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Yan C, Chen H, Xu F, Fu Q, Zhou Y, Zhou R, Li R, Zheng M, Xie M, Jiang B, Zhang Z, Meng H, Cui M, Yang L, Zhou X, Chen B. New insights into the influences of firework combustion on molecular composition and formation of sulfur- and halogen-containing organic compounds. Sci Total Environ 2024:172929. [PMID: 38703852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Firework (FW) events occur during various festivals worldwide and substantially negatively influence both air quality and human health. However, the effects of FWs on the chemical properties and formation of organic aerosols are far from clear. In this study, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected in a suburban area in Qingdao, China during the Chinese Spring Festival. The concentrations of chemical species (especially carbonaceous components) in PM2.5 were measured using a combination of several state-of-the-art techniques. Our results showed that mass concentrations of water-soluble sulfate, potassium and chloride ions, and organic carbon drastically increased and became the predominant components in PM2.5 during FW events. Correspondingly, both the number and fractional contributions of sulfur (S)-containing subgroups (e.g., CHOS and CHONS compounds) and some chlorine (Cl)-containing organic (e.g., CHOSCl and CHONSCl) compounds identified using ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) increased. The S- and Cl-containing compounds unique to the FW display period were identified, and their chemical characterization, sources, and formation mechanisms were elucidated by combining FT-ICR MS and quantum chemical calculations. Our results suggest that FW emissions play notable roles in both primary and secondary organic aerosol formation, especially for CHOS- and Cl-containing organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqing Yan
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Haibiao Chen
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qinglong Fu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ruizhi Zhou
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ruiyu Li
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingjie Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - He Meng
- Qingdao Eco-environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xuehua Zhou
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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You B, Zhang Z, Du A, Li Y, Sun J, Li Z, Chen C, Zhou W, Xu W, Lei L, Fu P, Hou S, Li P, Sun Y. Seasonal characterization of chemical and optical properties of water-soluble organic aerosol in Beijing. Sci Total Environ 2024; 930:172508. [PMID: 38642752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) plays a crucial role in altering radiative forcing and impacting human health. However, our understanding of the seasonal variations of WSOA in Chinese megacities after the three-year clean air action plan is limited. In this study, we analyzed PM2.5 filter samples collected over one year (2020-2021) in Beijing to characterize the seasonal changes in the chemical and optical properties of WSOA using an offline aerosol mass spectrometer along with spectroscopy techniques. The mean mass concentration of WSOA during the observation period was 8.84 ± 7.12 μg m-3, constituting approximately 64-67 % of OA. Our results indicate the contribution of secondary OA (SOA) increased by 13-28 % due to a substantial reduction in primary emissions after the clean air action plan. The composition of WSOA exhibited pronounced seasonal variations, with a predominant contribution from less oxidized SOA in summer (61 %) and primary OA originating from coal combustion and biomass burning during the heating season (34 %). The mass absorption efficiency of WSOA at 365 nm in winter was nearly twice that in summer, suggesting that WSOA from primary emissions possesses a stronger light-absorbing capability than SOA. On average, water-soluble brown carbon accounted for 33-48 % of total brown carbon absorption. Fluorescence analysis revealed humic-like substances as the most significant fluorescence component of WSOA, constituting 82 %. Furthermore, both absorption and fluorescence chromophores were associated with nitrogen-containing compounds, highlighting the role of nitrogen-containing species in influencing the optical properties of WSOA. The results are important for chemical transport models to accurately simulate the WSOA and its climate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aodong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shengjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Rajeev P, Choudhary V, Chakraborty A, Singh GK, Gupta T. Light absorption potential of water-soluble organic aerosols in the two polluted urban locations in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain. Environ Pollut 2022; 314:120228. [PMID: 36162556 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 (particulate matter having aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) samples were collected during wintertime from two polluted urban sites (Allahabad and Kanpur) in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) to comprehend the sources and atmospheric transformations of light-absorbing water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA). The aqueous extract of each filter was atomized and analyzed in a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and WSOA concentrations at Kanpur were ∼1.2 and ∼1.5 times higher than that at Allahabad. The fractions of WSOC and secondary organic carbon (SOC) to total organic carbon (OC) were also significantly higher ∼53% and 38%, respectively at Kanpur compared to Allahabad. This indicates a higher abundance of oxidized WSOA at Kanpur. The absorption coefficient (babs-365) of light-absorbing WSOA measured at 365 nm was 46.5 ± 15.5 Mm-1 and 73.2 ± 21.6 Mm-1 in Allahabad and Kanpur, respectively, indicating the dominance of more light-absorbing fractions in WSOC at Kanpur. The absorption properties such as mass absorption efficiency (MAE365) and imaginary component of refractive index (kabs-365) at 365 nm at Kanpur were also comparatively higher than Allahabad. The absorption forcing efficiency (Abs SFE; indicates warming effect) of WSOA at Kanpur was ∼1.4 times higher than Allahabad. Enhancement in light absorption capacity was observed with the increase in f44/f43 (fraction of m/z 44 (f44) to 43 (f43) in organic mass spectra) and O/C (oxygen to carbon) ratio of WSOA at Kanpur while no such trend was observed for the Allahabad site. Moreover, the correlation between carbon fractions and light absorption properties suggested the influence of low-volatile organic compounds (OC3 + OC4 fraction obtained from thermal/optical carbon analyzer) in increasing the light absorption capacity of WSOA in Kanpur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradhi Rajeev
- Department of Civil Engineering and APTL at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India; Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, 41-200, Poland.
| | - Vikram Choudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering and APTL at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India
| | - Abhishek Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Gyanesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering and APTL at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering and APTL at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India
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Du A, Li Y, Sun J, Zhang Z, You B, Li Z, Chen C, Li J, Qiu Y, Liu X, Ji D, Zhang W, Xu W, Fu P, Sun Y. Rapid transition of aerosol optical properties and water-soluble organic aerosols in cold season in Fenwei Plain. Sci Total Environ 2022; 829:154661. [PMID: 35314216 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Fenwei Plain (FWP) continues to be one of the most polluted regions in China despite the improvement of air quality in recent years. However, our understanding of aerosol optical properties (AOP) and its relationship with aerosol composition particularly in cold season is far from complete. Here we conducted three-month measurements of AOP from November 2020 to January 2021 in the FWP along with fine particle composition and water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) measurements. Our results showed rapid transitions in AOP from November to January due to the enhanced primary emissions and the decreased aqueous-phase processing. The single scattering albedo (SSA) decreased from 0.85 to 0.78, while the absorption Ångstrӧm exponent (AAE) increased from 1.41 to 1.60, demonstrating the increasing role of absorbing aerosol and brown carbon in cold season. Further analysis showed that SSA increased significantly with the fraction of secondary inorganic aerosol, while AAE was highly correlated with the fraction of primary OA (POA), highlighting the different impacts of primary and secondary aerosol on AOP. Chemical apportionment showed the dominant contributions of ammonium nitrate (29%) and ammonium sulfate (27%) to particle extinction before heating season, while that of POA increased to 27% during heating season. Although the pollution level showed a clear increase during the heating season, the changes in visibility were small due to the decreased mass extinction efficiency from 3.48 to 2.91 m2 g-1. Positive matrix factorization illustrated a clear transition in WSOA composition from the dominance of secondary OA (SOA) in November to POA in heating season. Compared with the large decrease in water-soluble aqueous-phase SOA, the consistently high concentration of photochemical-related SOA elucidated the presence of strong photochemical processing in cold season. Overall, our results demonstrate the significant transition in primary emissions and secondary formation in cold season, and such changes have affected AOP substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aodong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanmei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Qiu Y, Xu W, Jia L, He Y, Fu P, Zhang Q, Xie Q, Hou S, Xie C, Xu Y, Wang Z, Worsnop DR, Sun Y. Molecular composition and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in summer in Beijing. Chemosphere 2020; 255:126850. [PMID: 32402868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) constitutes a large fraction of OA and plays an important role in formation of secondary OA (SOA). Here we characterized the sources and molecular composition of WSOA in summer in Beijing using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer and orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization. Our results showed that WSOA was the major fraction of OA on average accounting for 69% in summer, which is much higher than that (47%) in winter. However, the oxidation degree of WSOA was comparable between summer and winter (O/C = 0.62 vs. 0.63). Positive matrix factorization analysis showed that SOA contributed dominantly to WSOA (72%) indicating that WSOA was mainly from secondary formation. The two water-soluble SOA factors that are associated with regional processing (OOA-1) and photochemical production (OOA-2), respectively, showed very different behaviors throughout the study. OOA-2 showed much enhanced contribution during polluted periods with low relative humidity (RH), while OOA-1 played a more important role during high RH periods. Molecular composition analysis of WSOA revealed a high diversity of CHO (compounds only containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) and CHOS (sulfur-containing organics) in WSOA in summer. Particularly, the relative intensity fraction of CHOS- compounds was increased by 42% from clean to polluted days which was associated with large increases (20%) in organosulfates (OSs) with lower O∗/C (0.1-0.4), and OOA-1. These results suggest the formation of more unsaturated OSs in OOA-1 during polluted days in summer. Comparatively, the biogenic-derived OSs remained relatively stable (24-31%) for the entire study highlighting the ubiquitous importance of biogenic SOA in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yao He
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qiaorong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Conghui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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