1
|
Nualart F, Mack L, García A, Cisternas P, Bongarzone ER, Heitzer M, Jara N, Martínez F, Ferrada L, Espinoza F, Baeza V, Salazar K. Vitamin C Transporters, Recycling and the Bystander Effect in the Nervous System: SVCT2 versus Gluts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:209. [PMID: 25110615 PMCID: PMC4126260 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.1000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient in the human diet; its deficiency leads to a number of symptoms and ultimately death. After entry into cells within the central nervous system (CNS) through sodium vitamin C transporters (SVCTs) and facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), vitamin C functions as a neuromodulator, enzymatic cofactor, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger; it also stimulates differentiation. In this review, we will compare the molecular and structural aspects of vitamin C and glucose transporters and their expression in endothelial or choroid plexus cells, which form part of the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, respectively. Additionally, we will describe SVCT and GLUT expression in different cells of the brain as well as SVCT2 distribution in tanycytes and astrocytes of the hypothalamic region. Finally, we will describe vitamin C recycling in the brain, which is mediated by a metabolic interaction between astrocytes and neurons, and the role of the "bystander effect" in the recycling mechanism of vitamin C in both normal and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Nualart
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Lauren Mack
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Andrea García
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, USA
| | - Marjet Heitzer
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Nery Jara
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Luciano Ferrada
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Francisca Espinoza
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Victor Baeza
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Katterine Salazar
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| |
Collapse
|