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Bazgir A, Agha Gholizadeh M, Kahani SM, Tavasoli AR, Garshasbi M. Identification of a Novel Homozygous GLS Gene Variant Associated with Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy (DEE) Type 71. Neurogenetics 2024:10.1007/s10048-024-00753-z. [PMID: 38622440 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-024-00753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEEs) (OMIM#618,328) is characterized by seizures, hypotonia, and brain abnormalities, often arising from mutations in genes crucial for brain function. Among these genes, GLS stands out due to its vital role in the central nervous system (CNS), with homozygous variants potentially causing DEE type 71. Using Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) on a patient exhibiting symptoms of epileptic encephalopathy, we identified a novel homozygous variant, NM_014905.5:c.1849G > T; p.(Asp617Tyr), in the GLS gene. The 5-year-old patient, born to consanguineous parents, presented with developmental delay, encephalopathy, frequent seizures, and hypotonia. Sanger sequencing further validated the GLS gene variant in both the patient and his family. Furthermore, our bioinformatics analysis indicated that this missense variant could lead to alteration of splicing, resulting in the activation of a cryptic donor site and potentially causing loss of protein function. Our finding highlights the pathogenic significance of the GLS gene, particularly in the context of brain disorders, specifically DEE71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Bazgir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- PardisGene Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Agha Gholizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- PardisGene Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Kahani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- PardisGene Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Tavasoli
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Myelin Disorders Clinic, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurology Division, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Genetics, DeNA Laboratory, Tehran, Iran.
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Pantel D, Mertens ND, Schneider R, Hölzel S, Kari JA, Desoky SE, Shalaby MA, Lim TY, Sanna-Cherchi S, Shril S, Hildebrandt F. Copy number variation analysis in 138 families with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome identifies causal homozygous deletions in PLCE1 and NPHS2 in two families. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:455-461. [PMID: 37670083 PMCID: PMC10979458 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is the second most common cause of kidney failure in children and adults under the age of 20 years. Previously, we were able to detect by exome sequencing (ES) a known monogenic cause of SRNS in 25-30% of affected families. However, ES falls short of detecting copy number variants (CNV). Therefore, we hypothesized that causal CNVs could be detected in a large SRNS cohort. METHODS We performed genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based CNV analysis on a cohort of 138 SRNS families, in whom we previously did not identify a genetic cause through ES. We evaluated ES and CNV data for variants in 60 known SRNS genes and in 13 genes in which variants are known to cause a phenocopy of SRNS. We applied previously published, predefined criteria for CNV evaluation. RESULTS We detected a novel CNV in two genes in 2 out of 138 families (1.5%). The 9,673 bp homozygous deletion in PLCE1 and the 6,790 bp homozygous deletion in NPHS2 were confirmed across the breakpoints by PCR and Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that CNV analysis can identify the genetic cause in SRNS families that remained unsolved after ES. Though the rate of detected CNVs is minor, CNV analysis can be used when there are no other genetic causes identified. Causative CNVs are less common in SRNS than in other monogenic kidney diseases, such as congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract, where the detection rate was 5.3%. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Pantel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils D Mertens
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ronen Schneider
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Selina Hölzel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jameela A Kari
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif El Desoky
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Shalaby
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tze Y Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simone Sanna-Cherchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Bitarafan F, Khodaeian M, Garrousi F, Khalesi R, Ghazi Nader D, Karimi B, Alibakhshi R, Garshasbi M. Reporting a novel growth hormone receptor gene variant in an Iranian consanguineous pedigree with Laron syndrome: a case report. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:155. [PMID: 37474955 PMCID: PMC10357607 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human growth hormone (hGH) plays a crucial role in growth by binding to growth hormone receptor (GHR) in target cells. Binding of GH molecules to their cognate receptors triggers downstream signaling pathways leading to the transcription of several genes, including insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Pathogenic variants in the GHR gene can result in structural and functional defects in the GHR protein, leading to Laron Syndrome (LS) with the primary clinical manifestation of short stature. So far, around 100 GHR variants have been reported, mostly biallelic, as causing LS. CASE PRESENTATION We report on three siblings from an Iranian consanguineous family who presented with dwarfism. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the proband, revealing a novel homozygous missense variant in the GHR gene (NM_000163.5; c.610 T > A, p.(Trp204Arg)) classified as a likely pathogenic variant according to the recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG). Co-segregation analysis was investigated using Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS To date, approximately 400-500 LS cases with GHR biallelic variants, out of them 10 patients originating from Iran, have been described in the literature. Given the high rate of consanguineous marriages in the Iranian population, the frequency of LS is expected to be higher, which might be explained by undiagnosed cases. Early diagnosis of LS is very important, as treatment is available for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bitarafan
- Department of Medical Genetics, DeNA Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Raziyeh Khalesi
- Department of Medical Genetics, DeNA Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | - Donya Ghazi Nader
- Medical Genetics Laboratory of Dr. Alibakhshi, Sobhan Medical Complex, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behnam Karimi
- Medical Genetics Laboratory of Dr. Alibakhshi, Sobhan Medical Complex, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Alibakhshi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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van der Ven AT, Connaughton DM, Ityel H, Mann N, Nakayama M, Chen J, Vivante A, Hwang DY, Schulz J, Braun DA, Schmidt JM, Schapiro D, Schneider R, Warejko JK, Daga A, Majmundar AJ, Tan W, Jobst-Schwan T, Hermle T, Widmeier E, Ashraf S, Amar A, Hoogstraaten CA, Hugo H, Kitzler TM, Kause F, Kolvenbach CM, Dai R, Spaneas L, Amann K, Stein DR, Baum MA, Somers MJG, Rodig NM, Ferguson MA, Traum AZ, Daouk GH, Bogdanović R, Stajić N, Soliman NA, Kari JA, El Desoky S, Fathy HM, Milosevic D, Al-Saffar M, Awad HS, Eid LA, Selvin A, Senguttuvan P, Sanna-Cherchi S, Rehm HL, MacArthur DG, Lek M, Laricchia KM, Wilson MW, Mane SM, Lifton RP, Lee RS, Bauer SB, Lu W, Reutter HM, Tasic V, Shril S, Hildebrandt F. Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies Causative Mutations in Families with Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2348-2361. [PMID: 30143558 PMCID: PMC6115658 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017121265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most prevalent cause of kidney disease in the first three decades of life. Previous gene panel studies showed monogenic causation in up to 12% of patients with CAKUT. METHODS We applied whole-exome sequencing to analyze the genotypes of individuals from 232 families with CAKUT, evaluating for mutations in single genes known to cause human CAKUT and genes known to cause CAKUT in mice. In consanguineous or multiplex families, we additionally performed a search for novel monogenic causes of CAKUT. RESULTS In 29 families (13%), we detected a causative mutation in a known gene for isolated or syndromic CAKUT that sufficiently explained the patient's CAKUT phenotype. In three families (1%), we detected a mutation in a gene reported to cause a phenocopy of CAKUT. In 15 of 155 families with isolated CAKUT, we detected deleterious mutations in syndromic CAKUT genes. Our additional search for novel monogenic causes of CAKUT in consanguineous and multiplex families revealed a potential single, novel monogenic CAKUT gene in 19 of 232 families (8%). CONCLUSIONS We identified monogenic mutations in a known human CAKUT gene or CAKUT phenocopy gene as the cause of disease in 14% of the CAKUT families in this study. Whole-exome sequencing provides an etiologic diagnosis in a high fraction of patients with CAKUT and will provide a new basis for the mechanistic understanding of CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie T van der Ven
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dervla M Connaughton
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hadas Ityel
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nina Mann
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Asaf Vivante
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julian Schulz
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniela A Braun
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - David Schapiro
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronen Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jillian K Warejko
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ankana Daga
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amar J Majmundar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weizhen Tan
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tilman Jobst-Schwan
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tobias Hermle
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eugen Widmeier
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shazia Ashraf
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ali Amar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charlotte A Hoogstraaten
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hannah Hugo
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas M Kitzler
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Franziska Kause
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline M Kolvenbach
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rufeng Dai
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leslie Spaneas
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kassaundra Amann
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah R Stein
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle A Baum
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J G Somers
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy M Rodig
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael A Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Avram Z Traum
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ghaleb H Daouk
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Radovan Bogdanović
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute for Mother and Child Health Care, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Stajić
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute for Mother and Child Health Care, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neveen A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, Cairo University, Egypt
- Egyptian Group for Orphan Renal Diseases, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jameela A Kari
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif El Desoky
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan M Fathy
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Danko Milosevic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Muna Al-Saffar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hazem S Awad
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Dubai Kidney Center Of Excellence, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Loai A Eid
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Dubai Kidney Center Of Excellence, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aravind Selvin
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabha Senguttuvan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Dr. Mehta's Multi-Specialty Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Heidi L Rehm
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Monkol Lek
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kristen M Laricchia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael W Wilson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Shrikant M Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Richard S Lee
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stuart B Bauer
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weining Lu
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heiko M Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics and
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Yassaee VR, Hashemi-Gorji F, Miryounesi M, Rezayi A, Ravesh Z, Yassaee F, Salehpour S. Clinical, biochemical and molecular features of Iranian families with mucopolysaccharidosis: A case series. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 474:88-95. [PMID: 28844463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to ascertain the genetic variants which contribute to the most common types of MPS in eleven Iranian families. Clinical and biochemical features were obtained during initial examination and patients were further investigated for genetic defects in the MPS genes. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from all family members after obtaining written informed consent. Based on the patient's clinical diagnosis, three different genetic tests including Sanger sequencing of four genes (IDUA, IDS, SGSH, and GALNS), targeted panel (10 genes) and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) techniques were applied to identify the causative variants. A total of 12 different mutations were identified in five genes, including nine novel mutations and three previously reported missense mutations. Sanger sequencing confirmation of the identified mutations determined one case of compound heterozygous in the NAGLU gene. In this study, novel mutations in MPS related genes were identified attempting to characterize the type and subtype of the disease using molecular approaches. Results of the study positively contribute to mutation spectrum of IDUA, IDS, SGSH, NAGLU, and GALNS genes in the Iranian cohort. It may also enrich genetic counseling for rapid risk assessment and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Reza Yassaee
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Miryounesi
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezayi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ravesh
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fakhrolmolouk Yassaee
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadab Salehpour
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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