1
|
Tritsch T, Lin S, Pough A, Schwartz G, Shoja MM. Typical brachial plexus: the legacy of a forgotten anatomist, Abram T. Kerr (1873-1938). Childs Nerv Syst 2024; 40:1319-1324. [PMID: 38070012 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The brachial plexus, a complex network of nerves responsible for innervating the upper limb, exhibits remarkable anatomical variations. This editorial explores the composite drawing of a "typical" brachial plexus portrayed by Abram T. Kerr in 1918. This composite drawing of the typical brachial plexus stands as a critical contribution to the field of anatomy and surgery, and encapsulates the most prevalent patterns of formation, branching, and origins within the brachial plexus, offering a statistical map of its common variants. Kerr portrays the typical brachial plexus as a foundational resource for anatomists and medical professionals seeking to navigate the intricate landscape of this neural structure. It serves as a hypothetical model, reflecting the common arrangement of trunks, cords, and branches, shedding light on the typical composition of the plexus observed in most individuals. Beyond being a visual representation, the 'typical' brachial plexus provides a bridge between theoretical knowledge and practical applications, aiding in the identification of variations and deviations in surgical contexts. This composite drawing enhances our comprehension of the intricate and ever-evolving anatomy of the brachial plexus, reinforcing its role as a fundamental reference point for anatomical studies and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Tritsch
- Department of Medical Education, Dr. Kiran C. Patel, College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), #3321B, HPD Library/Lab Building, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328-2018, USA
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Medical Education, Dr. Kiran C. Patel, College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), #3321B, HPD Library/Lab Building, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328-2018, USA
| | - Autumn Pough
- Department of Medical Education, Dr. Kiran C. Patel, College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), #3321B, HPD Library/Lab Building, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328-2018, USA
| | - Gary Schwartz
- Department of Medical Education, Dr. Kiran C. Patel, College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), #3321B, HPD Library/Lab Building, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328-2018, USA
| | - Mohammadali M Shoja
- Department of Medical Education, Dr. Kiran C. Patel, College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), #3321B, HPD Library/Lab Building, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328-2018, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu Q, Huang S, Zhang T, Song J, Dong M, Qian Y, Teng J, Wang T, He C, Shen Y. Age-related differences in long-term potentiation-like plasticity and short-latency afferent inhibition and their association with cognitive function. Gen Psychiatr 2024; 37:e101181. [PMID: 38390239 PMCID: PMC10882289 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2023-101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The neurophysiological differences in cortical plasticity and cholinergic system function due to ageing and their correlation with cognitive function remain poorly understood. Aims To reveal the differences in long-term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity and short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) between older and younger individuals, alongside their correlation with cognitive function using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Methods The cross-sectional study involved 31 younger adults aged 18-30 and 46 older adults aged 60-80. All participants underwent comprehensive cognitive assessments and a neurophysiological evaluation based on TMS. Cognitive function assessments included evaluations of global cognitive function, language, memory and executive function. The neurophysiological assessment included LTP-like plasticity and SAI. Results The findings of this study revealed a decline in LTP among the older adults compared with the younger adults (wald χ2=3.98, p=0.046). Subgroup analysis further demonstrated a significant reduction in SAI level among individuals aged 70-80 years in comparison to both the younger adults (SAI(N20): (t=-3.37, p=0.018); SAI(N20+4): (t=-3.13, p=0.038)) and those aged 60-70 (SAI(N20): (t=-3.26, p=0.025); SAI(N20+4): (t=-3.69, p=0.006)). Conversely, there was no notable difference in SAI level between those aged 60-70 years and the younger group. Furthermore, after employing the Bonferroni correction, the correlation analysis revealed that only the positive correlation between LTP-like plasticity and language function (r=0.61, p<0.001) in the younger group remained statistically significant. Conclusions During the normal ageing process, a decline in synaptic plasticity may precede cholinergic system dysfunction. In individuals over 60 years of age, there is a reduction in LTP-like plasticity, while a decline in cholinergic system function is observed in those over 70. Thus, the cholinergic system may play a vital role in preventing cognitive decline during normal ageing. In younger individuals, LTP-like plasticity might represent a potential neurophysiological marker for language function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sisi Huang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Song
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manyu Dong
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yilun Qian
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Teng
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kose H, Karali Z, Bodur M, Cekic S, Kilic SS. Neurological involvement in patients with primary immunodeficiency. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2024; 52:85-92. [PMID: 38186198 DOI: 10.15586/aei.v52i1.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are defined by recurrent infections, allergies, autoimmunity, and malignancies. Neurologic symptoms are one of the major components of some immunodeficiency syndromes, such as Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT), Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS), and Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency, which are considered as the primary involvement. Various pathological mechanisms, DNA repair disorders, metabolic abnormalities, and autoimmune phenomena have also been linked with neurological conditions. MATERIALS AND METHOD We retrospectively assessed the neurological involvement in 108 patients out of 6000 with PID in this study. RESULTS The female/male ratio of the cases was 49/59, and the median age was 13 years (min = 1; max = 60). Neurological problems were detected at a median age of 7 years (min = 0.5; max = 30). Di George Syndrome (DGS) and CVID (common variable immunodeficiency) were the most common diseases in our cohort (n = 31, 30% and n = 30, 27%, respectively). The most frequent outcomes were cognitive delay (n = 63, 58%), epilepsy (n = 25, 23%), and ataxia (n = 20, 18%). Central nervous system involvement was found in 99% of the patients (n = 107), and peripheral nervous system complication was found in only one patient with CVID and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CDIP). Cranial MRI was found to be abnormal in 74% (n = 80) of the patients. MRI findings included cerebellar atrophy (n = 33, 34%), white matter lesion (n = 27, 28.4%), cerebral atrophy (n = 21, 22.3%), gray matter lesion (n = 6, 6.3%), hydrocephalus (n = 5, 5,3%), and pituitary gland lesion (n = 3, 3.2%), intracranial hemorrhage (n = 3, 3%), intracranial vasculitis (n = 3, 2.7%), and arterio-venous malformation (n = 1, 0,9%). Primary involvement (a component of the disease) was 60% (n = 65), and secondary (infection or autoimmunity) and tertiary involvements (structural or incidental lesions) contributed 20% (n = 20) each in the patients. CONCLUSION In this study, we describe the various neurologic findings of patients with PID. The neurologic presentation may represent the initial manifestation of certain types of PID. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent or reduce further neurologic damages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Kose
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Bursa Uludag University, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Karali
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Bursa Uludag University, Turkey
| | - Muhittin Bodur
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Bursa Uludag University, Turkey
| | - Sukru Cekic
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Bursa Uludag University, Turkey
| | - Sara Sebnem Kilic
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Bursa Uludag University, Turkey;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bich L. Integrating Multicellular Systems: Physiological Control and Degrees of Biological Individuality. Acta Biotheor 2023; 72:1. [PMID: 38151680 PMCID: PMC10752842 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-023-09476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on physiological integration in multicellular systems, a notion often associated with biological individuality, but which has not received enough attention and needs a thorough theoretical treatment. Broadly speaking, physiological integration consists in how different components come together into a cohesive unit in which they are dependent on one another for their existence and activity. This paper argues that physiological integration can be understood by considering how the components of a biological multicellular system are controlled and coordinated in such a way that their activities can contribute to the maintenance of the system. The main implication of this perspective is that different ways of controlling their parts may give rise to multicellular organizations with different degrees of integration. After defining control, this paper analyses how control is realized in two examples of multicellular systems located at different ends of the spectrum of multicellularity: biofilms and animals. It focuses on differences in control ranges, and it argues that a high degree of integration implies control exerted at both medium and long ranges, and that insofar as biofilms lack long-range control (relative to their size) they can be considered as less integrated than other multicellular systems. It then discusses the implication of this account for the debate on physiological individuality and the idea that degrees of physiological integration imply degrees of individuality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bich
- Department of Philosophy, IAS-Research Centre for Life, Mind and Society, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avenida de Tolosa 70, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Souza CC, Vallim JRDS, Neves ELDA, Nunes PS, Costa IMPDF, Barreto LCLS, Garcez CA, Araujo AADS. The impact of pain and nocturnal cramps on sleep quality in Charcot Marie Tooth disease: a case-control study. Sleep Sci 2022; 15:41-46. [PMID: 35662969 PMCID: PMC9153971 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20210025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is an inherited neuropathy that presents two main forms - type 1 and type 2 -, differentiated by the speed of the nervous conduction. Our goal was to assess sleep in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and its relationship with pain perception and nocturnal cramps. Material and Methods This was a case-control study. The case group was composed of 10 volunteers diagnosed with the type 1 and 23 with the type 2. The control group was composed of 22 individuals from the same family matched by age and gender. Volunteers underwent clinical screening to assess the presence of nocturnal cramps and filled the brief pain inventory, the Chalder fatigue scale, the Epworth sleepiness scale, and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Sleep was evaluated by actigraphy. Results Type 2 patients presented a more severe perception of pain and fatigue, more time spend awake after sleep onset, and had lower sleep efficiency. The individuals who reported nocturnal cramps also had worse perception of pain, reduced sleep latency, and increased sleep fragmentation. Conclusion The Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 was related with worse sleep quality, perception of pain, and fatigue and these parameters were negatively related.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Coelho Souza
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departament of Pharmacy - Aracaju - Sergipe - Brazil
| | | | | | - Paula Santos Nunes
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departament of Pharmacy - Aracaju - Sergipe - Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Corti C, Antonarelli G, Criscitiello C, Lin NU, Carey LA, Cortés J, Poortmans P, Curigliano G. Targeting brain metastases in breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2021; 103:102324. [PMID: 34953200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases (BMs) are an important source of morbidity and mortality in patients with metastatic breast cancer (BC). As survival of patients with advanced BC considerably improved thanks to research advancements and new therapeutic approaches, the apparent incidence of BMs is increasing. Local interventions, in the form of either surgical resection or radiation therapy, remain the mainstay in the management of BMs. Systemic treatments are typically used to complement local strategies to further improve and maintain control of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Although high-level evidence data about the impact of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as well as the efficacy of anti-cancer agents on BMs and differentials between the systemic compartment and CNS are still scant, our understanding of the activity of systemic treatments with impact on BMs is rapidly evolving. Novel anti-HER2 agents, such as tucatinib, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, trastuzumab deruxtecan and neratinib, have shown intracranial efficacy. Current research efforts are ongoing not only to clarify the activity of existing treatments on the CNS, as well as to develop new drugs and innovative multi-modality approaches. This review will encompass the current treatment landscape of BMs arising from BC, with a focus on recent advancements in the field and investigational approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Corti
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Antonarelli
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nancy U Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa A Carey
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Javier Cortés
- Oncology Department, International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Quiron Group, Barcelona, Spain; Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), Barcelona, Spain; Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), Ridgewood, NJ, USA; Breast Cancer Research program, Vall d́Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain; Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Philip Poortmans
- Iridium Netwerk and University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song EM, Lee HJ, Jung KW, Kim MJ, Hwang SW, Park SH, Yang DH, Ye BD, Byeon JS, Choe J, Yang SK, Rao SSC, Myung SJ. Long-Term Risks of Parkinson's Disease, Surgery, and Colorectal Cancer in Patients With Slow-Transit Constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:2577-2586.e6. [PMID: 32882425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Long-term outcomes of constipation have not been evaluated fully. We investigated the incidence of Parkinson's disease, constipation-related surgery, and colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with constipation and slow-transit constipation (STC), followed up for up to 20 years. METHODS We collected data from 2165 patients (33.1% men; median patient age, 54 y; median symptom duration, 5.0 y) with a diagnosis of constipation (based on Rome II criteria) who underwent an anorectal function test and a colonic transit time study, from 2000 through 2010, at a tertiary university hospital in Seoul, South Korea. The presence of STC was determined from colonic transit time. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to analyze and compare cumulative probabilities of a new diagnosis of Parkinson's disease or CRC according to the presence of STC. The patients were followed up until the end of 2019. RESULTS During a median follow-up period of 4.7 years (interquartile range, 0.7-8.3 y), 10 patients underwent constipation-related surgery. The cumulative probabilities of constipation-related surgery were 0.7% at 5 years and 0.8% at 10 years after a diagnosis of constipation. Twenty-nine patients (1.3%) developed Parkinson's disease; the cumulative probabilities were 0.4% at 1 year, 1.0% at 5 years, and 2.6% at 10 years after a diagnosis of constipation. At 10 years, 1.3% of patients with STC required constipation-related surgery and 3.5% of patients with STC developed Parkinson's disease; in contrast, none of the patients without STC required constipation-related surgery (P = .003), and 1.5% developed Parkinson's disease (P = .019). In multivariate analysis, patient age of 65 years or older at the diagnosis of constipation (hazard ratio, 4.834; 95% CI, 2.088-11.190) and the presence of STC (hazard ratio, 2.477; 95% CI, 1.046-5.866) were associated independently with the development of Parkinson's disease. Only 5 patients had a new diagnosis of CRC during the follow-up period. The risk of CRC did not differ significantly between patients with vs without STC (P = .575). CONCLUSIONS In a long-term follow-up study of patients with constipation in Korea, most patients had no severe complications. However, patients older than age 65 years with a new diagnosis of STC might be considered for Parkinson's disease screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Lee
- Health Screening and Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Wook Jung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi Jung Kim
- Health Screening and Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyoung Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Duk Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sik Byeon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Choe
- Health Screening and Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Satish S C Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Augusta, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cedeira F, Montes de Oca LF, Martínez Pagano E. [Impact of prostate cancer on the nervous system: two different cases and a review of the literature.]. ARCH ESP UROL 2021; 74:715-719. [PMID: 34472442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present two different cases of involvement of the nervous system due to prostate cancer. We know that atypical metastases can also affect supraclavicular lymphatics, adrenal gland and testicles. In these cases we present a typical places in the nervous system. We musttake into account that sometimes the shape the presentation of symptoms can be confused with other pathologies. In some cases, this type of patient has never had a urological check-up and in our sagacity as doctors we come to find the origin of the problem: the prostate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cedeira
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL). Escuela de Medicina. División Urología. Santa Fe. Argentina. Servicio de Urología. Hospital J.M. Cullen. Santa Fe. Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rehmani R, Segan S, Maddika SR, Lei YW, Broka A. Spectrum of neurologic & neuroimaging manifestation in COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 13:100238. [PMID: 33681827 PMCID: PMC7925234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) initially thought to be confined to the respiratory system only, is now known to be a multisystem disease. It is critical to be aware of and timely recognize neurological and neuroradiological manifestations affecting patients with COVID-19, to minimize morbidity and mortality of affected patients. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients admitted to our Level 1 trauma and stroke center during the peak of the COVID-19 outbreak in New York from March 1st to May 30, 2020, with a positive test for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who presented mainly with neurological findings and had acute radiological brain changes on Computed Tomography (CT) scan. Patients with known chronic neurological disease processes were excluded from the study. We obtained and reviewed demographics, complete blood count, metabolic panel, D-dimer, inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP), imaging, and patient’s hospital course. We reviewed the current literature on neuroimaging, pathophysiology, and their clinical correlations on COVID-19. This case series study was approved by our institutional review board. Result A total of 16 patients were selected for our case series. The most common neuroimaging features on CT, were territorial to multifocal ischemic infarcts, followed by a combination of ischemia and acute white matter encephalopathic changes, followed by temporal lobe predominant focal or more generalized encephalopathy with both confluent and non-confluent patterns, isolated cortical or more extensive intracranial hemorrhages and some combination of ischemia or hemorrhage and white matter changes. All our patients had severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), most of them had elevated inflammatory markers, and D dimer. Conclusion COVID-19 infection is a multi-organ disease, which can manifest as rapidly progressive neurological disease beyond the more common pulmonary presentation. Early recognition of various neurological findings and neuroimaging patterns in these patients will enable timely diagnosis and rapid treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality. Our retrospective study is limited due to small non-representative sample size, strict selection criteria likely underestimating the true extent of neurological manifestations of COVID-19, mono-modality imaging technique limited to predominantly CT scans and lack of CSF analysis in all except one patient. Multi-institutional, multi-modality, largescale studies are needed with radio-pathological correlation to better understand the complete spectrum of neurologic presentations in COVID-19 patients and study the causal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and CNS disease process. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) is the causative virus for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 most commonly affects the respiratory system but is now known to be a multisystem disease. SARS-COV-2 has neurotropic/neuroinvasive abilities and may present with a multitude of neurological symptoms. CT Brain patterns include ischemic infarcts, encephalopathy, hemorrhages isolated or in some combination. Encephalopathy always involved at least one temporal lobe. Larger studies are necessary to understand the complete spectrum of neurologic presentations in COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Razia Rehmani
- Chief of Neuroradiology & Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, SBH Health System, NY, USA
| | - Scott Segan
- Chief of Neurology SBH Health System, Department of Neurology, SBH Health System, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Andrea Broka
- Department of Internal Medicine, SBH Health System, NY, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maury A, Lyoubi A, Peiffer-Smadja N, de Broucker T, Meppiel E. Neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: A narrative review for clinicians. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2021; 177:51-64. [PMID: 33446327 PMCID: PMC7832485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The past two decades have been marked by three epidemics linked to emerging coronaviruses. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the existence of neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and raised the question of the neuropathogenicity of coronaviruses. The aim of this review was to summarize the current data about neurological manifestations and diseases linked to human coronaviruses. MATERIAL AND METHODS Articles have been identified by searches of PubMed and Google scholar up to September 25, 2020, using a combination of coronavirus and neurology search terms and adding relevant references in the articles. RESULTS We found five cohorts providing prevalence data of neurological symptoms among a total of 2533 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and articles focusing on COVID-19 patients with neurological manifestations including a total of 580 patients. Neurological symptoms involved up to 73% of COVID-19 hospitalized patients, and were mostly headache, myalgias and impaired consciousness. Central nervous system (CNS) manifestations reported in COVID-19 were mostly non-specific encephalopathies that represented between 13% and 40% of all neurological manifestations; post-infectious syndromes including acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM, n=13), acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE, n=4), Bickerstaff's encephalitis (n=5), generalized myoclonus (n=3) and acute transverse myelitis (n=7); other encephalitis including limbic encephalitis (n=9) and miscellaneous encephalitis with variable radiologic findings (n=26); acute cerebrovascular diseases including ischemic strokes (between 1.3% and 4.7% of COVID-19 patients), hemorrhagic strokes (n=17), cerebral venous thrombosis (n=8) and posterior reversible encephalopathy (n=5). Peripheral nervous system (PNS) manifestations reported in COVID-19 were the following: Guillain-Barré syndrome (n=31) and variants including Miller Fisher syndrome (n=3), polyneuritis cranialis (n=2) and facial diplegia (n=2); isolated oculomotor neuropathy (n=6); critical illness myopathy (n=6). Neuropathological studies in COVID-19 patients demonstrated different patterns of CNS damage, mostly ischemic and hemorrhagic changes with few cases of inflammatory injuries. Only one case suggested SARS-CoV-2 infiltration in endothelial and neural cells. We found 10 case reports or case series describing 22 patients with neurological manifestations associated with other human coronaviruses. Among them we found four MERS patients with ADEM or Bickerstaff's encephalitis, two SARS patients with encephalitis who had a positive SARS-CoV PCR in cerebrospinal fluid, five patients with ischemic strokes associated with SARS, eight MERS patients with critical illness neuromyopathy and one MERS patient with Guillain-Barré Syndrome. An autopsy study on SARS-CoV patients demonstrated the presence of the virus in the brain of eight patients. CONCLUSION The wide range of neurological manifestations and diseases associated with SARS-CoV-2 is consistent with multiple pathogenic pathways including post-infectious mechanisms, septic-associated encephalopathies, coagulopathy or endothelitis. There was no definite evidence to support direct neuropathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Maury
- Department of Neurology, centre hospitalier de Saint-Denis, hôpital Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France
| | - A Lyoubi
- Department of Neurology, centre hospitalier de Saint-Denis, hôpital Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France
| | - N Peiffer-Smadja
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Inserm, IAME, Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude-Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France
| | - T de Broucker
- Department of Neurology, centre hospitalier de Saint-Denis, hôpital Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France
| | - E Meppiel
- Department of Neurology, centre hospitalier de Saint-Denis, hôpital Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alves LV, Leal CA, Alves JGB. Zika virus seroprevalence in women who gave birth during Zika virus outbreak in Brazil - a prospective observational study. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04817. [PMID: 32964154 PMCID: PMC7490532 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in Brazil started in August 2015 and ended in May 2017 without effective public health measures for its control have been taken. The immunological status of a community may not only predict future outbreaks as well to answer questions regarding ZIKV not known yet. Objective To verify the seroprevalence of ZIKV in a group of women who were pregnant during the Zika virus outbreak in Recife, three to nine months after the delivery, and to evaluate the neurodevelopment of their children. Methods A cross-sectional study enrolled participants of a cohort study held at Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP) during the ZIKV outbreak in Recife. Mothers who gave birth between the last trimester of 2015 and the first semester of 2016, period of the peak of microcephaly outbreak in Recife, were invited. All participants had the serum tested by the anti-ZIKV IgG/IgM enzyme-liked immunosorbent assays, ELISA kit (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany). All children whose mothers presented positive serology for ZIKV performed the IgG/IgM ELISA test for ZIKV. These children were also evaluated by a neuropediatrician and the Denver II development screening test was applied. Results Among the 132 studied pregnant women who gave birth at the peak of ZIKV outbreak in Recife, all were ZIKV IgM negative and 81 (61,3%) had ZIKV IgG positive. Mothers ZIKV IgG positive had more fever and rash during the pregnancy as compared with mothers negative for ZIKV; respectively 27/81 (33,3%) vs 6/51 (11,7%), p = 0.005 and 22/81 (27,2%) vs 4 (7,8%), p = 0.016. Only one child had IgG positive serology for ZIKV. No children had neurodevelopment defect for the age group and the Denver II normal scores. Conclusions A high ZIKV IgG seroprevalence in pregnant women at the end of the ZIKV outbreak in Recife was found. This finding suggests that community protective immunity may have contributed to the end of ZIKV outbreak in Recife, Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Victor Alves
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), USA
| | - Carla Adriana Leal
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Morales-Chacón LM. [Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Impact on the nervous system]. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2020; 58:S215-S223. [PMID: 34695333 DOI: 10.24875/rmimss.m20000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infections have had a profound impact on public health. In this scenario an increasing number of women will be affected; equally, fetuses and newborns could be particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of congenital or perinatally-acquired infections. In this study it is reviewed the available evidence on the potential intrauterine vertical SARS-CoV-2 transmission, after an exhaustive review of publications indexed until April 2020 in the United States' National Library of Medicine (PubMed/Medline). Starting from the analogies made with TORCH infections (Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes virus), and other coronaviruses, it is provided a pensive look about the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the central nervous system (CNS). Lessons learned from the effects on CNS of other epidemics from TORCH viruses, as Zika virus in Brazil, and the analogy with the findings in animal models, pose the risk of congenital and perinatally-acquired infections, which are related to SARS-CoV-2. The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first trimester of pregnancy are unknown, and there are still many questions about its potential impact on CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilia María Morales-Chacón
- Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica, Subdirección de Medios Diagnósticos, Departamento de Neurofisiología Clínica. La Habana, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Croall ID, Sanders DS, Hadjivassiliou M, Hoggard N. Cognitive Deficit and White Matter Changes in Persons With Celiac Disease: A Population-Based Study. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:2112-2122. [PMID: 32088203 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is debate over the presence and prevalence of brain injury in patients with celiac disease. To validate previous reports, we investigated the prevalence of neuropsychological dysfunction in persons with celiac disease included in the National UK Biobank, which contains experimental medical data from 500,000 adults in the United Kingdom. METHODS Biobank participants with celiac disease (n = 104; mean age, 63 years; 65% female) were matched with healthy individuals (controls, n = 198; mean age, 63 years; 67% female) for age, sex, level of education, body mass index, and diagnosis of hypertension. All participants were otherwise healthy. We compared scores from 5 cognitive tests and multiple choice responses to 6 questions about mental health between groups using the t test and chi-squared analyses. Groupwise analyses of magnetic resonance imaging brain data included a study of diffusion tensor imaging metrics (mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, axial diffusivity), voxel-based morphometry, and Mann-Whitney U comparisons of Fazekas grades. RESULTS Compared with control individuals, participants with celiac disease had significant deficits in reaction time (P = .004), and significantly higher proportions had indications of anxiety (P = .025), depression (P = .015), thoughts of self-harm (P = .025), and health-related unhappiness (P = .010). Tract-based spatial statistics analysis showed significantly increased axial diffusivity in widespread locations, demonstrating white matter changes in the brains of participants with celiac disease. Voxel-based morphometry and Fazekas grade analyses did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of data from the UK Biobank, we found participants with celiac disease to have cognitive deficit, indications of worsened mental health, and white matter changes, based on analyses of brain images. These findings support the concept that celiac disease is associated with neurologic and psychological features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain D Croall
- University of Sheffield, Academic Unit of Radiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; University of Sheffield, Institute for in silico Medicine (INSIGNEO), Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - David S Sanders
- Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Hadjivassiliou
- Department of Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Hoggard
- University of Sheffield, Academic Unit of Radiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; University of Sheffield, Institute for in silico Medicine (INSIGNEO), Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic multi-organ infectious disease most frequent in developing countries. Neurobrucellosis a quite rare but serious complication of brucellosis in the pediatric age group manifests with different neurological symptoms and signs. In the present case a 9-year-old girl was referred to our centre with a 9-months history of headache and back pain, facial nerve palsy and right upper limb weakness. She had undergone ventriculoperitoneal shunting surgery due to communicating hydrocephalus. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a spinal extramedullary intradural mass, two epidural collections in the cervical spine and thickening/abnormal enhancement in the basal cisterns with invasion to medulla and pons. The patient's serum and cerebrospinal serologic tests were found positive for brucellosis. The patient was successfully treated by anti-brucella antibiotic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Aziz-Ahari
- Department of radiology, Iran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Mamishi
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adeleh Dadkhah
- Department of radiology, Iran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ramírez-Jirano LJ, Velasco-Ramírez SF, Pérez-Carranza GA, Domínguez-Díaz C, Bitzer-Quintero OK. [Cytokines and nervous system: relationship with schizophrenia]. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2019; 57:107-112. [PMID: 31618565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder of mental symptoms and alterations, characterized by presenting abnormal ideas and perceptions, in which the individual loses contact with reality as a result of a complex neuropsychological disorganization, which affects the affective, intellectual and behavioral functioning; as well as inducing a significant social dysfunction. The etiology of schizophrenia is extremely complex, and is not very clear yet; it is believed to be the result of the combination of genetic factors and the environment. Numerous neurotransmitters have been implicated in this disease, as is the case of dopamine, serotonin and glutamate. The role of the inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia has been postulated, where a prenatal immune "challenge" during the second trimester of pregnancy can be key to the development of the disease. Some of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6) play a key role in the processes of modulation of the nervous system functions related to affective, emotional and social alterations in subjects with schizophrenia. The mechanisms associated with inflammation and the anti-inflammatory defense system that may be associated with the development of schizophrenia are still unknown. This review was intended to address schizophrenia, in regards to the mechanisms associated with inflammation and the anti-inflammatory defense system in its development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Oscar Kurt Bitzer-Quintero
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, División de Neurociencias, Neuroinmunomodulación. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
SUMMARY – Saliva is a complex body fluid that has various functions in the oral cavity. Central nervous system has the most important role in regulating salivation. Saliva as a sample is suitable for simplicity of sampling and because it contains analytes in the free active form. Stress is a condition in which the internal (psychophysical) balance of the body is disturbed. It activates the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, so salivary cortisol is a free cortisol indicator that correlates well with its serum value and reflects the free fraction that is biologically active. At the same time, stress conditions stimulate the sympathetic neuronal system causing change in the secretion of salivary α-amylase from salivary glands. The hypothesis of this study was that students with daily intensive physical activity are exposed to chronic stress compared to other students who have minimal physical activity. The study included 54 healthy volunteers, students of the University of Zagreb, divided into two groups. One volunteer group consisted of physically active volunteers (n=27) from the Faculty of Kinesiology (FK), and the other group consisted of physically inactive volunteers (n=27) from other faculties (OF). The subjects were first administered a psychological test that consisted of two questionnaires, Quality of Life Questionnaire and Questionnaire of Stressful Styles, and then underwent sampling of saliva. By comparing biochemical and psychological indicators in relation to stress, it was concluded that the two groups of students were equalized and that there was no objective support for either group to be considered exposed to chronic stress. Despite the substantial differences in physical activity, there was no difference between the two student populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirna Peco
- Department of Psychiatry, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Gelo
- Department of Psychiatry, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu H, Gasparini A, Ishigami J, Mzayen K, Su G, Barany P, Ärnlöv J, Lindholm B, Elinder CG, Matsushita K, Carrero JJ. eGFR and the Risk of Community-Acquired Infections. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 12:1399-1408. [PMID: 28818849 PMCID: PMC5586562 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.00250117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Community-acquired infections are common, contributing to adverse outcomes and increased health care costs. We hypothesized that, with lower eGFR, the incidence of community-acquired infections increases, whereas the pattern of site-specific infections varies. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Among 1,139,470 health care users (mean age =52±18 years old, 53% women) from the Stockholm CREAtinine Measurements Project, we quantified the associations of eGFR with the risk of infections, overall and major types, over 12 months. RESULTS A total of 106,807 counts of infections were recorded throughout 1,128,313 person-years. The incidence rate of all infections increased with lower eGFR from 74/1000 person-years for individuals with eGFR=90-104 ml/min per 1.73 m2 to 419/1000 person-years for individuals with eGFR<30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Compared with eGFR of 90-104 ml/min per 1.73 m2, the adjusted incidence rate ratios of community-acquired infections were 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.14) for eGFR of 30-59 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and 1.53 (95% confidence interval, 1.39 to 1.69) for eGFR<30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The relative proportions of lower respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and sepsis became increasingly higher along with lower eGFR strata (e.g., low respiratory tract infection accounting for 25% versus 15% of community-acquired infections in eGFR<30 versus 90-104 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively). Differences in incidence associated with eGFR were in general consistent for most infection types, except for nervous system and upper respiratory tract infections, for which no association was observed. CONCLUSIONS This region-representative health care study finds an excess community-acquired infections incidence in individuals with mild to severe CKD. Lower respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and sepsis are major infections in CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Departments of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Gasparini
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Junichi Ishigami
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Guobin Su
- Public Health Sciences and
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peter Barany
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ärnlöv
- School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; and
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Lindholm
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Gustaf Elinder
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Juan Jesús Carrero
- Departments of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Neurons allocated to sense organs respond rapidly to mechanical signals dictating behavioral responses at the organism level. The receptors that transduce these signals, and underlie these senses, are mechanically gated channels. Research on mechanosensation over the past decade, employing in many cases Drosophila as a model, has focused in typifying these receptors and in exploring the different ways, depending on context, in which these mechanosensors are modulated. In this review, we discuss first what we have learned from Drosophila on these mechanisms and we describe the different mechanosensory organs present in the Drosophila larvae and adult. Secondly, we focus on the progress obtained by studying the fly on the characterization of the mechanosensory crosstalk underlying complex behaviors like motor coordination. Finally, turning to a cellular level, we summarize what is known on the mechanical properties and sensing capabilities of neural cells and how they may affect neural physiology and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Karkali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martin-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Al-Hussain F, Alfallaj MM, Alahmari AN, Almazyad AN, Alsaeed TK, Abdurrahman AA, Murtaza G, Bashir S. Relationship between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Stress in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:CC01-CC04. [PMID: 28658752 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24388.9764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a disease of autoimmunity and inflammation, is characterized by deterioration of the myelin sheath that protects the nerve fibers. The high levels of neutrophils in serum may be related to the chronic inflammation and caused by other triggers such as infections that have been associated with relapses in MS. AIM To investigate the value of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) as a possible marker and relationship with Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DAS) score in MS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 MS patients and 60 age and sex matched healthy controls were recruited for the present study. We measured DAS score, NLR, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, chloride, alkaline phosphatase, albumin in serum levels in MS patients and in healthy controls. RESULTS The mean age was not significantly different in both case and control groups. The case and control groups were similar in terms of sex; however, the majority of the MS group was female. The NLR values of MS patients were significantly higher than those of the healthy controls (p=<0.001). The NLR values were also significantly (p<0.001) correlated with stress score. CONCLUSION NLR could be considered as a quick, cheap, easily measurable and inflammatory marker for assessment of inflammation in MS patients. The role of NLR in MS must be explored further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz Al-Hussain
- Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Talal Khalid Alsaeed
- Medical Student, Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Research Associate, Department of Neurology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Floristán Floristán Y, Delfrade Osinaga J, Carrillo Prieto J, Aguirre Perez J, Moreno-Iribas C. [Coding Causes of Death with IRIS Software. Impact in Navarre Mortality Statistic]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2016; 90:e1-e9. [PMID: 27481031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies that analyze changes in mortality statistics derived from the use of IRIS software, an automatic system for coding multiple causes of death and for the selection of the underlying cause of death, compared to manual coding. This study evaluated the impact of the use of IRIS in the Navarre mortality statistic. METHODS We proceeded to double coding 5,060 death certificates corresponding to residents in Navarra in 2014. We calculated coincidence between the two encodings for ICD10 chapters and for the list of causes of the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE-102) and we estimated the change on mortality rates. RESULTS IRIS automatically coded 90% of death certificates. The coincidence to 4 characters and in the same chapter of the CIE10 was 79.1% and 92.0%, respectively. Furthermore, coincidence with the short INE-102 list was 88.3%. Higher matches were found in death certificate of people under 65 years. In comparison with manual coding there was an increase in deaths from endocrine diseases (31%), mental disorders (19%) and disease of nervous system (9%), while a decrease of genitourinary system diseases was observed (21%). CONCLUSIONS The coincidence at level of ICD10 chapters coding by IRIS in comparison to manual coding was 9 out of 10 deaths, similar to what is observed in other studies. The implementation of IRIS has led to increased of endocrine diseases, especially diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, and mental disorders, especially dementias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Floristán Floristán
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA). Pamplona.
| | - Josu Delfrade Osinaga
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA). Pamplona. España and CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)
| | | | - Jesus Aguirre Perez
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA). Pamplona. España
| | - Conchi Moreno-Iribas
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA). Pamplona. España and Red de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC). Pamplona
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Van Oudenhove L, Törnblom H, Störsrud S, Tack J, Simrén M. Depression and Somatization Are Associated With Increased Postprandial Symptoms in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:866-74. [PMID: 26602216 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have increased postprandial symptom responses and more psychosocial morbidities than healthy individuals. However, the relationship between psychosocial status and postprandial symptom responses in patients with IBS is unclear. We investigated this relationship in a prospective study of patients with IBS. METHODS A total of 193 IBS patients, diagnosed according to Rome II (n = 126) or Rome III (n = 67) criteria, consumed a standard breakfast (540 kcal: 36% fat, 15% proteins, 49% carbohydrates, and 8.9 g fiber). They completed visual analogue scales assessing the severity of 5 gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, gas, and fullness) before breakfast and every 30 minutes, up to 240 minutes after eating. All patients completed validated self-report questionnaires for their current levels of anxiety and depression; patients diagnosed based on Rome II criteria also completed a somatization questionnaire. The relationship between these variables and the course of gastrointestinal symptom scores over time was analyzed using linear mixed models, controlling for comorbid functional dyspepsia. RESULTS We observed a main effect of anxiety levels on fullness and bloating (P < .04), and of depression levels on abdominal pain (P = .007), reflecting a general upward shift of the entire symptom curve. Depression-by-time interactions were seen for nausea and gas (P < .03). Somatization levels had a main effect on all 5 symptoms (P < .0001), independent of anxiety and depression. We observed somatization-by-time interaction effects for bloating (P = .005), and nausea (P = .02), and a nonsignificant trend was found for pain (P = .054), reflecting a steeper early postprandial increase in symptoms among subjects with higher levels of somatization. CONCLUSIONS Based on a prospective study of patients with IBS, psychosocial morbidities are associated with increased levels of gastrointestinal symptoms in general. Depression and somatization levels are associated specifically with increased postprandial symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Törnblom
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centered Care, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stine Störsrud
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Magnus Simrén
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centered Care, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Song XJ, Huang ZJ, Song WB, Song XS, Fuhr AF, Rosner AL, Ndtan H, Rupert RL. Attenuation Effect of Spinal Manipulation on Neuropathic and Postoperative Pain Through Activating Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin 10 in Rat Spinal Cord. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2016; 39:42-53. [PMID: 26837229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate roles of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 10 and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in spinal manipulation-induced analgesic effects of neuropathic and postoperative pain. METHODS Neuropathic and postoperative pain were mimicked by chronic compression of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) (CCD) and decompression (de-CCD) in adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats. Behavioral pain after CCD and de-CCD was determined by the increased thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity of the affected hindpaw. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiological recordings, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to examine the neural inflammation, neural excitability, and expression of c-Fos and PKC as well as levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 in blood plasma, DRG, or the spinal cord. We used the activator adjusting instrument, a chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy tool, to deliver force to the spinous processes of L5 and L6. RESULTS After CCD and de-CCD treatments, the animals exhibited behavioral and neurochemical signs of neuropathic pain manifested as mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, DRG inflammation, DRG neuron hyperexcitability, induction of c-Fos, and the increased expression of PKCγ in the spinal cord as well as increased level of IL-1β and TNF-α in DRG and the spinal cord. Repetitive Activator-assisted spinal manipulative therapy significantly reduced simulated neuropathic and postoperative pain, inhibited or reversed the neurochemical alterations, and increased the anti-inflammatory IL-10 in the spinal cord. CONCLUSION These findings show that spinal manipulation may activate the endogenous anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the spinal cord and thus has the potential to alleviate neuropathic and postoperative pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jun Song
- Professor, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX.
| | - Zhi-Jiang Huang
- Research Scientist, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| | - William B Song
- (Volunteer) Research Assistant, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| | - Xue-Song Song
- Research Scientist, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| | - Arlan F Fuhr
- Professor, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| | - Anthony L Rosner
- Research Consultant, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| | - Harrison Ndtan
- Associate Professor, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| | - Ronald L Rupert
- Research Consultant, Parker University, Parker Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Daneshparvar M, Mostafavi SA, Zare Jeddi M, Yunesian M, Mesdaghinia A, Mahvi AH, Akhondzadeh S. The Role of Lead Exposure on Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Systematic Review. Iran J Psychiatry 2016; 11:1-14. [PMID: 27252763 PMCID: PMC4888135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioral disorders in children effecting the families and society. This systematic review examined the literature on the role of lead exposure in children with ADHD symptoms. Articles were analytically compared, focusing on the methodology used to assess exposure and adverse effects on children with ADHD. METHOD Using the search strategy from six databases (Pub Med, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SID, IRAN Medex, IRAN DOC), hand searching in key journals, list of references of selected articles and gray literature, without time and language limitation, articles up to May 2014 were entered into this review. In this review, 1,387 articles were acquired at the primary search. Study selection and quality assessment processes were done based on Cochrane library guidelines. After assessing the quality and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 articles were selected and entered into the data synthesis. RESULTS Blood Lead level (BLL) of less than 10µg/dL in children has been attributed to at least one type of ADHD i.e., Combined / Inattentive / Hyperactive-Impulsive. The results of this study revealed that in 16 out of the 18 studies, a significant association was found between BLL and one of the types of ADHD. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of this study, even the BLL of less than the action level of 10µg/dL, chosen by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), may affect children with ADHD..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Daneshparvar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas, USA
| | - Seyed-Ali Mostafavi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zare Jeddi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mesdaghinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Farhangi H, Sharifi N, Ahanchian H, Izanloo A. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia preceding the Diagnosis of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma. Iran J Ped Hematol Oncol 2015; 5:65-9. [PMID: 25914803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a 2.5-year-old boy suffering from a febrile seizure with normal laboratory tests and a history of immune hemolytic anemia was examined. Brain MRI demonstrated some tumors in the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe that corroborated the pathology results of primary central nervous system lymphoma for the patient. The patient was treated with high-dose of Methotrexate. Our result suggested regular and careful monitoring of patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia in order to control the manifestations of concomitant disease such as lymphoma that may develop later.
Collapse
|
25
|
Michou E, Hamdy S, Harris M, Vania A, Dick J, Kellett M, Rothwell J. Characterization of corticobulbar pharyngeal neurophysiology in dysphagic patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12:2037-45.e1-4. [PMID: 24681075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dysphagia in patients with Parkinson's disease, persisting despite dopaminergic treatment, affects intake of nutrients and medication, and reduces quality of life (QOL). We investigated the neurophysiologic mechanisms that contribute to dysphagia in these patients, on and off L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa), using transcranial magnetic stimulation. METHODS We studied 26 patients with Parkinson's disease (age, 65 ± 9 y; 10 men). Dysphagia and QOL were first assessed with qualitative questionnaires. Twelve hours after patients were taken off levodopa, they underwent cortical transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping of the pharyngeal musculature and trigeminal (bulbar) transcranial magnetic stimulation, as well as videofluoroscopy to examine swallowing. The analyses were repeated after administration of levodopa. RESULTS Eleven patients initially reported dysphagia and reduced QOL scores. Videofluoroscopy identified 10 patients with swallowing impairments on and off levodopa, and 6 patients with swallowing impairments only on levodopa; the remaining 10 subjects showed no swallowing impairments, on or off the drug. While patients were on levodopa, those with swallowing impairments had bilateral increases in pharyngeal cortical excitability compared with those with no swallowing impairment (P < .05). By contrast, with medication, amplitudes of brainstem reflexes were altered only in patients with swallowing impairments on levodopa; these were decreased compared with when the patients were off levodopa. CONCLUSIONS In patients with Parkinson's disease, dopaminergic medications such as levodopa can negatively affect swallowing. The increased cortical excitability observed in dysphagic patients after they begin taking levodopa likely results from compensatory mechanisms, perhaps secondary to subcortical disease, because we observed associated inhibition of brainstem reflexes in patients with affected swallowing on medication. UK clinical trials registration no., 9882.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Michou
- Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Shaheen Hamdy
- Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, United Kingdom.
| | - Mary Harris
- Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Adil Vania
- Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Dick
- Department of Neurology, Salford Royal Hospital National Health System (NHS) Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Kellett
- Department of Neurology, Salford Royal Hospital National Health System (NHS) Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - John Rothwell
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The effect of screen based keyboard (SBK) operation on extensibility of the neural system was investigated using the radial nerve upper limb tension test (Butler 1991). Twenty-five female subjects (aged 17-55 years) including 15 SBK operators and 10 non-SBK operators who acted as a control were examined. Mean glenohumeral abduction in the upper limb tension test in the control group was 40 degrees. In the SBK operators, it was 27 degrees (right side) and 30 degrees (left side). Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the groups. Results indicate that the normal mechanics of the neural system may be affected by SBK operation and that neural tension warrants consideration in the prevention and management of work related neck and upper limb disorders.
Collapse
|
27
|
Prochiantz A. Signaling with homeoprotein transcription factors in development and throughout adulthood. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:361-70. [PMID: 24396269 PMCID: PMC3861887 DOI: 10.2174/1389202911314060009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of homeoprotein transduction as a novel signaling pathway has dramatically evolved since it was first proposed in 1991. It is now well established in several biological systems from plants to mammals. In this review, the different steps that have led to this unexpected observation are recalled and the developmental and physiological models that have allowed us (and a few others) to consolidate the original hypothesis are described. Because homeoprotein signaling is active in plants and animals it is proposed that it has predated the separation between animals and plants and is thus very ancient. This may explain why the basic phenomenon of homeoprotein transduction is so minimalist, requiring no specific receptors or transduction pathways beside those offered by mitochondria, organelles present in all eukaryotic cells. Indeed complexity has been added in the course of evolution and the conservation of homeoprotein transduction is discussed in the context of its synergy with bona fide signaling mechanism that may have added robustness to this primitive cell communication device. The same synergy possibly explains why homeoprotein signaling is important both in embryonic development and in adult functions fulfilled by signaling entities (e.g. growth factors) themselves active throughout development and in the adult. The cell biological mechanism of homeoprotein transfer is also discussed. Although it is clear that many questions are still in want of precise answers, it appears that the sequences responsible both for secretion and internalization are in the DNA-binding domain and very highly conserved among most homeoproteins. On this basis, it is proposed that this signaling pathway is likely to imply as many as 200 proteins that participate in a myriad of developmental and physiological pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Prochiantz
- College de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Development and Neuropharmacology group, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nualart F, Mack L, García A, Cisternas P, Bongarzone ER, Heitzer M, Jara N, Martínez F, Ferrada L, Espinoza F, Baeza V, Salazar K. Vitamin C Transporters, Recycling and the Bystander Effect in the Nervous System: SVCT2 versus Gluts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:209. [PMID: 25110615 PMCID: PMC4126260 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.1000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient in the human diet; its deficiency leads to a number of symptoms and ultimately death. After entry into cells within the central nervous system (CNS) through sodium vitamin C transporters (SVCTs) and facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), vitamin C functions as a neuromodulator, enzymatic cofactor, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger; it also stimulates differentiation. In this review, we will compare the molecular and structural aspects of vitamin C and glucose transporters and their expression in endothelial or choroid plexus cells, which form part of the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, respectively. Additionally, we will describe SVCT and GLUT expression in different cells of the brain as well as SVCT2 distribution in tanycytes and astrocytes of the hypothalamic region. Finally, we will describe vitamin C recycling in the brain, which is mediated by a metabolic interaction between astrocytes and neurons, and the role of the "bystander effect" in the recycling mechanism of vitamin C in both normal and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Nualart
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Lauren Mack
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Andrea García
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, USA
| | - Marjet Heitzer
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Nery Jara
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Luciano Ferrada
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Francisca Espinoza
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Victor Baeza
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| | - Katterine Salazar
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hegarty SV, O'Keeffe GW, Sullivan AM. BMP-Smad 1/5/8 signalling in the development of the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 109:28-41. [PMID: 23891815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors, Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8, are the pivotal intracellular effectors of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of proteins. BMPs and their receptors are expressed in the nervous system (NS) throughout its development. This review focuses on the actions of Smad 1/5/8 in the developing NS. The mechanisms by which these Smad proteins regulate the induction of the neuroectoderm, the central nervous system (CNS) primordium, and finally the neural crest, which gives rise to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), are reviewed herein. We describe how, following neural tube closure, the most dorsal aspect of the tube becomes a signalling centre for BMPs, which directs the pattern of the development of the dorsal spinal cord (SC), through the action of Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8. The direct effects of Smad 1/5/8 signalling on the development of neuronal and non-neuronal cells from various neural progenitor cell populations are then described. Finally, this review discusses the neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with the knockdown of Smad 1/5/8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the biliary ducts, are the target cells in several liver diseases. Cholangiopathies and cholangiocarcinoma generate interest in many scientists since the genesis. The developing mechanisms, and the therapeutic tools of these diseases are still undefined. Several studies demonstrate that many hormones, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters regulate malignant and non-malignant cholangiocyte pathophysiology in the course of chronic biliary diseases. The aim of this review is to present the findings of several studies published in the recent years that contributed to clarifying the role of nervous and neuroendocrine regulation of the pathophysiologic events associated with cholestasis and cholangiocarcinoma development. This manuscript is organized into two parts. The first part offers an overview of the innervation of the liver and the origin of neuroendocrine hormones, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides affecting cholangiocyte function and metabolism. The first section also reviews the effects played by several neuroendocrine hormones and nervous system on cholangiocyte growth, survival and functional activity in the course of cholestasis. In the second section, we summarize the results of some studies describing the role of nervous system and neuroendocrine hormones in the regulation of malignant cholangiocyte growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Nuovo Polo Didattico, III piano, Via Tronto 10, 60020 Ancona, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|