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Bellisai G, Bernasconi G, Cabrera LC, Castellan I, del Aguila M, Ferreira L, Santonja GG, Greco L, Jarrah S, Leuschner R, Miron I, Nave S, Pedersen R, Reich H, Ruocco S, Santos M, Scarlato AP, Szot M, Theobald A, Tiramani M, Verani A. Setting of an import tolerance for lambda-cyhalothrin in avocados. EFSA J 2023; 21:e8464. [PMID: 38111918 PMCID: PMC10726281 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Syngenta Crop Protection AG submitted a request to the competent national authority in Greece to set an import tolerance for the active substance lambda-cyhalothrin in avocados. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive maximum residue level (MRL) proposals for avocados. Since the general data gap related to toxicity of degradation products formed under sterilisation conditions and identified in the framework of the MRL review has not yet been addressed, a risk management decision is required as to whether it is appropriate to take over the proposed MRLs in the MRL legislation. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of lambda-cyhalothrin in the commodity under consideration at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short-term and long-term intake of residues resulting from the use of lambda-cyhalothrin according to the reported agricultural practice is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health. However, the consumer exposure calculation shall be considered provisional, pending the toxicological assessment of the compounds formed under sterilisation conditions.
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Lyu X, Agar OT, Barrow CJ, Dunshea FR, Suleria HAR. Phenolic Compounds Profiling and Their Antioxidant Capacity in the Peel, Pulp, and Seed of Australian Grown Avocado. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010185. [PMID: 36671046 PMCID: PMC9855119 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Avocados (Persea americana M.) are highly valued fruits consumed worldwide, and there are numerous commercially available varieties on the market. However, the high demand for fruit also results in increased food waste. Thus, this study was conducted for comprehensive profiling of polyphenols of Hass, Reed, and Wurtz avocados obtained from the Australian local market. Ripe Hass peel recorded the highest TPC (77.85 mg GAE/g), TTC (148.98 mg CE/g), DPPH (71.03 mg AAE/g), FRAP (3.05 mg AAE/g), RPA (24.45 mg AAE/g), and ABTS (75.77 mg AAE/g) values; unripe Hass peel recorded the highest TFC (3.44 mg QE/g); and Wurtz peel recorded the highest TAC (35.02 mg AAE/g). Correlation analysis revealed that TPC and TTC were significantly correlated with the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. A total of 348 polyphenols were screened in the peel. A total of 134 compounds including 36 phenolic acids, 70 flavonoids, 11 lignans, 2 stilbenes, and another 15 polyphenols, were characterised through LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, where the majority were from peels and seeds of samples extract. Overall, the hierarchical heat map revealed that there were a significant amount of polyphenols in peels and seeds. Epicatechin, kaempferol, and protocatechuic acid showed higher concentrations in Reed pulp. Wurtz peel contains a higher concentration of hydroxybenzoic acid. Our results showed that avocado wastes have a considerable amount of polyphenols, exhibiting antioxidant activities. Each sample has its unique value proposition based on its phenolic profile. This study may increase confidence in utilising by-products and encourage further investigation into avocado by-products as nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lyu
- Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Osman Tuncay Agar
- Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Colin J. Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hafiz A. R. Suleria
- Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-4-7043-9670
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Chen P, Eifert J, Jung S, Strawn LK, Li H. Microbubbles Remove Listeria monocytogenes from the Surface of Stainless Steel, Cucumber, and Avocado. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8203. [PMID: 36431688 PMCID: PMC9697132 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fresh produce may be contaminated by bacterial pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, during harvesting, packaging, or transporting. A low-intensity cavitation process with air being injected into water was studied to determine the microbubbles' efficiency when detaching L. monocytogenes from stainless steel and the surface of fresh cucumber and avocado. Stainless steel coupons (1″ × 2″), cucumber, and avocado surfaces were inoculated with L. monocytogenes (LCDC strain). After 1, 24 or 48 h, loosely attached cells were washed off, and inoculated areas were targeted by microbubbles (~0.1-0.5 mm dia.) through a bubble diffuser (1.0 L air/min) for 1, 2, 5, or 10 min. For steel, L. monocytogenes (48 h drying) detachment peaked at 2.95 mean log reduction after 10 min of microbubbles when compared to a no-bubble treatment. After 48 h pathogen drying, cucumbers treated for 10 min showed a 1.78 mean log reduction of L. monocytogenes. For avocados, L. monocytogenes (24 h drying) detachment peaked at 1.65 log reduction after 10 min of microbubbles. Microbubble applications may be an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly way to remove L. monocytogenes, and possibly other bacterial pathogens, from food contact surfaces and the surfaces of whole, intact fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joseph Eifert
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sunghwan Jung
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Laura K. Strawn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Haofu Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Avery PB, Bojorque V, Gámez C, Duncan RE, Carrillo D, Cave RD. Spore Acquisition and Survival of Ambrosia Beetles Associated with the Laurel Wilt Pathogen in Avocados after Exposure to Entomopathogenic Fungi. Insects 2018; 9:E49. [PMID: 29693636 PMCID: PMC6023463 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Laurel wilt is a disease threatening the avocado industry in Florida. The causative agent of the disease is a fungus vectored by ambrosia beetles that bore into the trees. Until recently, management strategies for the vectors of the laurel wilt fungus relied solely on chemical control and sanitation practices. Beneficial entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are the most common and prevalent natural enemies of pathogen vectors. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that commercial strains of EPF can increase the mortality of the primary vector, Xyleborus glabratus, and potential alternative vectors, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, Xyleborus volvulus and Xyleborus bispinatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Our study provides baseline data for three formulated commercially-available entomopathogenic fungi used as potential biocontrol agents against X. crassiusculus, X. volvulus and X. bispinatus. The specific objectives were to determine: (1) the mean number of viable spores acquired per beetle species adult after being exposed to formulated fungal products containing different strains of EPF (Isaria fumosorosea, Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria bassiana); and (2) the median and mean survival times using paper disk bioassays. Prior to being used in experiments, all fungal suspensions were adjusted to 2.4 × 10⁶ viable spores/mL. The number of spores acquired by X. crassiusculus was significantly higher after exposure to B. bassiana, compared to the other fungal treatments. For X. volvulus, the numbers of spores acquired per beetle were significantly different amongst the different fungal treatments, and the sequence of spore acquisition rates on X. volvulus from highest to lowest was I. fumosorosea > M. brunneum > B. bassiana. After X. bispinatus beetles were exposed to the different suspensions, the rates of acquisition of spores per beetle amongst the different fungal treatments were similar. Survival estimates (data pooled across two tests) indicated an impact for each entomopathogenic fungus per beetle species after exposure to a filter paper disk treated at the same fungal suspension concentration. Kaplan⁻Meier analysis (censored at day 7) revealed that each beetle species survived significantly shorter in bioassays containing disks treated with EPF compared to water only. This study demonstrated that ambrosia beetles associated with the laurel wilt pathogen in avocados are susceptible to infection by EPF under laboratory conditions. However, the EPF needs to be tested under field conditions to confirm their efficacy against the beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasco B Avery
- Indian River Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Road, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
| | - Verónica Bojorque
- Indian River Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Road, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
- Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, P.O. Box 93 Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | - Cecilia Gámez
- Indian River Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Road, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
- Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, P.O. Box 93 Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | - Rita E Duncan
- Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA.
| | - Daniel Carrillo
- Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA.
| | - Ronald D Cave
- Indian River Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Road, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
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Wang L, Bordi PL, Fleming JA, Hill AM, Kris‐Etherton PM. Effect of a moderate fat diet with and without avocados on lipoprotein particle number, size and subclasses in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e001355. [PMID: 25567051 PMCID: PMC4330060 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avocados are a nutrient-dense source of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) that can be used to replace saturated fatty acids (SFA) in a diet to lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Well-controlled studies are lacking on the effect of avocado consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS A randomized, crossover, controlled feeding trial was conducted with 45 overweight or obese participants with baseline LDL-C in the 25th to 90th percentile. Three cholesterol-lowering diets (6% to 7% SFA) were fed (5 weeks each): a lower-fat diet (LF: 24% fat); 2 moderate-fat diets (34% fat) provided similar foods and were matched for macronutrients and fatty acids: the avocado diet (AV) included one fresh Hass avocado (136 g) per day, and the moderate-fat diet (MF) mainly used high oleic acid oils to match the fatty acid content of one avocado. Compared with baseline, the reduction in LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol on the AV diet (-13.5 mg/dL, -14.6 mg/dL) was greater (P<0.05) than the MF (-8.3 mg/dL, -8.7 mg/dL) and LF (-7.4 mg/dL, -4.8 mg/dL) diets. Furthermore, only the AV diet significantly decreased LDL particle number (LDL-P, -80.1 nmol/L, P=0.0001), small dense LDL cholesterol (LDL(3+4), -4.1 mg/dL, P=0.04), and the ratio of LDL/HDL (-6.6%, P<0.0001) from baseline. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of one avocado per day as part of a moderate-fat, cholesterol-lowering diet has additional LDL-C, LDL-P, and non-HDL-C lowering effects, especially for small, dense LDL. Our results demonstrate that avocados have beneficial effects on cardio-metabolic risk factors that extend beyond their heart-healthy fatty acid profile. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01235832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (L.W., J.A.F., P.M.K.E.)
| | - Peter L. Bordi
- Hospitality Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (P.L.B.)
- Center for Food Innovation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (P.L.B.)
| | - Jennifer A. Fleming
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (L.W., J.A.F., P.M.K.E.)
| | - Alison M. Hill
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (A.M.H.)
| | - Penny M. Kris‐Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (L.W., J.A.F., P.M.K.E.)
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