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Chen Y, Waheed MS, Iqbal S, Rizwan M, Room S. Durability Properties of Macro-Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:284. [PMID: 38255452 PMCID: PMC10819955 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Concrete is one of the most commonly used construction materials; however, its durability plays a pivotal role in areas where the concrete is exposed to severe environmental conditions, which initiate cracks inside and disintegrate it. Randomly distributed short fibers arrest the initiation and propagation of micro-cracks in the concrete and maintain its integrity. Traditional polypropylene fibers are thin and encounter the problem of balling effects during concrete mixing, leading to uneven fiber distribution. Thus, a new polypropylene fiber is developed by gluing thin ones together, forming macro-polypropylene fibers. Thus, different amounts of fibers, 0-1.5% v/f with an increment of 0.5% v/f, are used in different grades of concrete to study their impact on durability properties, including resistance to freezing and thawing cycles, sulfate, and acid attacks. A total of 432 cube samples were tested at 28, 56, and 92 days. The results reveal that the maximum durability, in terms of compressive strength loss, is noted with a fiber content of 1% with improved resistance of 72%, 54%, and 24% against freeze-thaw cycles, sulfate attack, and hydrochloric acid attack, respectively, at 92 days. Thus, the resulting fiber-reinforced concrete may be effective in areas where these extreme exposure conditions are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Chen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China;
| | - Muhammad Shukat Waheed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (M.S.W.); (S.I.); (M.R.)
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (M.S.W.); (S.I.); (M.R.)
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (M.S.W.); (S.I.); (M.R.)
| | - Shah Room
- Muhandis Design Ingenieure (MDI), Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
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Veronese S, Brunetti B, Minichino AM, Sbarbati A. Vacuum and Electromagnetic Fields Treatment to Regenerate a Diffuse Mature Facial Scar Caused by Sulfuric Acid Assault. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9. [PMID: 36551005 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acid attacks are on the rise, and they cause extensive and deep burns, especially on the face. The treatments used to improve the aesthetic, functional and social impact of non-acid scars do not always prove useful for acid scars. This article reports the case of a woman with an extended, mature, acid facial scar, caused by sulfuric acid assault, treated with a recent new procedure that combines the application of vacuum and electromagnetic fields. Before and after the treatment, the aesthetic appearance, and motor function of the face and neck were evaluated, as well as the level of hydration, the amount of sebum, the elasticity, and the pH of the skin. The improvements highlighted after the treatment of the aesthetic and functional characteristics of the face and neck, and of the physical parameters of the skin seemed to indicate that this particular treatment induces tissue regeneration, even in the nerve component. However, it is evident that the rehabilitation pathways of facial wounds and scars must be personalized, and must include continuous psychological support for the patient.
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Berger F, Bogner A, Hirsch A, Ukrainczyk N, Dehn F, Koenders E. Thermodynamic Modeling and Experimental Validation of Acetic Acid Attack on Hardened Cement Paste: Effect of Silica Fume. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8355. [PMID: 36499850 PMCID: PMC9738739 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Concrete structures are increasingly becoming exposed to organic acid attack conditions, such as those found in agriculture and food-related industries. This paper aims to experimentally verify the thermodynamic modeling of cement pastes under acetic acid attack. For this, a modeling approach implemented in IPHREEQC via Matlab is described, and results are compared with measured pH and compositions of equilibrated solutions (MP-AES) as well as unreacted/precipitated solids (XRF, XRD and STA) for a wide range of acid concentrations. The 11% replacement of cement by silica fume (SF) led to a 60 or 70% reduction (measured or modeled, respectively) of Portlandite content in the hardened cement paste due to the pozzolanic reaction resulting in higher content of CSH phases, which has effects on the progression of dissolution processes and a resulting pH with increased acid concentrations. Considering that no fitting parameter was used, the model predictions showed good agreement with measured values of pH, dissolved ion concentrations and composition of the remaining (degraded) solids overall. The discrepancies here were more pronounced at very high acid concentrations (equilibrium pH < ~4), i.e., after the full dissolution of hydrate phases due to limitations in the model used to describe Al-, Si- and Fe-gel phases and/or identified experimental challenges in precipitation of calcium and aluminum acetate hydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Berger
- Institute of Construction and Building Materials, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Bogner
- Institute of Concrete Structures and Building Materials, Department Building Materials and Concrete Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Astrid Hirsch
- Institute of Concrete Structures and Building Materials, Department Building Materials and Concrete Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Neven Ukrainczyk
- Institute of Construction and Building Materials, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Dehn
- Institute of Concrete Structures and Building Materials, Department Building Materials and Concrete Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eduardus Koenders
- Institute of Construction and Building Materials, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Al-Hashem MN, Amin MN, Ajwad A, Afzal M, Khan K, Faraz MI, Qadir MG, Khan H. Mechanical and Durability Evaluation of Metakaolin as Cement Replacement Material in Concrete. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7868. [PMID: 36431354 PMCID: PMC9692382 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing prices of cement and its harmful effect on the environment, the use of cement has become highly unsustainable in concrete. There is a considerable need for promoting the use of cement replacement materials. This study investigates the effect of variable percentages of metakaolin (MK) on the mechanical and durability performance of concrete. Kaolin clay (KC) was used in the current research to prepare the MK by the calcination process; it was ground in a ball mill to its maximum achievable fineness value of 2550 m2/Kg. Four replacement levels of MK, i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of cement, in addition to control samples, at a constant water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.55 were used. For evaluating the mechanical and durability performance, 27 cubes (6 in. × 6 in. × 6 in.) and 6 cylinders (3.875 in. diameter, 2 in. height) were cast for each mix. These samples were tested for compressive strength under standard conditions and in an acidic environment, in addition to being subjected to water permeability, sorptivity, and water absorption tests. Chemical analysis revealed that MK could be used as pozzolana as per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM C 618:2003). The results demonstrated an increased compressive strength of concrete owing to an increased percentage of MK in the mix with aging. In particular, the concrete having 20% MK after curing under standard conditions exhibited 33.43% higher compressive strength at 90 days as compared to similarly aged control concrete. However, with increasing MK, the workability of concrete decreased drastically. After being subjected to an acid attack (immersing concrete cubes in 2% sulfuric acid solution), the samples exhibited a significant decrease in compressive strength at 90 days in comparison to those without acid attack at the same age. The density of acid attack increased with increasing MK with a maximum corresponding to 5% MK concrete. The current findings suggest that the local MK has the potential to produce good-quality concrete in a normal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Najeeb Al-Hashem
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Nasir Amin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Ajwad
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan
| | - Kaffayatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Iftikhar Faraz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ghulam Qadir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hayat Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
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Abstract
Geopolymer concrete is produced from the geopolymerization process, in which molecules known as oligomers integrate to form geopolymer networks with covalent bonding. Its production expends less thermal energy and results in a smaller carbon footprint compared to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. It requires only an alkaline activator to catalyze its aluminosilicate sources such as metakaolin and fly ash, to yield geopolymer binder for the geopolymerization to take place. Because of its eco-friendly technology and practical application, current research interest is mainly concentrated on the endurance of geopolymer concrete to resist heat and chemical aggressions. As such, it is pertinent for this review article to provide critical insight into the recent progress in research on the durability of geopolymer concrete. One significant outcome of the review is that the admixture of geopolymer concrete could be blended with additives such as micro-silica and fibers such as polypropylene fibers, to enhance its durability. The review on the durability aspects of geopolymer concrete showed that it had high compressive strength at an optimal elevated temperature, low to medium chloride ion penetrability, and high resistance to acid attack and abrasion. This makes geopolymer concrete a viable candidate to replace OPC concrete in the construction industry.
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Zhao W, Fan Z, Li X, Kong L, Zhang L. Characterization and Comparison of Corrosion Layer Microstructure between Cement Mortar and Alkali-Activated Fly Ash/Slag Mortar Exposed to Sulfuric Acid and Acetic Acid. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:1527. [PMID: 35208067 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the formation and evolution of the corrosion layers in alkali-activated mortar and ordinary Portland cement mortar exposed to sulfuric acid and acetic acid environments with different pH values, and explored the differences in the deterioration mechanisms. The experimental results indicated that ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortars experienced more severe deterioration in terms of appearance, mass loss, and strength loss as compared with alkali-activated mortars exposed to an acetic acid environment, but their neutralization depths were smaller. Alkali-activated fly ash (AAF) mortar had a the relatively intact appearance but the greatest neutralization depth, which was due to its stable three-dimensional network but highly porous structure. To sum up, alkali-activated fly ash/slag (AFS) mortar had the best resistance to acid attack. In addition, the mortars exposed to acetic acid suffered greater deterioration than those exposed to sulfuric acid with the same pH values, which was mainly due to the highly porous corrosion layer formed in acetic acid, whereas crystallization of gypsum in sulfuric acid had a pore filling effect. However, for alkali-activated slag (AAS) and OPC mortars exposed to a sulfuric acid environment, extensive gypsum resulted in the formation of micro-cracks, and the corrosion layer of OPC mortar was more prone to fall off. OPC mortar also had the greatest resistance difference values of the continuously connected micro-pores before and after acid corrosion, followed by AAS, AAF, and AFS mortars, and these values for all the specimens were smaller in sulfuric acid. Furthermore, the gaps between acetic and sulfuric acid attacks increased with increased calcium content in binders, which were 7%, 13%, 21%, and 29% for AAF, AFS, AAS, and OPC mortars, respectively. Thus, it can be inferred that an appropriate amount of gypsum existed in the corrosion layer which could act as a barrier to some extent ina sulfuric acid environment.
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Kelechi SE, Adamu M, Mohammed A, Ibrahim YE, Obianyo II. Durability Performance of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Crumb Rubber, Fly Ash and Calcium Carbide Waste. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15020488. [PMID: 35057206 PMCID: PMC8782016 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Waste tire disposal continues to pose a threat to the environment due to its non-biodegradable nature. Therefore, some means of managing waste tires include grinding them to crumb rubber (CR) sizes and using them as a partial replacement to fine aggregate in concrete. However, the use of CR has a series of advantages, but its major disadvantage is strength reduction. This leads to the utilization of calcium carbide waste (CCW) to mitigate the negative effect of CR in self-compacting concrete (SCC). This study investigates the durability properties of SCC containing CR modified using fly ash and CCW. The durability properties considered are water absorption, acid attack, salt resistance, and elevated temperature of the mixes. The experiment was conducted for mixes with no-fly ash content and their replica mixes containing fly ash to replace 40% of the cement. In the mixes, CR was used to partially replace fine aggregate in proportions of 0%, 10%, and 20% by volume, and CCW was used as a partial replacement to cement at 0%, 5%, and 10% by volume. The results indicate that the mixes containing fly ash had higher resistance to acid (H2SO4) and salt (MgSO4), with up to 23% resistance observed when compared to the mix containing no fly ash. In addition, resistance to acid attack decreased with the increase in the replacement of fine aggregate with CR. The same principle applied to the salt attack scenario, although the rate was more rapid with the acid than the salt. The results obtained from heating indicate that the weight loss was reduced slightly with the increase in CCW, and was increased with the increase in CR and temperature. Similarly, the compressive strength was observed to slightly increase at room temperature (27 °C) and the greatest loss in compressive strength was observed between the temperature of 300 and 400 °C. However, highest water absorption, of 2.83%, was observed in the mix containing 20% CR, and 0% CCW, while the lowest water absorption, of 1.68%, was found in the mix with 0% CR, 40% fly ash, and 10% CCW. In conclusion, fly ash is recommended for concrete structures immersed in water, acid, or salt in sulphate- and magnesium-prone areas; conversely, fly ash and CR reduce the resistance of SCC to heat beyond 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia E. Kelechi
- Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN 46323, USA;
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bayero University, P.M.B 3011, Kano 700006, Nigeria;
| | - Musa Adamu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bayero University, P.M.B 3011, Kano 700006, Nigeria;
- Engineering Management Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or (M.A.); (Y.E.I.)
| | - Abubakar Mohammed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bayero University, P.M.B 3011, Kano 700006, Nigeria;
| | - Yasser E. Ibrahim
- Engineering Management Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or (M.A.); (Y.E.I.)
| | - Ifeyinwa I. Obianyo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, African University of Science and Technology, Abuja 900109, Nigeria;
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Abstract
From eve-teasing to more aggressive forms of sexual violence, subjection of women to sexual violence has been on the rise. One heinous form of sexual violence is the acid attack. Acid attack refers to the intentional act of throwing acid on an individual with the intent of harming, torturing, disfiguring, injuring, or killing them. Despite an increase in the number of reported cases of acid attacks, the initial nonavailability of strict legislatures and underreporting of the crime have led to gross underrepresentation of the acid attack victims in the scientific literature. Moreover, most researches focus on the impact of acid attack and not on the process of recovery for these victims. Hence, this paper attempts to explore the role of psychological makeup in the psychological rehabilitation of acid attack victims. This study adopted the homogeneous purposive sampling method. The sample consisted of 30 female victims of acid attack between the age group of 18 to 25 years. The narratives of these victims focusing on their experiences before and after the incidence were collected. Findings of this study indicate that psychological makeup is an important variable that is responsible for the successful recovery from trauma. Nearly all of the victims have shown symptoms of maladaptive psychological makeup after facing a violent event. However, after participation in the rehabilitation program, the victims moved from having maladaptive psychological makeup toward having adaptive psychological makeup. The emergent subthemes comprising maladaptive psychological makeup consists of cognitive distortions, hopelessness, shame, and suicidal ideation; and for adaptive psychological makeup, these are positive life orientation, belief in the just world, and self-efficacy. The insights of the study will contribute to an improved understanding of the recovery process of the acid attack victims and help in planning intervention protocols for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Mittal
- Amity University Lucknow Campus, India
- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Kazerooni Y, Mishra B, Gibran N, Adu E, Clarke D, Pham T, Stewart BT. A systematic review and comprehensive legislative framework to address chemical assault globally. Health Policy Plan 2021; 35:1188-1207. [PMID: 33450768 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of chemical assault is increasing globally. In response, a number of countries are proposing legislation. However, current legislative initiatives are uncoordinated and do not address the spectrum of activities to prevent and care for victims of chemical assaults. To fill this gap, we aimed to review legislation, policies and regulations relevant to chemical assault to classify and catalogue current strategies into a legislative framework. Terms related to chemical assault were used to systematically search the academic, lay and legal literatures. Chemical assault was defined as the use of acid or another caustic or corrosive substance or vitriol by one person against another with the intent to injure or disfigure. Reports that described the use of chemical weapons in warfare were excluded. A second search of national legislations of countries with reports of chemical assaults was performed to identify enacted laws and gaps in legislative approaches to chemical assault control. Data regarding relevant laws, policies and regulations were extracted. The findings were used to classify and catalogue current strategies into a legislative framework using content analysis. The search returned 3769 records. Chemical assaults were reported from 104 countries. Using legislation from those countries, a framework consisting of five legislative priorities was developed: (a) apply a public health approach; (b) adopt legal definitions specific to chemical assault; (c) control chemical supply, sales and procurement; (d) facilitate justice; and (e) support survivors. Although many countries have implemented one or more of these legislative priorities, no country has a comprehensive address to chemical assault control. Comparative policy analysis and assessments of the impacts of legislative efforts may further inform strategies to prevent, prosecute and mitigate the impact of chemical assaults. In the meantime, advocacy groups and governments might consider implementation and enforcement of one or more components of this legislative framework to control the growing epidemic of chemical assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Kazerooni
- Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 395 W 12th Ave #670, Columbus, OH 43210 2, USA
| | - Brijesh Mishra
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, King Georges Medical University, Shah Mina Rd, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Nicole Gibran
- Division of Trauma, Burn and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Box 359796, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Emmanual Adu
- Department of Surgery, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Provost Office, College of Health Sciences KNUST-Kumasi, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Damian Clarke
- Metropolitan Trauma Service Pietermaritzburg, Department of General Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, 719 Umbilo Rd, Umbilo, Berea, 4001 Durban, South Africa
| | - Tam Pham
- Division of Trauma, Burn and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Box 359796, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Barclay T Stewart
- Division of Trauma, Burn and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Box 359796, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.,Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Surgery, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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D'Alessandro AD, Sikon JR, Lacy AJ, Smith AT, Shah KS. Vitriolage by Sulfuric Acid: Unique Challenges and Considerations in Patient Resuscitation. J Emerg Med 2020; 59:e123-e126. [PMID: 32807582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, over 1 million burns require medical treatment each year. Chemical burns represent an infrequent but devastating percentage of all burns, which account for a large proportion of all burn-related deaths. Of the various causes of chemical burns, sulfuric acid is most commonly involved in occupational and accidental burns, and even cases of assault. CASE REPORT We describe the case of a 27-year-old man who presented to our Emergency Department (ED) after an assault with sulfuric acid. During his presentation, particular attention and care was given to his decontamination, airway management, and correction of life-threatening metabolic derangements. After stabilization in the ED he survived an extensive hospital admission. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Patient outcomes and prognosis after chemical burns are dependent on prompt recognition/suspicion and rapid initiation of treatment. Even with prompt treatment, severe physiologic and psychologic injuries often afflict the patient. While encountering these devastating injuries, the emergency physician must carry a heightened sense of care and protection for both patient and staff to ensure optimum outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D D'Alessandro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph R Sikon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Aaron J Lacy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Austin T Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Karan S Shah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Sabapathy L, Mohammed BS, Al-Fakih A, Wahab MMA, Liew MS, Amran YHM. Acid and Sulphate Attacks on a Rubberized Engineered Cementitious Composite Containing Graphene Oxide. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13143125. [PMID: 32668788 PMCID: PMC7411837 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the durability of an engineered cementitious composite (ECC) incorporating crumb rubber (CR) and graphene oxide (GO) with respect to resistance to acid and sulphate attacks. To obtain the mix designs used for this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized, which yielded the composition of 13 mixes containing two variables (crumb rubber and graphene oxide). The crumb rubber had a percentage range of 0–10%, whereas the graphene oxide was tested in the range of 0.01–0.05% by volume. Three types of laboratory tests were used in this study, namely a compressive test, an acid attack test to study its durability against an acidic environment, and a sulphate attack test to examine the length change while exposed to a sulphate solution. Response surface methodology helped develop predictive responsive models and multiple objectives that aided in the optimization of results obtained from the experiments. Furthermore, a rubberized engineered cementitious composite incorporating graphene oxide yielded better chemical attack results compared to those of a normal rubberized engineered cementitious composite. In conclusion, nano-graphene in the form of graphene oxide has the ability to enhance the properties and overcome the limitations of crumb rubber incorporated into an engineered cementitious composite. The optimal mix was attained with 10% crumb rubber and 0.01 graphene oxide that achieved 43.6 MPa compressive strength, 29.4% weight loss, and 2.19% expansion. The addition of GO enhances the performance of rubberized ECC, contributing to less weight loss due to the deterioration of acidic media on the ECC. It also contributes to better resistance to changes in the length of the rubberized ECC samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavaniyah Sabapathy
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (L.S.); (A.A.-F.); (M.M.A.W.); (M.S.L.)
| | - Bashar S. Mohammed
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (L.S.); (A.A.-F.); (M.M.A.W.); (M.S.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Amin Al-Fakih
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (L.S.); (A.A.-F.); (M.M.A.W.); (M.S.L.)
| | - Mubarak Mohammed A Wahab
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (L.S.); (A.A.-F.); (M.M.A.W.); (M.S.L.)
| | - M. S. Liew
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (L.S.); (A.A.-F.); (M.M.A.W.); (M.S.L.)
| | - Y. H. Mugahed Amran
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, Quhal, Amran 9677, Yemen
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Irico S, De Meyst L, Qvaeschning D, Alonso MC, Villar K, De Belie N. Severe Sulfuric Acid Attack on Self-Compacting Concrete with Granulometrically Optimized Blast-Furnace Slag-Comparison of Different Test Methods. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E1431. [PMID: 32245156 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The corrosion by severe sulfuric acid attack at pH 2 of two self-compacting concrete (SCC) types that are based on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and granulometrically optimized blast-furnace slag cement was evaluated by three complementary tests that were performed in different research institutes. The use of SCC is a smart and promising solution to improve the performance of concrete in an aggressive environment, especially regarding ready-mixed concrete applications, since good compaction is less dependent on workmanship. The relevance and practical advantages of the different test protocols and the influence of the experimental parameters are discussed. It appears that the frequency of renewing the acid solution during the exposure period is the main parameter that influences the mass loss and the rate of degradation, while the sample geometry and the ratio between the volume of solution and concrete surface area had no clear influence. Nevertheless, there was reasonable agreement between the methods regarding the magnitude of the concrete degradation (resulting in a mass loss of about 2.5 kg/m² in six months time). The use of granulometrically optimized slag cement provided a moderate increase of the concrete resistance against acid attack, and this practice might be recommended in order to increase the durability of structures exposed to sulfuric acid media. The fact that the difference in comparison with SCC-OPC was rather limited shows that the influence of the cement type becomes less relevant in the case of concrete with low w/c ratio and optimized concrete technology.
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Mohseni E, Tang W, Cui H. Chloride Diffusion and Acid Resistance of Concrete Containing Zeolite and Tuff as Partial Replacements of Cement and Sand. Materials (Basel) 2017; 10:ma10040372. [PMID: 28772737 PMCID: PMC5506924 DOI: 10.3390/ma10040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the properties of concrete containing zeolite and tuff as partial replacements of cement and sand were studied. The compressive strength, water absorption, chloride ion diffusion and resistance to acid environments of concretes made with zeolite at proportions of 10% and 15% of binder and tuff at ratios of 5%, 10% and 15% of fine aggregate were investigated. The results showed that the compressive strength of samples with zeolite and tuff increased considerably. In general, the concrete strength increased with increasing tuff content, and the strength was further improved when cement was replaced by zeolite. According to the water absorption results, specimens with zeolite showed the lowest water absorption values. With the incorporation of tuff and zeolite, the chloride resistance of specimens was enhanced significantly. In terms of the water absorption and chloride diffusion results, the most favorable replacement of cement and sand was 10% zeolite and 15% tuff, respectively. However, the resistance to acid attack reduced due to the absorbing characteristic and calcareous nature of the tuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mohseni
- School of Architecture and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Waiching Tang
- School of Architecture and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Hongzhi Cui
- Shenzhen Durability Center for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Tan A, Bharj AK, Nizamoglu M, Barnes D, Dziewulski P. Assaults from corrosive substances and medico legal considerations in a large regional burn centre in the United Kingdom: calls for increased vigilance and enforced legislation. Scars Burn Heal 2015; 1:2059513115612945. [PMID: 29799575 PMCID: PMC5965332 DOI: 10.1177/2059513115612945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn injuries from corrosive substances have been recognised as a common method of assault in low and middle income countries (LMICs) motivated by various factors. Such injuries often leave survivors with severely debilitating physical and psychological injuries and scars. The number of reported cases of acid assaults within the United Kingdom (UK) appears to be on the rise. As one of the largest regional burn centres in the UK, we have reviewed our experience of chemical burns from assault. This study aims to: (1) review the demographics, incidence and patient outcomes; (2) evaluate the long-term psychosocial support provided; and (3) review current criminal litigation proceedings and preventative legislations in the UK specific to assault by corrosive substances. A 15-year retrospective review of 21 burn injuries from assault with corrosive substances presenting to a regional burn unit was conducted. Victims were mostly young men; male perpetrators were more common. The most common motive cited was assault. The most common anatomical region affected was the face and neck. The number of victims who pursue litigation is disproportionately lower than the number of total cases at presentation. In an effort to better understand the legal considerations surrounding such assaults, we also collaborated with lawyers experienced in this particular field. We hope that our work will help educate healthcare professionals regarding the legal assistance and existing laws available to protect these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alethea Tan
- St. Andrew’s Centre for Plastic Surgery
and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, UK
- St. Andrews Anglia Ruskin Plastic
Surgery and Burns Research Unit, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Chelmsford,
UK
| | | | - Metin Nizamoglu
- St. Andrew’s Centre for Plastic Surgery
and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, UK
| | - David Barnes
- St. Andrew’s Centre for Plastic Surgery
and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Peter Dziewulski
- St. Andrew’s Centre for Plastic Surgery
and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, UK
- St. Andrews Anglia Ruskin Plastic
Surgery and Burns Research Unit, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Chelmsford,
UK
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