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Fumian TM, Malta FC, Sarmento SK, Fernandes SB, Negri CM, Belettini SADA, Machado MH, Guimarães MAAM, de Assis RMS, Baduy GA, Fialho AM, Burlandy FM. Acute gastroenteritis outbreak associated with multiple and rare norovirus genotypes after storm events in Santa Catarina, Brazil. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29205. [PMID: 37933896 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of acute diarrheal disease (ADD) outbreaks worldwide. In the present study, we investigated an ADD outbreak caused by norovirus in several municipalities of Santa Catarina state during the summer season, southern Brazil in 2023. As of the 10th epidemiological week of 2023, approximately 87 000 ADD cases were reported, with the capital, Florianópolis, recording the highest number of cases throughout the weeks. By using RT-qPCR and sequencing, we detected 10 different genotypes, from both genogroups (G) I and II. Some rare genotypes were also identified. Additionally, rotavirus and human adenovirus were sporadically detected among the ADD cases. Several features of the outbreak suggest that sewage-contaminated water could played a role in the surge of ADD cases. Storm events in Santa Catarina state that preceded the outbreak likely increased the discharge of contaminated wastewater and stormwater into water bodies, such as rivers and beaches during a high touristic season in the state. Climate change-induced extreme weather events, including intensified rainfall and frequent floods, can disturb healthcare and sanitation systems. Implementing public policies for effective sanitation, particularly during peak times, is crucial to maintain environmental equilibrium and counter marine pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Cynthia Maria Negri
- Central Laboratory of Public Health-LACEN, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Angelica Arpon Marandino Guimarães
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosane Maria Santos de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Assad Baduy
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Madi Fialho
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Marcicano Burlandy
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ramírez MC, Méndez K, Castelblanco-Mora A, Quijano S, Ulloa J. In Vitro Evaluation of Anti-Rotaviral Activity and Intestinal Toxicity of a Phytotherapeutic Prototype of Achyrocline bogotensis (Kunth) DC. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112394. [PMID: 36366492 PMCID: PMC9695875 DOI: 10.3390/v14112394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses represent the primary etiologic agents (70-80%) of acute diarrheal disease (ADD), and rotavirus (RV) is the most relevant one. Currently, four rotavirus vaccines are available. However, these vaccines do not protect against emerging viral strains or are not available in low-income countries. To date, there are no approved drugs available against rotavirus infection. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro anti-rotaviral activity and intestinal toxicity of a phytotherapeutic prototype obtained from Achyrocline bogotensis (Kunth) DC. (PPAb); medicinal plant that contains compounds that inhibit the rotavirus replication cycle. Virucidal and viral yield reduction effects exerted by the PPAb were evaluated by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the toxic impact of the PPAb was evaluated in polarized human intestinal epithelial C2BBe1 cells in terms of cytotoxicity, loss of cytoplasmic membrane asymmetry, and DNA fragmentation by MTT and fluorometry. PPAb concentrations under 0.49 mg/mL exerted significant virucidal and viral yield reduction activities, and concentrations under 16 mg/mL neither reduced cell viability, produced DNA fragmentation, nor compromised the C2BBe1cell membrane stability after 24-h incubation. Based on these results, the evaluated phytotherapeutic prototype of Achyrocline bogotensis might be considered as a promising alternative to treat ADD caused by rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Camila Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 # 43-82, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Kelly Méndez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 # 43-82, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Alicia Castelblanco-Mora
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 # 43-82, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Sandra Quijano
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 # 43-82, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Juan Ulloa
- Laboratorio de Virología, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 # 43-82, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-601-3208320 (ext. 4029)
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Mathew MM, Kaimal RS, Goodwill J. Acute Diarrhoeal Disease in Children Aged 6 Months to 24 Months: An In-Hospital Cross-Sectional Study. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:2494-2498. [PMID: 34568125 PMCID: PMC8415679 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1443_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Diarrheal disease comes second among the causes of death in children under 5 years of old. We are well aware that this common disease is preventable and treatable. But the practice of preventive strategies is not as efficient as it should be. Aims and Objectives: 1. To determine the frequency of acute diarrheal disease in children aged 6 months to 24 months attending the immunization clinic of Lourdes Hospital, Kochi, Kerala. 2. To assess the associated factors and practices involved with acute diarrheal disease in the study group. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in children above 6 months attending immunization clinic in Lourdes hospital during the period from 1st October 2017 to 31st March 2019. After receiving their informed consent, a pretested, semistructured, and validated questionnaire was given to the mothers/caregivers to gather data on socio-demographic characteristics and practices. In order to assess the prevalence of diarrhea, details of the diarrheal episode after the 6 months of age were included in the questionnaire. To eliminate repeats, caution was taken not to include previously recorded data on the diarrheal episode. Discussion and Conclusion: The proportion of children with diarrhea in the study population was 38.7% which was high compared with other studies in the same age group. Many of the practices associated were found faulty and needing rectification which is a Family Physician's area of expertise. The study concludes that there is a need for identifying novel risk factors for diarrhea and educating the caregivers regarding the prevention of diarrhea. Primary Care Physicians/Family Physicians can play an effective role in educating the caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Resmi S Kaimal
- Department of Family Medicine, Lourdes Hospital, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Jose Goodwill
- Consultant Paediatrician, Lourdes Hospital, Cochin, Kerala, India
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Gebrehiwot T, Geberemariyam BS, Gebretsadik T, Gebresilassie A. Prevalence of diarrheal diseases among schools with and without water, sanitation and hygiene programs in rural communities of north-eastern Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. Rural Remote Health 2020; 20:4907. [PMID: 33059457 DOI: 10.22605/rrh4907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diarrheal diseases are a significant cause of morbidity among school-aged children due to inadequate sanitation, lack of access to potable water and poor hygiene practices. Although the incidence of these illnesses can be reduced through improved water quality and the introduction of sanitation and hygiene programs in schools, there is limited evidence to demonstrate the impact of interventions in schools in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence and associated factors of diarrheal diseases in school-aged children between schools in Habru District, north-eastern Ethiopia that adopted water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions and those that did not. METHODS A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 640 randomly selected school children (160 from schools that adopted WASH interventions and 480 from schools that did not). Trained data collectors used a pre-tested structured questionnaire and an observational checklist to collect the data. Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages, were computed to present the prevalence of diarrheal disease. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with diarrheal disease. RESULTS The overall 2-week prevalence of diarrhea among school children was 30.5%. In WASH-implementing schools, the prevalence was 21.9%, significantly lower than in non-WASH-implementing schools (33.3%). In non-WASH-implementing schools, the odds of diarrheal diseases among students were significantly decreased in those students who used a clean school latrine, self-reported latrine utilization at home and were aware of the causes of diarrhea. Similarly, among students in WASH-implementing schools, self-reported latrine utilization at home, personal hygiene inspection and awareness of the causes of diarrhea were factors associated with decreasing odds of diarrhea occurrence. CONCLUSION This study identified a high prevalence of a diarrheal disease among children in schools with no WASH interventions compared with schools that do have WASH interventions. This provides strong evidence for strengthening WASH programs in all rural schools to reduce the burden of diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teklit Gebretsadik
- Department of Health Informatics and Healthcare Innovation, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Azeb Gebresilassie
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Misganaw D, Abtew K. Evaluation of Antibiotic Utilization Pattern During Acute Diarrheal Disease at Chefa-Robit Health Center, Kemissie, North East Amhara, Ethiopia. Drug Healthc Patient Saf 2020; 12:169-175. [PMID: 33061654 PMCID: PMC7534044 DOI: 10.2147/dhps.s256330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the fact that the majority of the acute diarrheal diseases are viral in origin and self-limited, routine and injudicious antibiotic treatment is a common practice globally and more prevalent in Africa. Indeed, the irrational use of antibiotics has a detrimental effect on the issue of antibiotics resistance and associated healthcare costs. Accordingly, a health center-based cross-sectional study is mandatory and was conducted due to the common malpractice of antibiotics use. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic use pattern in the treatment of acute diarrheal disease in Chefa-robit health center, Kemissie, Northeastern Ethiopia. METHODS AND MATERIALS A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the antibiotic utilization pattern for the treatment of acute diarrheal disease. Data was collected from 230 patients' record cards treated for acute diarrheal disease from January 2018 to December 2018 using structured questionnaires. The finding is presented using frequency distribution and percentages in tables as well as figures. RESULTS Among the 230 patients, 49.60% were males and the rest were females. From the total, 172 of them were with watery type of diarrhea and 132 of them were prescribed antibiotics inappropriately out of which 77 were under 5 years. In addition, 27 patients were diagnosed with mucoid diarrhea and only eight of them were treated with antibiotics whereas 31 patients were with bloody type of diarrhea and 10 of them were not treated with antibiotics. Of the 230 cases, 161 (70%) patients received different types of antibiotics, and co-trimoxazole, amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin were the most prescribed antibiotics. CONCLUSION The study revealed that there is a high level of inappropriate antibiotics use which may fuel the increased antimicrobial resistance and associated costs nationally as well as globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desye Misganaw
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Kassaw Abtew
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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