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Wang X, Chen L, Ding J, Wang H, Wang X. Profiles of Birch Allergen Component Sensitization and Its Association with Pollen Food Allergy Syndrome in Northern China. J Asthma Allergy 2023; 16:1241-1250. [PMID: 38022747 PMCID: PMC10656847 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s427764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the major allergen components associated with birch pollen allergy in northern China and elucidate clinical relevance to pollen food allergy syndrome (PFAS). Methods Fifty-eight patients were recruited for a cross-sectional study and categorized into two groups: PFAS group and non-PFAS group, as well as apple allergy group and non-apple allergy group. The sIgE levels of birch pollen and its components, namely Bet v 1, Bet v 2, Bet v 4, and Bet v 6, were analyzed. Results Among 58 participants, 44 individuals (75.9%) reported PFAS. 32 out of 44 (72.7%) participants reported apple allergy. Bet v 1 exhibited the highest sensitization rate at 82.8%, followed by Bet v 2 (29.3%) and Bet v 6 (1.7%). The combined sensitization rate for Bet v 1 and/or Bet v 2 was 93.1%. A total of 77.6% of the subjects demonstrated sensitization to single component, while 19.0% exhibited sensitization to two components. The sIgE levels of birch pollen and Bet v 1 were significantly elevated in PFAS group compared to non-PFAS group (p=0.001, p<0.001, respectively), as well as in apple-allergic and non-apple-allergic group (p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). The optimal cut-off values for birch pollen and Bet v 1 sIgE were determined to be 7.09 kUA/L (with a sensitivity of 84.1% and specificity of 78.6%) and 5.11 kUA/L (with a sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 85.7%) when diagnosing PFAS. In terms of apple allergy, the optimal cut-off value were 9.40 kUA/L (with a sensitivity of 81.3% and specificity of 76.9%) and 6.53 kUA/L (with a sensitivity of 84.4% and specificity of 84.6%), respectively. Conclusion The predominant sensitization pattern is mono-sensitization to Bet v 1, but when considering immunotherapy, Bet v 2 should also be taken into account. Bet v 1 serves as a valuable biomarker for diagnosing PFAS and apple allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, 100038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijia Chen
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology, Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 0355729, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongtian Wang
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, 100038, People’s Republic of China
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Kaeswurm JAH, Sempio R, Manca F, Burandt MR, Buchweitz M. Analyzing Bioaccessibility of Polyphenols in Six Commercial and Six Traditional Apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) during In Vitro and Ex Vivo Oral Digestion. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300055. [PMID: 37726237 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Apples are an important polyphenol (PP) source. To compare the health benefits of traditional and commercial varieties, the phenolic contents and profiles as well as their release from the matrix (bioaccessibility) during oral digestion are determined. Furthermore, based on these data the proposed beneficial effect of PP on the variety specific allergenicity is discussed. METHODS AND RESULTS Phenolics are quantified by HPLC-DAD. Total phenolic contents (TPC) are in the range of 111-645 and 343-1950 mg 100 g-1 dry weight for flesh and peel, respectively. Matrix release during oral digestion is investigated ex vivo, with centrifuged and non-centrifuged human saliva and in vitro with simulated saliva fluid (SSF). The overall bioaccessibility is similar in all digestion media, ranging between 40-80% and 39-65% of the TPC in flesh and peel, respectively. Analyzing the correlation among Mal-d 1-allergen-content, unoxidized PP, and the allergenic potential for the samples reveals a negligible effect of phenolics. CONCLUSION Due to higher phenolic contents in combination with a similar release, increased PP concentrations in the oral phase and an improved uptake of PP from traditional varieties are assumed. However, the proposed beneficial effect of phenolics on allergenicity cannot be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Anna Helene Kaeswurm
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Sempio
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Federica Manca
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Melanie Regina Burandt
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria Buchweitz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Kaeswurm JAH, Neuwald DA, Straub LV, Buchweitz M. Impact of Cultivation and Storage Conditions on Total Mal d 1 Content and Isoallergen Profile in Apples. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:12975-12985. [PMID: 37625125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The allergen Mal d 1 is often responsible for adverse allergic reactions to fresh apples in northern and central Europe. The Mal d 1 content and isoallergen profile are proposed to have an impact on the allergenic potential of the fruit. Therefore, we investigated the impact of the cropping system on the Mal d 1 content and the isoallergen profile of apples by mass spectrometry for the varieties 'Jonagored' and 'Topaz'. To monitor the impact of storage time and conditions, apples of the varieties 'Santana' and 'Jonagold' were stored for up to 12 weeks under regular air (RA), under RA in combination with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment, and under a controlled atmosphere (CA). The impact of the cropping system (integrated production vs organic production) was negligible. However, a significant increase in the Mal d 1 content during storage was observed, being higher when stored under CA conditions than under RA conditions. An additional treatment with 1-MCP prior to RA storage drastically reduced the level of Mal d 1 expression in the flesh of the apples by ∼50%. Furthermore, the content of isoallergens 1.03 and 1.06 increased disproportionately under CA conditions, while under RA conditions, only isoallergen 1.06 was affected. With the 1-MCP treatment, no changes in the isoallergen profile were obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A H Kaeswurm
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel A Neuwald
- Lake of Constance Research Centre for Fruit Cultivation (KOB), Schuhmacherhof 6, 88213 Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Leonie V Straub
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Lake of Constance Research Centre for Fruit Cultivation (KOB), Schuhmacherhof 6, 88213 Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Buchweitz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Kaeswurm JAH, Straub LV, Siegele A, Brockmeyer J, Buchweitz M. Characterization and Quantification of Mal d 1 Isoallergen Profiles and Contents in Traditional and Commercial Apple Varieties by Mass Spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:2554-2565. [PMID: 36696630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The apple allergy in Northern Europe is a cross-reaction to the birch pollen allergy. No correlation between the allergenicity of an apple variety and the content of the major apple allergen Mal d 1, a homologue to the Bet v 1 allergen in birch, could be found using ELISA, so far. Therefore, an impact of polyphenols and/or differences in the isoallergen profile are discussed. To allow a more detailed analysis of the Mal d 1 content and the isoallergen profile, a mass spectrometric method was applied to investigate differences in the flesh and peel of 10 traditional varieties and 10 commercial breeds. The data revealed often, but not always, lower Mal d 1 contents in traditional varieties grown in orchard meadows, which was more obvious in the flesh. Differences among the peels were less pronounced. A closer look at the individual isoallergens 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, and 1.06 reveals an increased impact of the minor isoallergens 1.03 and 1.06 on the allergenic potential, since commercial breeds like Braeburn, Santana, and Holstein Cox, which are considered to have reduced allergenic potentials, were characterized by low levels of these isoallergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A H Kaeswurm
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leonie V Straub
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Siegele
- Obstbauberatung Stuttgart, Liegenschaftsamt, Hospitalstraße 8, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Brockmeyer
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria Buchweitz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Kaeswurm JH, Straub LV, Klußmann A, Brockmeyer J, Buchweitz M. New Mass Spectrometric Approach to Quantify the Major Isoallergens of the Apple Allergen Mal d 1. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:11813-11822. [PMID: 36074755 PMCID: PMC9504475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Patients who suffer from birch pollinosis often develop adverse reactions to the consumption of fresh apples due to the structural similarity of the allergens Bet v 1 and Mal d 1 from birch and apples, respectively. A different allergenic potential for Mal d 1 isoallergens is postulated, but approaches to quantify the Mal d 1 isoallergen-specific are missing. Therefore, a bottom-up proteomics approach was developed to quantify Mal d 1 by stable isotope dilution and microHPLC-QTOF analyses. Marker peptides for individual isoallergens (Mal d 1.01-Mal d 1.03 and Mal d 1.06), combinations thereof (Mal d 1.01 + 1.02, Mal d 1.02 + 1.06, and Mal d 1.04 + 1.05), and two global marker peptides, comprising Mal d 1.01 + 1.02 + 1.04 + 1.05 and Mal d 1.03 + 1.06 + 1.07 + 1.08 + 1.09, were identified. By the use of an extraction standard (r-Mal d 1_mut), an optimized protocol for extraction and tryptic digestion of apple proteins was developed, and the variety-specific extraction efficiency was monitored for the flesh and peel of apples. The Mal d 1 contents in flesh and peel of five commercial apple breeds and four apple varieties from orchard meadows were quantified isoallergen-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia
A. H. Kaeswurm
- Department of Food Chemistry,
Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leonie V. Straub
- Department of Food Chemistry,
Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexandra Klußmann
- Department of Food Chemistry,
Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Brockmeyer
- Department of Food Chemistry,
Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria Buchweitz
- Department of Food Chemistry,
Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Siekierzynska A, Piasecka-Kwiatkowska D, Litwinczuk W, Burzynska M, Myszka A, Karpinski P, Zygala E, Piorecki N, Springer E, Sozanski T. Molecular and Immunological Identification of Low Allergenic Fruits among Old and New Apple Varieties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073527. [PMID: 33805442 PMCID: PMC8036863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
About 50–70% of patients allergic to birch pollen suffer from sensitization after apple ingestion. Apple allergenicity was established in only few varieties. Studies were performed on apple fruits of 21 traditional and nine modern varieties organically, intensively, or integratively produced. The aim of the study was to assess whether the factors like cultivation method, maturity stage, genotype, or type of tissue place an impact on the allergenic potential of apples. To answer these questions, we used semiquantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunoblotting. Apple allergen genes present divergent expression across apple cultivars. Expression of the Mal d 1.06A correlates with the Mal d 1 level and is affected by the cultivation method and maturity of the fruit. The content of the main allergen Mal d 1 varied widely across cultivars. Interestingly, in our study, the Gala variety presented a low Mal d 1 concentration regardless of the cultivation method. Based on the Mal d 1.06A expression, the Mal d 1 protein content, and the immunoreactivity assay, the Kandil Sinap, Kosztela, Rumianka from Alma-Ata, Kantówka Gdańska, Reinette Coulon, and Gala cultivars emerged as potentially hypoallergenic apple cultivars. Our study allowed distinguishing between potentially low, medium, and highly allergenic varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Siekierzynska
- Department of Physiology and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 2, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-17-785-4385
| | - Dorota Piasecka-Kwiatkowska
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Mazowiecka 48, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; (D.P.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Wojciech Litwinczuk
- Department of Physiology and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Land Management and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 2, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Marta Burzynska
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Mazowiecka 48, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; (D.P.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Aleksander Myszka
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rejtana 16 c, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Pawel Karpinski
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Zygala
- Arboretum and Department of Physiography in Bolestraszyce, 37-700 Przemysl, Poland; (E.Z.); or
| | - Narcyz Piorecki
- Arboretum and Department of Physiography in Bolestraszyce, 37-700 Przemysl, Poland; (E.Z.); or
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Towarnickiego 3, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ewa Springer
- Center for Allergy Diagnostics and Treatment SNZOZ Alergologia Plus, 60-693 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sozanski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Jana Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Kaeswurm JAH, Nestl B, Richter SM, Emperle M, Buchweitz M. Purification and Characterization of Recombinant Expressed Apple Allergen Mal d 1. Methods Protoc 2020; 4:3. [PMID: 33375510 DOI: 10.3390/mps4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mal d 1 is the primary apple allergen in northern Europe. To explain the differences in the allergenicity of apple varieties, it is essential to study its properties and interaction with other phytochemicals, which might modulate the allergenic potential. Therefore, an optimized production route followed by an unsophisticated purification step for Mal d 1 and respective mutants is desired to produce sufficient amounts. We describe a procedure for the transformation of the plasmid in competent E. coli cells, protein expression and rapid one-step purification. r-Mal d 1 with and without a polyhistidine-tag are purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) and fast-protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) using a high-resolution anion-exchange column, respectively. Purity is estimated by SDS-PAGE using an image-processing program (Fiji). For both mutants an appropriate yield of r-Mal d 1 with purity higher than 85% is achieved. The allergen is characterized after tryptic in gel digestion by peptide analyses using HPLC-MS/MS. Secondary structure elements are calculated based on CD-spectroscopy and the negligible impact of the polyhistidine-tag on the folding is confirmed. The formation of dimers is proved by mass spectrometry and reduction by DTT prior to SDS-PAGE. Furthermore, the impact of the freeze and thawing process, freeze drying and storage on dimer formation is investigated.
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Utsch L, Logiantara A, Wallner M, Hofer H, van Ree R, van Rijt LS. Birch pollen immunotherapy inhibits anaphylaxis to the cross-reactive apple allergen Mal d 1 in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:1474-1483. [PMID: 27376790 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-reactive apple allergy is a common co-morbidity of birch pollen allergy, caused by the presence of a Bet v 1 homologue allergen in apple, Mal d 1. Treatment of tree pollen hay fever by immunotherapy is well established, but its effect on the accompanying apple allergy is debated. OBJECTIVE To establish a mouse model of birch pollen induced cross-reactivity to Mal d 1 and investigate the effect of birch pollen immunotherapy on the cross-reactivity to Mal d 1. METHODS Respiratory allergy was induced in Balb/c mice by intraperitoneal exposure to alum-adsorbed birch pollen extract (BPE) in combination with short or prolonged intranasal exposure to BPE. To evaluate the response to Mal d 1, mice were exposed intraperitoneally to Mal d 1. Immunoglobulin responses and cytokine production by splenocytes were measured by ELISA. Allergic symptoms were evaluated by measuring airway hyper-reactivity and hypothermia as a surrogate marker for anaphylaxis. Immunotherapy was performed subcutaneously with alum-adsorbed BPE. RESULTS Mice exposed to BPE develop cross-reactive IgE to Mal d 1. Early after exposure to BPE, this response is still weak and does not yet translate into anaphylaxis. Interestingly, later re-challenge with BPE increased cross-reactivity to a level where Mal d 1 exposure induced anaphylaxis. Cross-sensitization can also be induced by systemic Mal d 1 exposure. Birch pollen immunotherapy significantly reduced the anaphylactic response of mice to Mal d 1. CONCLUSION & CLINICAL RELEVANCE A mouse model mimicking birch pollen induced cross-reactivity to Mal d 1 was successfully established. In this model, birch pollen immunotherapy significantly ameliorated the anaphylaxis induced by Mal d 1. Our experimental data suggest that boosting of Mal d 1 recognizing immunoglobulins by BP SCIT is important for the amelioration of apple allergy in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Utsch
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A Logiantara
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Wallner
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - H Hofer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - R van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L S van Rijt
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dubois AEJ, Pagliarani G, Brouwer RM, Kollen BJ, Dragsted LO, Eriksen FD, Callesen O, Gilissen LJWJ, Krens FA, Visser RGF, Smulders MJM, Vlieg-Boerstra BJ, Flokstra-de Blok BJ, van de Weg WE. First successful reduction of clinical allergenicity of food by genetic modification: Mal d 1-silenced apples cause fewer allergy symptoms than the wild-type cultivar. Allergy 2015; 70:1406-12. [PMID: 26138410 DOI: 10.1111/all.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic modification of allergenic foods such as apple has the potential to reduce their clinical allergenicity, but this has never been studied by oral challenges in allergic individuals. METHODS We performed oral food challenges in 21 apple-allergic individuals with Elstar apples which had undergone gene silencing of the major allergen of apple, Mal d 1, by RNA interference. Downregulation of Mal d 1 gene expression in the apples was verified by qRT-PCR. Clinical responses to the genetically modified apples were compared to those seen with the wild-type Elstar using a visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS Gene silencing produced two genetically modified apple lines expressing Mal d 1.02 and other Mal d 1 gene mRNA levels which were extensively downregulated, that is only 0.1-16.4% (e-DR1) and 0.2-9.9% (e-DR2) of those of the wild-type Elstar, respectively. Challenges with these downregulated apple lines produced significantly less intense maximal symptoms to the first dose (Vmax1) than with Elstar (Vmax1 Elstar 3.0 mm vs 0.0 mm for e-DR1, P = 0.017 and 0.0 mm for e-DR2, P = 0.043), as well as significantly less intense mean symptoms per dose (meanV/d) than with Elstar (meanV/d Elstar 2.2 mm vs 0.2 mm for e-DR1, P = 0.017 and 0.0 mm for e-DR2, P = 0.043). Only one subject (5%) remained symptom-free when challenged with the Elstar apple, whereas 43% did so with e-DR1 and 63% with e-DR2. CONCLUSION These data show that mRNA silencing of Mal d 1 results in a marked reduction of Mal d 1 gene expression in the fruit and reduction of symptoms when these apples are ingested by allergic subjects. Approximately half of the subjects developed no symptoms whatsoever, and virtually all subjects wished to consume the apple again in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. E. J. Dubois
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergy, and GRIAC Research Institute; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - G. Pagliarani
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - R. M. Brouwer
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergy, and GRIAC Research Institute; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - B. J. Kollen
- Department of General Practice, and GRIAC Research Institute; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - L. O. Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - F. D. Eriksen
- Technical University of Denmark; National Food Institute, Toxicology and Risk Assessment; Søborg Denmark
| | - O. Callesen
- Department of Horticulture; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences; University of Aarhus; Årslev Denmark
| | - L. J. W. J. Gilissen
- Bioscience; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen The Netherlands
- Allergy Consortium Wageningen; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - F. A. Krens
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - R. G. F. Visser
- Allergy Consortium Wageningen; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - M. J. M. Smulders
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen The Netherlands
- Allergy Consortium Wageningen; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - B. J. Vlieg-Boerstra
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergy, and GRIAC Research Institute; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - B. J. Flokstra-de Blok
- Department of General Practice, and GRIAC Research Institute; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - W. E. van de Weg
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen The Netherlands
- Allergy Consortium Wageningen; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen The Netherlands
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Kiewning D, Schmitz-Eiberger M. Effects of long-term storage on Mal d 1 content of four apple cultivars with initial low Mal d 1 content. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:798-802. [PMID: 24130074 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 6.6% of adults and 11.5% of children aged between 0 and 6 years are reporting a perceived fruit allergy. In the last group 8.5% perceived reactions against apple. To keep allergic reactions as low as possible and to make apple consumption more tolerable for patients allergic to apple, the Mal d 1 content of four apple cultivars ('Boskoop', 'Elise', 'Pinova', 'Santana' and 'Topaz') were analyzed, to identify apple cultivars with only a low Mal d 1 content. Further, the development of Mal d 1 content of low-allergenic cultivars should be investigated during long-term storage. RESULTS The lowest Mal d 1 content was measured for fruits of the cultivar 'Santana' at harvest, followed by 'Pinova' and 'Elise' after storage without 1-MCP. Nearly all fruits treated with 1-MCP had a significantly lower Mal d 1 content than fruits without 1-MCP, except for 'Boskoop' fruits after 44 weeks of storage. Apple cultivars with a low Mal d 1 content are not a cross of 'Golden Delicious' with another cultivar, with the exception of 'Pinova' which is a cultivar from the so-called 'Pi-series', which have a moderate resistance to scab and mildew. First experiments on tomatoes and peanuts have shown a reduction of allergic proteins in older and child generations after transfer of RNA. This reduction is probably based on an alteration of gene expression regulating the synthesis of allergic proteins, leading to changes in protein composition in the fruit. CONCLUSION Individuals allergic to apple should choose the described cultivars with relative low Mal d 1 content. If breeders want to breed cultivars with low allergy, they should avoid crossings with 'Golden Delicious'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kiewning
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Roulias A, Pichler U, Hauser M, Himly M, Hofer H, Lackner P, Ebner C, Briza P, Bohle B, Egger M, Wallner M, Ferreira F. Differences in the intrinsic immunogenicity and allergenicity of Bet v 1 and related food allergens revealed by site-directed mutagenesis. Allergy 2014; 69:208-15. [PMID: 24224690 PMCID: PMC4041322 DOI: 10.1111/all.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Birch pollen allergies are frequently associated with adverse reactions to various fruits, nuts, or vegetables, described as pollen–food syndrome (PFS) and caused by cross-reactive IgE antibodies primarily directed against Bet v 1. Specific immunotherapy (SIT) represents an effective treatment for inhalant allergies; however, successful birch pollen SIT does not correlate well with the amelioration of concomitant food allergies. Methods As vaccine candidates, apple Mal d 1 as well as hazelnut Cor a 1 derivatives were designed by in silico backbone analyses of the respective allergens. The proteins were produced by site-directed mutagenesis as fold variants of their parental allergens. Because Mal d 1 and Cor a 1 form cysteine-mediated aggregates, nonaggregative cysteine to serine mutants were also generated. The proteins were characterized physicochemically, immunologically, and in in vivo models with or without adjuvant. Results The structurally modified proteins showed significantly decreased IgE binding capacity. Notably, both in vivo models revealed reduced immunogenicity of the hypoallergenic fold variants. When formulated with alum, the monomeric cysteine mutants induced a similar immune response as the aggregated parental allergens, which is in contrast with data published on Bet v 1. Conclusion These findings lead to the suggestion that the Bet v 1 structure has unique intrinsic properties, which could account for its high allergenicity. Obviously, these characteristics are not entirely shared with its food homologues from apple and hazelnut. Thus, it is important to tackle pollen-related food allergies from different angles for the generation of effective vaccine candidates to treat birch PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Roulias
- Department of Molecular Biology University of Salzburg SalzburgAustria
| | - U. Pichler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Molecular Biology University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - M. Hauser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Molecular Biology University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - M. Himly
- Department of Molecular Biology University of Salzburg SalzburgAustria
| | - H. Hofer
- Department of Molecular Biology University of Salzburg SalzburgAustria
| | - P. Lackner
- Department of Molecular Biology University of Salzburg SalzburgAustria
| | - C. Ebner
- Allergieambulatorium Reumannplatz ViennaAustria
| | - P. Briza
- Department of Molecular Biology University of Salzburg SalzburgAustria
| | - B. Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Christian Doppler Laboratory or Immunomodulation Medical University of Vienna ViennaAustria
| | - M. Egger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Molecular Biology University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - M. Wallner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Molecular Biology University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - F. Ferreira
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Molecular Biology University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
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Abstract
Mal d 1 is not equally distributed over the apple. We aimed to examine the influence of the location of pricking in the apple on prick-to-prick skin prick test (PTP) results. PTPs were performed in autumn 2007 and spring 2008, before the birch pollen season, in 32 Dutch adults with symptoms of oral allergy to fresh apple, using apples harvested in autumn 2007. PTPs with fresh intact and unpeeled Pink Lady, Golden Delicious, Elise, Santana and Modi apples were performed using material obtained from approximately 2 cm near the stalk (top), and the middle region. All PTP responses were greater when performed with apple material near the stalk than from the middle region. In 2007, these differences were statistically significant for Pink Lady, Golden Delicious and Elise, and in 2008, for Pink Lady and Modi. When performing PTPs, the apple should be pricked near the stalk rather than in the middle.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. J. Vlieg-Boerstra
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergy; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen; the Netherlands
| | - W. E. van de Weg
- PlantBreeding; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Wageningen; the Netherlands
| | - S. van der Heide
- Laboratory of Allergy and Pulmonary Diseases; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen; the Netherlands
| | - A. E. J. Dubois
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergy; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen; the Netherlands
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13
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Pagliarani G, Paris R, Arens P, Tartarini S, Ricci G, Smulders MMJ, van de Weg WE. A qRT-PCR assay for the expression of all Mal d 1 isoallergen genes. BMC Plant Biol 2013; 13:51. [PMID: 23522122 PMCID: PMC3616815 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A considerable number of individuals suffer from oral allergy syndrome (OAS) to apple, resulting in the avoidance of apple consumption. Apple cultivars differ greatly in their allergenic properties, but knowledge of the causes for such differences is incomplete. Mal d 1 is considered the major apple allergen. For Mal d 1, a wide range of isoallergens and variants exist, and they are encoded by a large gene family. To identify the specific proteins/genes that are potentially involved in the allergy, we developed a PCR assay to monitor the expression of each individual Mal d 1 gene. Gene-specific primer pairs were designed for the exploitation of sequence differences among Mal d 1 genes. The specificity of these primers was validated using both in silico and in vitro techniques. Subsequently, this assay was applied to the peel and flesh of fruits from the two cultivars 'Florina' and 'Gala'. RESULTS We successfully developed gene-specific primer pairs for each of the 31 Mal d 1 genes and incorporated them into a qRT-PCR assay. The results from the application of the assay showed that 11 genes were not expressed in fruit. In addition, differential expression was observed among the Mal d 1 genes that were expressed in the fruit. Moreover, the expression levels were tissue and cultivar dependent. CONCLUSION The assay developed in this study facilitated the first characterisation of the expression levels of all known Mal d 1 genes in a gene-specific manner. Using this assay on different fruit tissues and cultivars, we obtained knowledge concerning gene relevance in allergenicity. This study provides new perspectives for research on both plant breeding and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pagliarani
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, PB, 6708, The Netherlands
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Roberta Paris
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
- Present address: Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura-Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali, via di Corticella 133, Bologna, 40128, Italy
| | - Paul Arens
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, PB, 6708, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Ricci
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 11, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Marinus MJ Smulders
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, PB, 6708, The Netherlands
| | - W Eric van de Weg
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, PB, 6708, The Netherlands
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