1
|
Morones-Ramirez JR. Breaking New Ground: The Dawn of Nanopharmaceutics as Antimicrobials. Med Chem 2024; 20:108-113. [PMID: 37817522 DOI: 10.2174/0115734064267561230925060019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ruben Morones-Ramirez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad s/n, CD. Universitaria, 66451, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Km. 10 autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo, 66629, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang L, St. Denis TG, Xuan Y, Huang YY, Tanaka M, Zadlo A, Sarna T, Hamblin MR. Paradoxical potentiation of methylene blue-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation by sodium azide: role of ambient oxygen and azide radicals. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:2062-71. [PMID: 23044264 PMCID: PMC3522421 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sodium azide (NaN(3)) is widely employed to quench singlet oxygen during photodynamic therapy (PDT), especially when PDT is used to kill bacteria in suspension. We observed that addition of NaN(3) (100 μM or 10 mM) to gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli incubated with methylene blue (MB) and illuminated with red light gave significantly increased bacterial killing (1-3 logs), rather than the expected protection from killing. A different antibacterial photosensitizer, the conjugate between polyethylenimine and chlorin(e6) (PEI-ce6), showed reduced PDT killing (1-2 logs) after addition of 10mM NaN(3). Azide (0.5mM) potentiated bacterial killing by Fenton reagent (hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulfate) by up to 3 logs, but protected against killing mediated by sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide (considered to be a chemical source of singlet oxygen). The intermediacy of N(3)() was confirmed by spin-trapping and electron spin resonance studies in both MB-photosensitized reactions and Fenton reagent with addition of NaN(3). We found that N(3)() was formed and bacteria were killed even in the absence of oxygen, suggesting the direct one-electron oxidation of azide anion by photoexcited MB. This observation suggests a possible mechanism to carry out oxygen-independent PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China 530021
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler G St. Denis
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Xuan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- School of Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Masamitsu Tanaka
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Andrzej Zadlo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan 359-8513
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan 359-8513
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Corresponding author. Address: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Fax: +1 617 726 8566. (M.R. Hamblin)
| |
Collapse
|