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Saito H, Nakamura Y, Inagaki M, Yamadera S, Misawa H, Sato N, Oguchi T, Inagaki T, Tsuji Y, Tsuji M, Ohsawa I, Gotoh H, Kiuchi Y. Linagliptin Inhibits Interleukin-6 Production Through Toll-Like Receptor 4 Complex and Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein Independent Pathway in vitro Model. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5681-5686. [PMID: 34754214 PMCID: PMC8572089 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s326382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induce inflammation by binding to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 complex, including LPS-binding protein (LBP). The anti-inflammatory effects of linagliptin in LPS-induced inflammation in the TLR4-independent pathway have not been examined before. We examined the anti-inflammatory effects of linagliptin in the TLR4- and the LBP-independent pathway. Methods U937 cells were cultured in the medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and treated with 100 nM phorbol myristate acetate for 48 h. Cells were then left untreated or were treated with 10 μg/mL anti-TLR4 antibodies alone or in combination with linagliptin for 1 h in media supplemented with or without 10% FBS. The cells were divided into 5 groups: a) control cells (untreated) b) cells treated with LPS c) cells treated with 10 μg/mL anti-TLR4 antibodies d) cells treated with LPS and 10 μg/mL anti-TLR4 antibodies and e) cells treated with LPS, 10 μg/mL anti-TLR4 antibodies, and linagliptin. The LPS concentrations used were 50 pg/mL or 100 pg/mL for cells treated in the presence of 10% FBS and 100 pg/mL or 1 μg/mL for cells treated in the absence of FBS. Linagliptin concentrations of 1 nM, 10 nM, and 100 nM were used for treatment. The supernatants were analyzed for interleukin (IL)-6 production after 24 h of various treatments. Results LPS increased IL-6 production compared to the untreated control cells, and anti-TLR4 antibody suppressed LPS-induced increased IL-6 levels. Linagliptin suppressed LPS-induced IL-6 production in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of FBS. However, only 100 nM linagliptin could suppress LPS-induced IL-6 production in the absence of FBS. Conclusion Concentration-dependent and -independent inflammatory suppression was observed following linagliptin treatment after LPS induction in an experimental model of TLR4 inhibition by anti-TLR4 antibodies. Our results showed that linagliptin may inhibit inflammation through multiple mechanisms centered around the TLR-4-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Saito
- JA Hiroshima Genneral Hospital, Hatsukaichi City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuya Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Saiyu Soka Hospital, Soka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inagaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Fujiyoshida, Showa University, Fujiyoshida City, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shiho Yamadera
- Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Misawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Saiyu Soka Hospital, Soka City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Sato
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Research Center, Tanabe Pharmacy Inc., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Oguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takae Inagaki
- Graduate School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Science, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuya Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Ohsawa
- Saiyu Soka Hospital, Soka City, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Kiuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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