1
|
El-Sapagh S, El-Shenody R, Pereira L, Elshobary M. Unveiling the Potential of Algal Extracts as Promising Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: In Vitro and In Silico Studies including Molecular Docking. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3324. [PMID: 37765485 PMCID: PMC10537748 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a global challenge due to its virulence and biofilm-forming ability, leading to persistent infections. This study had a dual focus: first, it aimed to investigate the biofilm activity and antibiotic resistance profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates obtained from a fish-rearing farm. Second, it explored the potential of algal extracts as effective antibacterial and antibiofilm agents. The study analyzed 23 isolates of P. aeruginosa from the farm, assessing antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of two algal extracts, Arthrospira platensis (cyanobacteria) acetone extract (AAE) and Polysiphonia scopulorum (Rhodophyta) methanol extract (PME), were tested individually and combined (COE). The effects on biofilm-related gene expression were examined. AAE, PME, and COE were evaluated for antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. Biofilm-related gene expression was measured and the extracts were analyzed for physicochemical properties and toxicity. Most P. aeruginosa isolates (86.9%) were antibiotic-resistant and formed biofilms. AAE, PME, and COE displayed promising antibacterial and antibiofilm effects, with COE being particularly effective. COE reduced a key biofilm-related gene expression. The fatty acid content (56% in AAE and 34% in PME) correlated with the effects. Specific compounds, such as phytol, bromophenol, and dihydroxy benzaldehyde, contributed to the activities. The extracts showed favorable characteristics and interactions with FabZ protein amino acids. This study suggests the potential of algal extracts as antibacterial and antibiofilm agents against drug-resistant infections. Further exploration in clinical applications is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa El-Sapagh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (S.E.-S.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Rania El-Shenody
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (S.E.-S.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Leonel Pereira
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Mostafa Elshobary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (S.E.-S.); (R.E.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alharbi K, Amin MA, Ismail MA, Ibrahim MTS, Hassan SED, Fouda A, Eid AM, Said HA. Alleviate the Drought Stress on Triticum aestivum L. Using the Algal Extracts of Sargassum latifolium and Corallina elongate Versus the Commercial Algal Products. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1757. [PMID: 36362916 PMCID: PMC9695858 DOI: 10.3390/life12111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, two seaweed extracts (Sargassum latifolium and Corallina elongate), and two commercial seaweed products (Canada power and Oligo-X) with a concentration of 5% were used to alleviate the drought stress on wheat plants. The extract of C. elongate had the highest capacity to ameliorate the deleterious effects of water scarcity followed by S. latifolium and the commercial products. The drought stress reduced wheat shoots length and the contents of pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), carbohydrates, and proteins. While the highest increment in the total carbohydrates and protein contents of the wheat shoot after two stages, 37-and 67-days-old, were noted in drought-stressed plants treated with C. elongate extract with values of (34.6% and 22.8%) and (51.9% and 39.5%), respectively, compared to unstressed plants. Decreasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, peroxidase, superoxidase dismutase, and polyphenol oxidase in drought-stressed plants treated with algal extracts indicated amelioration of the response actions. Analysis of phytohormones in wheat plants exhibited increasing GA3 and IAA contents with percentages of (20.3-13.8%) and (72.7-25%), respectively. Interestingly, all morphological and metabolic characteristics of yield were improved due to the algal treatments compared with untreated drought-stressed plants. Overall, the algal extracts, especially those from seaweed of C. elongate, could represent a sustainable candidate to overcome the damage effects of water deficiency in the wheat plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadiga Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Amin
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ismail
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt
| | - Mariam T. S. Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Saad El-Din Hassan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt
| | - Amr Fouda
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Eid
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt
| | - Hanan A. Said
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gabbia D, Roverso M, Zanotto I, Colognesi M, Sayaf K, Sarcognato S, Arcidiacono D, Zaramella A, Realdon S, Ferri N, Guido M, Russo FP, Bogialli S, Carrara M, De Martin S. A Nutraceutical Formulation Containing Brown Algae Reduces Hepatic Lipid Accumulation by Modulating Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation in Experimental Models of NAFLD and NASH. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:572. [PMID: 36135761 PMCID: PMC9501409 DOI: 10.3390/md20090572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, some preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the ability of brown seaweeds in reducing the risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Here, we analyzed the beneficial effect of a nutraceutical formulation containing a phytocomplex extracted from seaweeds and chromium picolinate in animal models of liver steatosis of differing severities (rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its complication, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)). This treatment led to a significant drop in hepatic fat deposition in both models (p < 0.01 vs. untreated animals), accompanied by a reduction in plasma inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and C reactive protein, and myeloperoxidase expression in liver tissue. Furthermore, a modulation of the molecular pathways involved in lipid metabolism and storage was demonstrated, since we observed the significant reduction of the mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase, diacylglycerol acyltransferases, the sterol-binding protein SREBP-1, and the lipid transporter perilipin-2, in both treated NAFLD and NASH rats in comparison to untreated ones. In conclusion, this nutraceutical product was effective in reducing liver steatosis and showed further beneficial effects on hepatic inflammation and glycemic control, which were particularly evident in rats characterized by a more severe condition, thus representing a therapeutic option for the treatment of NAFLD and NASH patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Roverso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Colognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Katia Sayaf
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Samantha Sarcognato
- Department of Pathology, Azienda ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Diletta Arcidiacono
- Gastroenterology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Zaramella
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Realdon
- Gastroenterology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Guido
- Department of Pathology, Azienda ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, 31100 Treviso, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Carrara
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dziergowska K, Wełna M, Szymczycha-Madeja A, Chęcmanowski J, Michalak I. Valorization of Cladophora glomerata Biomass and Obtained Bioproducts into Biostimulants of Plant Growth and as Sorbents (Biosorbents) of Metal Ions. Molecules 2021; 26:6917. [PMID: 34834009 PMCID: PMC8624861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to propose a complete approach for macroalgae biomass valorization into products useful for sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. In the first stage, the effects of macroalgal extracts and ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) on the germination and growth of radish were examined. Macroalgal extract was produced from freshwater macroalga, i.e., Cladophora glomerata by ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). The extract was used to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles. In germination tests, extracts and solutions of ZnO NPs were applied on paper substrate before sowing. In the second stage, sorption properties of macroalga, post-extraction residue, and ZnO NPs to absorb Cr(III) ions were examined. In the germination tests, the highest values of hypocotyl length (the edible part of radish), i.e., 3.3 and 2.6 cm were obtained for 60 and 80% extract (among the tested concentrations 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) and 10 and 50 mg/L NPs, respectively. The highest sorption capacity of Cr(III) ions (344.8 mg/g) was obtained by both macroalga and post-extraction residue at a pH of 5 and initial Cr(III) ions concentration of 200 mg/L. This study proves that macroalgae and products based on them can be applied in both sustainable agriculture and wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dziergowska
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland; (K.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Maja Wełna
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (M.W.); (A.S.-M.)
| | - Anna Szymczycha-Madeja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (M.W.); (A.S.-M.)
| | - Jacek Chęcmanowski
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland; (K.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland; (K.D.); (J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mehariya S, Sharma N, Iovine A, Casella P, Marino T, Larocca V, Molino A, Musmarra D. An Integrated Strategy for Nutraceuticals from Haematoccus pluvialis: From Cultivation to Extraction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090825. [PMID: 32899350 PMCID: PMC7554706 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an effective integrated cultivation system for Haematococcus pluvialis as a source of bioactive compounds such as astaxanthin, lutein, proteins, and fatty acids (FAs). The Chlorophyta H. pluvialis was cultivated in a vertical bubble column photobioreactor (VBC-PBR) under batch mode, allowing switching from green to red phase for astaxanthin induction. The combined effect of light intensity and nutrients on bioactive compound formation was investigated. Results showed that growth under lower nutrients availability and light intensity led to a higher concentration of biomass. Growth under high light intensity with an appropriate concentration of nitrate, sulfate, phosphate and magnesium led to ~85% and ~58% higher production of total carotenoids and fatty acids, respectively. Under high stress conditions, ~90% nitrate and phosphate consumption were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeet Mehariya
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Real Casa dell’Annunziata, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa (CE), Italy; (S.M.); (A.I.); (T.M.)
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Portici, P. Enrico Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Neeta Sharma
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Trisaia, SS Jonica 106, km 419 + 500, 75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy; (N.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Angela Iovine
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Real Casa dell’Annunziata, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa (CE), Italy; (S.M.); (A.I.); (T.M.)
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Portici, P. Enrico Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Patrizia Casella
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Portici, P. Enrico Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Real Casa dell’Annunziata, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa (CE), Italy; (S.M.); (A.I.); (T.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Larocca
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Trisaia, SS Jonica 106, km 419 + 500, 75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy; (N.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Antonio Molino
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Portici, P. Enrico Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Dino Musmarra
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Real Casa dell’Annunziata, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa (CE), Italy; (S.M.); (A.I.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-5010387
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Savaghebi D, Barzegar M, Mozafari MR. Manufacturing of nanoliposomal extract from Sargassum boveanum algae and investigating its release behavior and antioxidant activity. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:299-310. [PMID: 31993156 PMCID: PMC6977419 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the fabrication of algal extract-loaded nanoliposomes was optimized based on the central composite response surface design. Different concentrations of phenolic compounds (500, 1,000, and 1,500 ppm) of algal extract and lecithin (0.5, 1.25, and 2% w/w) were applied for preparation of nanoliposomes at process temperatures of 30, 50, and 70°C. Dependent variables were zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, size, and particle size distribution. The particle size of the loaded nanoliposomes ranged from 86.6 to 118.7 nm and zeta potential from -37.3 to -50.7 mV. The optimal conditions were as follows: 0.5% lecithin, 30°C process temperature, and 1,313 ppm of the phenolic compounds extracted from algae. Under these conditions, the experimental entrapment efficiency of the phenolic compounds was 45.5 ± 1.2%. FTIR analysis has verified the encapsulation of algal extract in nanoliposomes. Algal extract phenolic compounds also increased phase transition temperature (Tc) of nanoliposomes (1.6°C to 6.3°C). Moreover, the thermo-oxidative protection of nanoliposomes for the algal extract has been proved by examining the DSC thermograms. It has been demonstrated that the formulated nanoliposomes have a good stability during storage conditions, and they are able to control the release of phenolic compounds at different pH values. During the encapsulation process, the antioxidant activity of the algal extract has been maintained to an acceptable level. Consequently, algal extract-loaded nanoliposomes can be used as a natural antioxidant in lipid-based foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davood Savaghebi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Mohsen Barzegar
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mozafari
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative8054 Monash University LPOClaytonVic.Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Michalak I, Lewandowska S, Niemczyk K, Detyna J, Bujak H, Arik P, Bartniczak A. Germination of soybean seeds exposed to the static/alternating magnetic field and algal extract. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:986-999. [PMID: 32624988 PMCID: PMC6999070 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of the static and alternating magnetic field applied individually and in combination with an algal extract on the germination of soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and chlorophyll content was examined. The exposure time of seeds to the static magnetic field was 3, 6, and 12 min, whereas to the alternating magnetic field was 1, 2.5, and 5 min. The static magnetic field was obtained by means of a permanent magnets system while the alternating magnetic field by means of magnetic coils. Algal extract was produced from a freshwater macroalga-Cladophora glomerata using ultrasound homogenizer. In the germination tests, 10% extract was applied to the paper substrate before sowing. This is the first study that compares the germination of soybean seeds exposed to the static and alternating magnetic field. The best effect on the germination and chlorophyll content in seedlings had synergistic action of the static magnetic field on seeds for 3 min applied together with the extract and alternating magnetic field used for 2.5 min. It is not possible to clearly state which magnetic field better stimulated the germination of seeds, but the chlorophyll content in seedlings was much higher for alternating magnetic field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Michalak
- Department of Advanced Material TechnologiesFaculty of ChemistryWrocław University of Science and TechnologyWrocławPoland
| | - Sylwia Lewandowska
- Department of GeneticsPlant Breeding and Seed ProductionWrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWrocławPoland
| | - Katarzyna Niemczyk
- Department of MechanicsMaterials Science and EngineeringFaculty of Mechanical EngineeringWrocław University of Science and TechnologyWrocławPoland
| | - Jerzy Detyna
- Department of MechanicsMaterials Science and EngineeringFaculty of Mechanical EngineeringWrocław University of Science and TechnologyWrocławPoland
| | - Henryk Bujak
- Department of GeneticsPlant Breeding and Seed ProductionWrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWrocławPoland
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (IHAR) ‐ National Research InstituteBłoniePoland
| | - Pelin Arik
- Department of Advanced Material TechnologiesFaculty of ChemistryWrocław University of Science and TechnologyWrocławPoland
| | - Annika Bartniczak
- Department of Advanced Material TechnologiesFaculty of ChemistryWrocław University of Science and TechnologyWrocławPoland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Deethae A, Peerapornpisal Y, Pekkoh J, Sangthong P, Tragoolpua Y. Inhibitory effect of Spirogyra spp. algal extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection. J Appl Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29532624 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the antiviral activities of Spirogyra spp. algal extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). METHODS AND RESULTS Spirogyra spp. was extracted using water, ethanol and methanol. Aqueous extract of Spirogyra spp. had the lowest toxicity on Vero cells with the 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50 ) of 4363·30 μg ml-1 . As for potent inhibitory effect, the ethanolic extract presented the highest inhibition of viral infection on HSV-1 in the treatment during viral attachment on Vero cells with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) and selective index (SI) values of 164·20 and 2·17 μg ml-1 . However, the methanolic extract showed the highest inhibition of HSV-2 when treated during viral attachment with IC50 and SI values of 75·03 and 3·34 μg ml-1 . The methanolic extract of Spirogyra spp. also demonstrated significant virucidal effects on viral particles. Therefore, anti-HSV activity at various stages of the viral multiplication cycle was shown. The main active compounds in the active fractions of Spirogyra spp. ethanolic extract against HSV were found to be alkaloids, essential oils and terpenoids. CONCLUSIONS The highest anti-HSV activity was obtained from the ethanolic extract of Spirogyra spp. The extract inhibited the HSV viral particles and the inhibition was during the viral attachment and the viral multiplication. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Anti-HSV activity of extract of freshwater green macroalga Spirogyra spp. in Thailand was demonstrated. Therefore, anti-HSV product containing the Spirogyra spp. extract should be developed for treatment of HSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Deethae
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,The Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Y Peerapornpisal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - J Pekkoh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry, and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - P Sangthong
- Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry, and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Y Tragoolpua
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry, and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|