rhabdomyosarcoma owing to their general insensitivity to chemotherapy. A key determinant of outcomes, particularly for extremity tumors includes complete tumor resection with negative margins; however, a significant limitation for limb salvage surgery is the adherence of sarcomas to vital vascular structures. Hitherto, vascular involvement constituted an adequate reason for amputation. However, modern reconstructive techniques and availability of prosthetic grafts in addition to autologous venous grafts have rendered limb salvage surgery possible in a substantial majority of patients. Vascular resection and reconstruction for extremity soft tissue sarcoma in children have not been used routinely for reasons like the small-caliber of native vessels, limited options for conduits and rapid somatic growth. The situation is inconceivable in infants owing to the contemporaneous diminutive caliber of the vessels. We report two infants with lower extremity nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma who underwent limb salvage surgery with resection of femoral vessels following which vascular reconstruction was successfully performed using the great saphenous vein allograft harvested from the father.

Contralateral internal iliac artery transposition for retroperitoneal sarcoma involving common iliac artery

Complete resection for retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) involving major vessels frequently requires vascular resection and reconstruction. The use of artificial grafts often leads to postoperative vascular graft infection (VGI), which usually requires reoperation and sometimes leads to death. In the present study, the data of RPS patients who underwent contralateral iliac artery (IIA) transposition for reconstruction of the common iliac artery (CIA) after RPS resection from 2015-2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical, intraoperative, and postoperative outcomes were described. Contralateral IIA transposition was performed to reconstruct the CIA after segmental resection in three patients. All patients underwent concomitant organ resection. Colon resection was performed for all patients, nephrectomy was performed for two patients, and segmental resection of the left ureter with transurethral ureterostomy was performed for one patient. Complete resection was achieved in all patients, and microscopic tumor infiltration to the CIA was observed in all patients (tunica adventitia: 2, tunica media: 1). No major complications occurred during the hospital stay. During the follow-up period (6.0-29.1 months), one patient died from tumor recurrence, and the other two patients did not have any evidence of recurrence or metastatic disease at the latest follow-up. The level of lower limb function was favorable (MSTS93 scores: 28-30). The pelvic organ functions, including bowel, bladder, and sexual functions, were not impaired in any of the patients. This novel technique in which contralateral IIA transposition is performed to reconstruct the CIA after RPS resection is simple and reliable and may be a good alternative to artificial grafts.

Robot-assisted Cavectomy Versus Thrombectomy for Level II Inferior Vena Cava Thrombus: Decision-making Scheme and Multi-institutional Analysis

BACKGROUND

Robot-assisted thrombectomy (RAT) for inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus (RAT-IVCT) is being increasingly reported. However, the techniques and indications for robot-assisted cavectomy (RAC) for IVC thrombus are not well described.

OBJECTIVE

To develop a decision-making program and analyze multi-institutional outcomes of RAC-IVCT versus RAT-IVCT.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

Ninety patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with level II IVCT were included from eight Chinese urological centers, and underwent RAC-IVCT (30 patients) or RAT-IVCT (60 patients) from June 2013 to January 2019.

SURGICAL PROCEDURE

The surgical strategy was based on IVCT imaging characteristics. RAT-IVCT was performed with standardized cavotomy, thrombectomy, and IVC reconstruction. RAC-IVCT was mainly performed in patients with extensive IVC wall invasion when the collateral blood vessels were well-established. For right-sided RCC, the IVC from the infrarenal vein to the infrahepatic veins was stapled. For left-sided RCC, the IVC from the suprarenal vein to the infrahepatic veins was removed and caudal IVC reconstruction was performed to ensure the right renal vein returned through the IVC collaterals.

MEASUREMENTS

Clinicopathological, operative, and survival outcomes were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS

All procedures were successfully performed without open conversion. The median operation time (268 vs 190 min) and estimated blood loss (1500 vs 400 ml) were significantly greater for RAC-IVCT versus RAT-IVCT (both p < 0.001). IVC invasion was a risk factor for progression-free and overall survival at midterm follow-up. Large-volume and long-term follow-up studies are needed.

CONCLUSIONS

RAC-IVCT or RAT-IVCT represents an alternative minimally invasive approach for selected RCC patients with level II IVCT. Selection of RAC-IVCT or RAT-IVCT is mainly based on preoperative IVCT imaging characteristics, including the presence of IVC wall invasion, the affected kidney, and establishment of the collateral circulation.

PATIENT SUMMARY

In this study we found that robotic surgeries for level II inferior vena cava thrombus were feasible and safe. Preoperative imaging played an important role in establishing an appropriate surgical plan.

Surgical Considerations of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive malignancy of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Hilar lesions are most common. Patients present with obstructive jaundice and intrahepatic bile duct dilation. Cross-sectional imaging reveals local, regional, and distant extent of disease, with direct cholangiography providing tissue for diagnosis. The consensus of a multidisciplinary committee dictates treatment. Resection of the extrahepatic bile duct and ipsilateral hepatic lobe with or without vascular resection and transplantation after neoadjuvant protocol are options for curative treatment. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor with negative margins. Patients with inoperable tumors or metastatic disease are best served with palliative chemoradiotherapy.

The impact of extent of pancreatic and venous resection on survival for patients with pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer may require extended resections in order to achieve tumor-free margins, especially in the case of up-front resections, but it is important to know the limits of surgical therapy in this disease. This study aimed to investigate the impact of extent of pancreatic and venous resection on short- and long-term outcomes in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

METHODS

This was a retrospective study from a prospectively maintained database of pancreatic resections for PDAC. Short- and long-term outcomes were analyzed in patients having borderline resectable PDAC submitted to up-front total pancreatectomy (TP) or pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) with simultaneous portal vein (PV) and/or superior mesenteric vein (SMV) resection. Venous resections were carried out as tangential venous resection (TVR) or segmental venous resection (SVR). Patients were divided into 4 groups: (1) PD + TVR, (2) PD + SVR, (3) TP + TVR, (4) TP + SVR. Uni- and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with survival.

RESULTS

Ninety-nine patients were submitted to simultaneous pancreatic and venous resection for PDAC. Among them, 25 were submitted to PD + TVR (25.3%), 12 to PD + SVR (12.1%), 23 to TP + TVR (23.2%), and 39 to TP + SVR (39.4%). Overall, major morbidity (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ IIIA) was 26.3%. Thirty- and 90-day mortality were 3% and 11.1%, respectively. There were no significant differences among groups in terms of short-term outcomes. Median overall survival of patients submitted to PD + TVR was significantly higher than those to TP+SVR (29.5 vs 7.9 months, P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified TP (HR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.31-3.44; P = 0.002) and SVR (HR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.27-3.15; P = 0.003) as the only independent prognostic factors for overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Up-front TP associated to SVR was predictive of worse survival in borderline resectable PDAC. Perioperative treatments in high-risk surgical groups may improve such poor outcomes.

Body mass index as an independent risk factor for inferior vena cava resection during thrombectomy for venous tumor thrombus of renal cell carcinoma

Objective

To define preoperative clinical and radiographic risk factors for the need of inferior vena cava (IVC) resection in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and IVC tumor thrombus.

Methods

We reviewed data of 121 patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus receiving radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy at our institution between 2015 and 2017, and 86 patients with Mayo I–IV level tumor thrombus were included in the final analysis. Clinical features, operation details, and pathology data were collected. Preoperative images were reviewed separately by two radiologists. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate clinical and radiographic risk factors of IVC resection.

Results

Of the 86 patients, 44 (51.2%) received IVC resection during thrombectomy. In univariate analysis, we found that body mass index (BMI) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.22, P = 0.003), primary tumor diameter (OR = 0.84, P = 0.022), tumor thrombus width (OR = 1.08, P = 0.037), tumor thrombus level (OR = 1.57, P = 0.030), and IVC occlusion (OR = 2.67, P = 0.038) were associated with the need for resection of the IVC. After adjusting for the other factors, BMI (OR = 1.18, P = 0.019) was the only significant risk factor for IVC resection. Multivariable analysis in Mayo II–IV subgroups confirmed BMI as an independent risk factor (OR = 1.26, P = 0.024). A correlation between BMI and the width (Pearson’s correlation coefficient [PCC] = 0.27, P = 0.014) and length (PCC = 0.23, P = 0.037) of the tumor thrombus was noticed.

Conclusion

We identified BMI as an independent risk factor for IVC resection during thrombectomy of RCC with tumor thrombus in a Chinese population. More careful preoperative preparation for the IVC resection and/or reconstruction is warranted in patients with higher BMI.

Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy with segmental resection of superior mesenteric vein-splenic vein-portal vein confluence in pancreatic head cancer: can it be a standard procedure?

The feasibility of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) in the treatment of pancreatic cancer is still disputed. However, advances in surgical technique and accumulating experience have led to the use of LPD with combined vascular resection and reconstruction as a safe and feasible procedure, especially in pancreatic cancer with major vascular involvement. A 64-year-old woman presented with obstructive jaundice secondary to pancreatic head cancer. Contrast abdominopelvic computed tomography revealed a pancreatic head tumor measuring approximately 22 mm in diameter that was abutting the first jejunal branch of the superior mesenteric vein at an angle of <180°. The patient underwent LPD, which failed to resect the pancreatic head tumor invading the superior mesenteric vein. Consequently, segmental resection of the confluence of the superior mesenteric vein, splenic vein, and portal vein (SMV/SV/PV) was completely performed in laparoscopic approach without complication. The patient recovered without any event and was discharged on postoperative day 9. LPD combined with vascular resection and reconstruction is feasible in cases involving major blood vessels. Further surgical expertise and education are required before LPD can be used as a standard procedure.

Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy with major venous resection and reconstruction: anterior superior mesenteric artery first approach

BACKGROUND

The en bloc resection of the superior mesenteric or portal vein with concomitant venous reconstruction may be required in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. However, performing laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) with major venous resection and reconstruction is technically challenging. Herein, we introduced a safe and feasible technique to perform LPD with major venous resection.

METHODS

Over the period of November 2015 to November 2016, 18 patients underwent laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy with major venous resection and reconstruction using the anterior superior mesenteric artery (SMA)-first approach at our institution. Demographic characteristics, intraoperative and postoperative variables, and follow-up outcomes were prospectively collected.

RESULTS

Eighteen male and ten female patients were included in this study. The median age of the patients was 58 years (range 49-76 years). Eight cases of wage resections, six cases of end-to-end anastomosis, and four cases of artificial grafts were performed in our series. Only one patient (5.6%) required conversion because of uncontrolled bleeding from the splenic vein. The average operative time was 448 min (range 420-570 min). The mean time for blood occlusion was 32 min, including 17 min for wage resections, 28 min for end-to-end anastomosis, and 48 min for artificial grafts. Thirty-day mortality was not observed in our series. The median postoperative hospital stay was 13 days (range 9-18 days). Three patients suffered from pancreatic fistula (Grade A), and one suffered from abdominal bleeding after subcutaneous injection with low-molecular heparin. In this case, abdominal bleeding was stopped through conservative therapies.

CONCLUSION

Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy with major venous resection and reconstruction can be safely and feasibly performed. The anterior SMA-first approach can facilitate this procedure and decrease operative time and blood occlusion duration.

Feasibility of portal or superior mesenteric vein resection and reconstruction by allogeneic vein for pancreatic head cancer-a case-control study

BACKGROUND

There are few reports about resection of portal vein (PV)/superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and reconstruction by using allogeneic vein. This case-control study was designed to explore the feasibility and safety of this operation type in patients with T3 stage pancreatic head cancer.

METHODS

A total of 42 patients (Group A) underwent PV/SMV resection and reconstruction by using allogeneic vein were 1:1 matched to 42 controls (Group B) with other types of resection and reconstruction. The two groups were well matched.

RESULTS

There was no significantly prolonged total operation time (Group A vs. Group B [490.0 min vs. 470 min], P = 0.067) and increased intraoperative blood loss (Group A vs. Group B [650.0 min vs. 450 min], P = 0.108) was found between the two groups. R1 rate of PV/SMV was slightly reduced in group A compared to group B (4.8% vs. 14.3%, P = 0.137), although no significant difference was found. The incidences of main postoperative complications between the two groups were similar. A slightly increased 1-year and 2-year overall survival rate (OS) (Group A vs. Group B [1-year OS: 62.9% vs. 57.0%; 2-year OS: 31.5% vs. 25.6%], P = 0.501) and disease-free survival rate (DFS) (Group A vs. Group B [1-year DFS: 43.9% vs. 36.6%; 2-year DFS: 10.5% vs. 7.4%], P = 0.502) could be found in group A compared to group B, although the differences were not significant.

CONCLUSIONS

The operation types of PV/SMV resection and reconstruction by using allogeneic vein is safety and feasible, it might have a potential benefit for patients.

Resectability and Vascular Management of Retroperitoneal Gynecological Malignancies: A Large Single-institution Case-Series

BACKGROUND/AIM

To report on morbidity and oncological outcomes in a consecutive series of gynecological malignancies involving the vascular district.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated a consecutive series between 1/2015 and 1/2017 with suspicious gynecological malignancies involving the vascular district. Peri-operative data and survival rates were computed.

RESULTS

Eight-hundred-four women with gynecological malignancies were admitted for major oncologic surgery during the study period, and among them, 50 cases (6.2%) showed vascular involvement. Twenty-seven and 23 patients were submitted to minor and major vascular procedures, respectively. R0 resection was achieved in 44 patients. There were no perioperative mortalities. Major postoperative complications occurred in 6 patients (12.0%). The 2-year disease free survival (DFS) was 67% if R0 resection was achieved. In patients with positive pathological margins (n=2), the 2-year DFS was 33%.

CONCLUSION

Vascular procedures can be safely performed with a proper pre-operative planning and may not be an impediment to major gynecological oncological surgery.

Short-Term Outcomes of Extended Pancreatectomy: A Single-Surgeon Experience

Background/Aims

The International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery recently published a consensus statement on the definition of extended pancreatectomy (EP). We aimed to determine the safety profile and short-term outcomes of EP compared to standard pancreatectomy (SP). To mitigate surgeon bias, only pancreatectomies performed by a single surgeon were included.

Methods

Ninety consecutive patients who underwent pancreatectomy by a single surgeon over a period of 5 years and who met our study criteria were classified into an SP or an EP group. Sixty-two patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), including total pancreatectomy, and 28 patients underwent distal pancreatectomy.

Results

The 25 patients who underwent EP had significantly increased operation time, estimated blood loss, postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) transfer, and postoperative stay compared to the 65 patients who underwent SP. There was 1 (1.1%) 30-day mortality and 4 (4.4%) in-hospital mortalities. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were similar between both groups. Subgroup analysis of the patients who underwent PD demonstrated that the EP group (n = 22) had significantly increased operation time and postoperative ICU transfers.

Conclusion

Although patients who underwent EP experienced significantly increased operative time, blood loss, and postoperative stay, they did not experience significantly higher postoperative morbidity or mortality compared to patients who underwent SP.

Total pancreatoduodenectomy en bloc with superior mesenteric artery and vein resection after gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel neoadjuvancy

BACKGROUND

Pancreatectomy for locally advanced adenocarcinoma affecting the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is still under discussion [1]. However, in selected cases, in light of the advancement of recent neoadjuvant treatments, it must be taken into account [2,3]. This video demonstrates some of the technical aspects of SMA and SMV resection as well as some tips of vascular reconstruction.

METHODS

A 48-year-old man with a large adenocarcinoma of the uncinated process affecting the SMA and SMV underwent 3 cycles of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel neoadjuvancy. Post chemotherapy studies showed no disease progression with a normalization of CA 19.9 and SUV of FDG PET CT scan and a downsizing of the tumor, as well. Therefore, an en bloc total spleno-pancreato-duodenectomy with resection of SMA and SMV was planned.

RESULTS

Through a bilateral subcostal incision, an "arterial first approach" [3] was performed. Considering the large length of the vascular resection, the replacement of the resected SMA and SMV was performed using two PTFE grafts, as showed in the video. Postoperative pathology showed margins free from disease with an important pathological response (grade 2 of Ryan classification adapted from rectal cancer) [4]. The post-operative course was uneventful and the patient is still free from disease at 31 months from surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

This case is part of a large experience our group have acquired since we started neoadjuvancy in 2010. In our experience, we gathered 25 cases of locally advanced pancreatic tumors, of which 12 underwent to pancreatic resection after good response to the neoadjuvant treatment. In 5 of them concomitant SMA and SMV resection was required and post-operative mortality occurred in 1 of them. Morbidities and mortalities are higher compared with standard pancreatectomies, specially related to the vascular reconstruction (bleeding, graft thrombosis) [5]. However, in some circumstances like young age, great radiological and biological response to neoadjuvancy (such as the case herein presented), surgery might be considered the best option of care providing the only possibility to increase survival for these types of locally advanced tumors. However, further studies are needed to know which patients might benefit from this approach. En bloc total spleno-pancreato-duodenectomy with resection of SMA and SMV might be considered as an effective procedure in selected cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma with good response to preoperative treatment.

Extended Pancreatectomy: Does It Have a Role in the Contemporary Management of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma?

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer is a low-incident but highly mortal disease. Surgery is still the preferred treatment option for resectable pancreatic cancer as it offers the only realistic chance for cure. As many patients present with locally advanced disease, which is generally considered as not amenable to surgical treatment, it is important to know the limits of surgical therapy in this disease.

METHODS

In this review, the indication and outcomes of extended pancreatectomies as well as the alternative treatment options for locally advanced pancreatic cancer are described. Furthermore, controversies as well as ongoing and future directions for the treatment options of locally advanced pancreatic cancer are discussed.

RESULTS

Extended pancreatectomy can be performed with higher morbidity and mortality rates in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer compared to patients undergoing formal pancreatic resections. These procedures offer significant advantages with respect to both perioperative results and to long-term outcome when compared to chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION

Due to the higher morbidity and mortality rates, these operations should be limited to specialist units with great experience in pancreatic surgery as well as experience in peri- and post-operative management of patients with pancreatic diseases.

A 10 year retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is the only chance of cure for periampullary cancers. This study aims to evaluate survival and complication rates for PD with additional vascular resection performed for local vascular involvement and compare to standard PD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective cohort analysis of a departmental hepato-pancreatobiliary database from 2004 to 2014 was performed. All patients (n = 92) who underwent PD without vascular resection (n = 72), with venous resection (n = 16), with both arterial and venous resection (n = 4) were included in the study. Patients who received palliative double bypass (n = 6) were also included for survival analysis. Survival and post-operative complications were assessed.

RESULTS

Median survival for standard PD and PD with venous resection was 21 months and 18 months respectively (P = 0.588). Patients who received PD with venous and arterial resection had a median survival of 7 months, significantly less than standard PD (P = 0.044). Median survival in the palliative bypass group was 4 months, comparable to PD with venous and arterial resection (P = 0.191). There was a significant survival advantage in patients who received an R0 resection (median survival 24 months) compared to those who received an R1 resection (median survival 18 months) (P < 0.02). Patients with a lymph node ratio <0.2 had a median survival of 25 months, which was significantly higher than that of patients who had a lymph node ratio ≥0.2 (9 months) (P < 0.005).

CONCLUSION

PD with venous resection has similar survival to standard PD with no increased risk of procedure specific post-operative complications. On the other hand, PD with venous resection and additional arterial resection has no survival benefit and may be a step too far in our experience.

Surgical treatment of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: early results of en bloc portal vein resection

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to analyse the safety, feasibility and survival outcomes of our treatment of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC) since the introduction of more aggressive approaches (en bloc, vascular and extended liver resections) in 2007.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From July 2007 to December 2014, 32 consecutive patients with PHC underwent surgery with curative intent. Surgery with resection and reconstruction of the portal vein bifurcation and right hepatic artery was performed if necessary for a complete removal of the tumour. Perioperative data and postoperative histological findings, tumour recurrence rates and survival rates were recorded. Seventeen (53%) of the patients presented with stage IIIb or IV according to the UICC classification system.

RESULTS

The 5-year survival rate in our series was 45%, and this percentage increased to 65% when patients with advanced stage cancer (stage IIIb or higher) were excluded. We performed 3 arterials and 23 portal vein reconstruction. Twelve patients underwent extended hemihepatectomy. We achieved cancer-free margins in 19 patients (60%). Tumour stage and nodal involvement were the most important prognostic factors. The perioperative morbidity and mortality rates of this cohort were 72% (23) and 15.6% (5), respectively; these results were similar to data published by other groups.

CONCLUSIONS

An aggressive approach involving en bloc or extended liver resection combined with vascular reconstruction provides acceptable morbidity and mortality and increases the 5-year survival rate of PHC.

[Vascular reconstruction in hepatic surgery]

BACKGROUND

Due to their size or location liver tumors can infiltrate important vascular structures, which are essential for postoperative liver function.

OBJECTIVE

To present the technical possibilities and results of current concepts of vascular resection and reconstruction in liver surgery.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A literature search of the Medline and Cochrane databases was performed regarding currently available studies on vascular resection and reconstruction in liver surgery.

RESULTS

Portal vein resections are routinely performed by many institutions and can be performed as an end-to-end anastomosis or graft interposition. This is the basis of the en bloc resection concept, especially for Klatskin tumors. Reconstruction of the inferior vena cava as well as the hepatic arteries is technically feasible and is increasingly being reported in smaller series. In particular, the resection of tumors near the hepatic veins may require total vascular exclusion for complete interruption of liver perfusion, which enables resection in the non-perfused liver and by this reduced blood loss. Furthermore, in situ cooling, ante situm and ex situ resections increase both technical resectability and the ischemic tolerance of the liver to more than 60 min. The majority of vascular reconstructions can be performed without a significant increase in morbidity; however, vascular tumor infiltration is associated with impaired long-term survival.

CONCLUSION

Based on the experience of transplantation surgery concepts for vascular reconstruction can be safely applied to liver surgery. These concepts contribute to increasing the resectability of liver tumors. Due to the often impaired prognosis of vascular tumor infiltration, the use of these concepts should be individually assessed by weighing the prognosis against the morbidity.

Techniques of Vascular Resection and Reconstruction in Pancreatic Cancer

Multimodality therapy has become the standard approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. With improved response rates to newer chemotherapeutic agents, tumors that used to be considered unresectable are now being considered for operation. Neoadjuvant therapy for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer is considered standard of care and venous resection/reconstruction is no longer controversial. Arterial resection and reconstruction in select patients has also proven to be safe when done in highly specialized centers by high-volume surgeons. This article reviews indications for, and technical aspects of, vascular resection/reconstruction and shunting procedures during pancreatectomy, including critical elements of perioperative care.

Cattell-Braasch maneuver combined with local hypothermia during superior mesenteric artery resection in pancreatectomy

Background

The recent development of new neo-adjuvant treatment regimens associated with a higher success rate of down-staging has increased the interest of pancreatic surgeons on the role of extended surgery for patients affected by locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Pancreatectomy together with resection of the portal/superior mesenteric vein is considered nowadays standard of care for patients affected by pancreatic cancer. However, the resection of major abdominal arteries is still debatable. In particular, the short- and long-term results after resection of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) remain controversial and only few cases have been described in literature. The present paper describes a new, quick, and easy technique for resection of the SMA.

Clinical case

A 71-year-old patient affected by IPMN cancer with infiltration of the SMA received FOLFIRINOX-based neo-adjuvant treatment. After 4 months of treatment, the patient underwent total pancreatectomy with en bloc resection of the SMA and direct end-to-end anastomosis. The vascular resection was performed combining a complete Cattell-Braasch maneuver with local bowel hypothermia in an attempt to avoid graft interposition by facilitating an end-to-end anastomosis and to reduce the warm ischemia time. The post-operative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged 8 days post-operatively.

Locally advanced pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma: pancreatectomy with planned arterial resection based on axial arterial encasement

Pancreatectomy with arterial resection for locally advanced pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDA) is associated with high morbidity and is thus considered as a contraindication. The aim of our study was to report our experience of pancreatectomy with planned arterial resection for locally advanced PDA based on specific selection criteria.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

All patients receiving pancreatectomy for PDA between October 2008 and July 2014 were reviewed. The patients were classified into group 1, pancreatectomy without vascular resection (66 patients); group 2, pancreatectomy with isolated venous resection (31 patients), and group 3, pancreatectomy with arterial resection for locally advanced PDA (14 patients). The primary selection criteria for arterial resection was the possibility of achieving a complete resection based on the extent of axial encasement, the absence of tumor invasion at the origin of celiac trunk (CT) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and a free distal arterial segment allowing reconstruction. Patient outcomes and survival were analyzed.

RESULTS

Six SMA, two CT, four common hepatic artery, and two replaced right hepatic artery resections were undertaken. The preferred arterial reconstruction was splenic artery transposition. Group 3 had a higher preoperative weight loss, a longer operative time, and a higher incidence of intraoperative blood transfusion. Ninety-day mortality occurred in three patients in groups 1 and 2. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence, grade, and type of complications in the three groups. Postoperative pancreatic fistula and postpancreatectomy hemorrhage were also comparable. In group 3, none had arterial wall invasion and nine patients had recurrence (seven metastatic and two loco-regional). Survival and disease-free survival were comparable between groups.

CONCLUSION

Planned arterial resection for PDA can be performed safely with a good outcome in highly selected patients. Key elements for defining the resectability is based on the extent of the axial arterial encasement with two criteria: the origin of the CT and SMA are free from tumor invasion and the possibility of distal reconstruction.

Outcomes of Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Are Combined Procedures Justified?

Efficacy and outcomes of resection for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) are well established; specific data on outcomes for pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), either alone or with combined procedures, are limited. A retrospective review of PDs for pNET (1998-2014) at our institution was conducted. Patients were categorized into standard PD (SPD) alone or combined PD (CPD) defined as patients undergoing concurrent vascular reconstruction or additional organ resection for curative intent. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed. PD for pNET was performed for 95 patients. Tumors were functional in 11 patients (9 %). Twenty-six patients (28 %) underwent CPD. The 30/90-day mortality was 1.1/5.3 % respectively and similar between SPD and CPD (p = 0.61/p = 0.24). Five-year overall survival after PD for pNET was 85.1/71.9 % and similar between SPD/CPD groups (p = 0.17). Recurrence-free and overall survival for low-grade tumors was 74.7/93.9 % at 5 years compared to only 14.8/49.7 % for high-grade tumors (p < 0.001) and not predicted by extent of resection (SPD/CPD, respectively). PD with or without concurrent resection provides an acceptable, perioperative and long-term oncologic, outcome for pNET. CPD is justified treatment modality, particularly for patients with low-grade tumors. The need for combinatorial procedures during PD is not contraindication alone for otherwise resectable patients with pNET.

[Vascular resection and reconstruction techniques in pancreatic surgery]

BACKGROUND

Vascular resection interventions and the associated necessity of a reconstruction for maintenance particularly of hepatic and small intestinal perfusion are important aspects especially for the surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer. An R0 resection is the only curative treatment option for patients with pancreatic cancer. Venous or arterial vascular infiltration by the tumor and the associated resection and reconstruction for complete tumor removal and establishment of a sufficient perfusion of the dependent organs represents one of the greatest challenges in pancreatic surgery. In addition the oncological significance with respect to arterial vascular resections is controversial.

OBJECTIVE

In this review article the indications and technical aspects of vascular resection and reconstruction in the therapy of pancreatic cancer are presented and discussed based on the current literature.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A systematic search of Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library was carried out to identify studies reporting the results of venous or arterial vascular resection techniques, postoperative morbidity, mortality and patient survival after surgery for pancreatic cancer. Results Pancreatic cancer with vascular infiltration should not principally be seen as non-resectable but must always be checked for the possibility of a curative resection. A decisive factor is the differentiation between venous and arterial vascular involvement. Various safe technical options are available for venous vascular resection, depending on the extent of tumor infiltration. Arterial vascular resections are associated with an increased morbidity and mortality. In selected patients a complete tumor resection and prolonged survival can be achieved by arterial vascular resection.

Cattell-Braasch Maneuver Combined with Artery-First Approach for Superior Mesenteric-Portal Vein Resection During Pancreatectomy

Pancreatectomy associated with superior mesenteric-portal vein (SMPV) resection is currently considered the standard of care for patients with pancreatic tumors involving the major peripancreatic veins. However, a standard approach for resection and reconstruction is not defined yet. The aim of this study is to analyze the feasibility and short-term results of an original Cattell-Braasch artery-first approach (CBAF) for the resection of SMPV during pancreatectomy. Of 144 pancreatectomies with vascular resection undertaken from 2008 to 2013 at Karolinska University Hospital, 45 (31.2 %) were performed combining a Cattell-Braasch maneuver with an artery-first approach (from 2011 to 2013). The mean patient age was 65.2 years. Thirty-seven (82.2 %) patients underwent pancreatoduodenectomy and 8 (17.8 %) total pancreatectomy. Histology showed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in 42 patients (93.3 %). The median length of the resected SMPV segment was 4.6 cm (range 3-7). In all patients, a direct end-to-end anastomosis was performed without graft interposition. In nine cases (20 %), an arterial resection was also performed. There was no mortality in this series, and the morbidity rate was 35.5 %. Combined CBAF for the resection of SMPV during pancreatectomy seems to be safe and effective. The reconstruction of the resected vessels is possible in many cases without graft interposition, even if the resected vein segment is of considerable length.

Vascular Resection in Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors and represents the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths. It is associated with a poor prognosis, likely due to the tendency of the tumor for early local and distant spread. One of the major obstacles of effectively treating PDAC is the often late diagnosis. Among all options currently available for PDAC, surgical resection offers the only potential cure with 5-year survival rate of approximately 15-20 %. However, in the absence of metastatic disease, which precludes resection, assessment of vascular invasion is an important parameter for determining resectability for pancreatic cancer. The vascular involvement in patients with pancreatic carcinoma ranges between 21 and 64 %. Historically, vascular involvement has been considered a contraindication to resective cure. Meanwhile, the surgical approach of pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) combined with vascular resection and reconstruction has been widely applied in clinical practice to remove the tumor completely. Therefore, vascular invasion is no longer a surgical contraindication and the rate of surgical resection has greatly increased. Moreover, PD combined with vascular resection can account for 20 to 25 % of the total cases of PD surgery in a number of the larger pancreas treatment centers. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of management and outcome of vascular resection in PDAC surgery.

Improving outcomes in pancreatic cancer: Key points in perioperative management

This review focused in the perioperative management of patients with pancreatic cancer in order to improve the outcome of the disease. We consider that the most controversial points in pancreatic cancer management are jaundice management, vascular resection and neo-adjuvant therapy. Preoperative biliary drainage is recommended only in patients with severe jaundice, as it can lead to infectious cholangitis, pancreatitis and delay in resection, which can lead to tumor progression. The development of a phase III clinical trial is mandatory to clarify the role of neo-adjuvant radiochemotherapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Venous resection does not adversely affect postoperative mortality and morbidity, therefore, the need for venous resection should not be a contraindication to surgical resection in selected patients. The data on arterial resection alone, or combined with vascular resection at the time of pancreatectomy are more heterogeneous, thus, patient age and comorbidity should be evaluated before a decision on operability is made. In patients undergoing R0 resection, arterial resection can also be performed.

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Optimal treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma depends on location of the cancer and extent of biliary and vascular involvement. Candidates for resection or transplantation must be evaluated and managed by a multidisciplinary team at a high-volume hepatobiliary center. Success requires absence of distant nodal or extrahepatic metastases and an adequate functional liver remnant with a negative ductal margin. Ipsilateral portal vein resection and reconstruction should be performed in patients with venous involvement. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation and liver transplantation is the best treatment option for patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma without nodal or distant metastases and for patients with underlying chronic liver disease.

Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: Definitions and management

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. While surgical resection remains the only curative option, more than 80% of patients present with unresectable disease. Unfortunately, even among those who undergo resection, the reported median survival is 15-23 mo, with a 5-year survival of approximately 20%. Disappointingly, over the past several decades, despite improvements in diagnostic imaging, surgical technique and chemotherapeutic options, only modest improvements in survival have been realized. Nevertheless, it remains clear that surgical resection is a prerequisite for achieving long-term survival and cure. There is now emerging consensus that a subgroup of patients, previously considered poor candidates for resection because of the relationship of their primary tumor to surrounding vasculature, may benefit from resection, particularly when preceded by neoadjuvant therapy. This stage of disease, termed borderline resectable pancreatic cancer, has become of increasing interest and is now the focus of a multi-institutional clinical trial. Here we outline the history, progress, current treatment recommendations, and future directions for research in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer.

Surgical technique of hepatectomy combined with simultaneous resection of hepatic artery and portal vein for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (with video)

Perihilar cholangiocarcinomas often involve the bifurcation of the portal vein and the hepatic artery at initial presentation. Previously, vascular invasion was a major obstacle for R0 resection; therefore, such tumors were regarded as locally advanced, unresectable disease. Recently, in leading centers, these tumors have been resected using a specific technique, vascular resection and reconstruction. Vascular resection is classified into three types: portal vein resection alone, hepatic artery resection alone, and simultaneous resection of both the portal vein and hepatic artery. Of these, portal vein resection is widely performed, whereas hepatic artery resection remains controversial. Therefore, hepatectomy combined with simultaneous resection of the portal vein and hepatic artery represents one of the most complicated and challenging procedures in hepatobiliary surgery. The survival benefit of this extended procedure remains unproven, and there is only a single study reporting an unexpectedly favorable outcome in 50 patients. Considering the dismal survival in patients with unresectable disease, hepatic artery resection and/or portal vein resection may be a promising option of choice. However, the technique is highly demanding and has not been standardized. Therefore, this extended surgery may be allowed only in selected hepatobiliary centers.

Vascular resection during radical resection of pancreatic adenocarcinomas: evolution over the past 15 years

This literature review aimed to critically analyze oncological results of vascular resection during pancreatectomy for adenocarcinoma in the light of the concept evolution of locally advanced tumors and microscopic complete resection. The literature search was conducted in PubMed and Medline for the period June 1994 to December 2012, retaining English as the language of publication. The review of 12 publications indicated that mortality and morbidity rates were not significantly different for pancreatectomy with or without venous resection (VR). Six comparative studies showed worse long-term survival in the VR group, though one meta-analysis, albeit with a significant population heterogeneity, demonstrated that the overall survival between VR and the control group was similar (12% vs. 17%). The compilation of 13 comparative studies showed a significantly lower rate of complete microscopic resection in the VR patient group compared to controls (63% vs. 77%; P = 0.001). Concerning pancreatectomy combined to arterial resection, the literature review indicated a significantly greater mortality and morbidity rate and a lower survival rate compared to pancreatic resection alone. Conflicting results concerning the long-term outcome of VR was due to the heterogeneity of the patient population. Since the only chance to cure patients of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is to obtain free resection margins, VR is a valid therapeutic option. But combined arterial resection to pancreatic resection does not appear to be recommended.

Vascular resection in pancreatic adenocarcinoma with portal or superior mesenteric vein invasion

AIM: To evaluate long-term survival after the Whipple operation with superior mesenteric vein/portal vein resection (SMV/PVR) in relation to resection length.

METHODS: We evaluated 118 patients who underwent the Whipple operation for pancreatic adenocarcinoma at our Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery between 2005 and 2010. Fifty-eight of these patients were diagnosed with microscopic PV/SMV invasion by frozen-section examination and underwent SMV/PVR. In 28 patients, the length of SMV/PVR was ≤ 3 cm. In the other 30 patients, the length of SMV/PVR was > 3 cm. Clinical and survival data were analyzed.

RESULTS: SMV/PVR was performed successfully in 58 patients. There was a significant difference between the two groups (SMV/PVR ≤ 3 cm and SMV/PVR > 3 cm) in terms of the mean survival time (18 mo vs 11 mo) and the overall 1- and 3-year survival rates (67.9% and 14.3% vs 41.3% and 5.7%, P < 0.02). However, there was no significant difference in age (64 years vs 58 years, P = 0.06), operative time (435 min vs 477 min, P = 0.063), blood loss (300 mL vs 383 mL, P = 0.071) and transfusion volume (85.7 mL vs 166.7 mL, P = 0.084) between the two groups.

CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent the Whipple operation with SMV/PVR ≤ 3 cm had better long-term survival than those with > 3 cm resection.