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Hijikata A, Shionyu C, Nakae S, Shionyu M, Ota M, Kanaya S, Shirai T. Current status of structure-based drug repurposing against COVID-19 by targeting SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Biophys Physicobiol 2021; 18:226-240. [PMID: 34745807 PMCID: PMC8550875 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v18.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
More than one and half years have passed, as of August 2021, since the COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 emerged in 2019. While the recent success of vaccine developments likely reduces the severe cases, there is still a strong requirement of safety and effective therapeutic drugs for overcoming the unprecedented situation. Here we review the recent progress and the status of the drug discovery against COVID-19 with emphasizing a structure-based perspective. Structural data regarding the SARS-CoV-2 proteome has been rapidly accumulated in the Protein Data Bank, and up to 68% of the total amino acid residues encoded in the genome were covered by the structural data. Despite a global effort of in silico and in vitro screenings for drug repurposing, there is only a limited number of drugs had been successfully authorized by drug regulation organizations. Although many approved drugs and natural compounds, which exhibited antiviral activity in vitro, were considered potential drugs against COVID-19, a further multidisciplinary investigation is required for understanding the mechanisms underlying the antiviral effects of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hijikata
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Clara Shionyu
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Setsu Nakae
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shionyu
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Motonori Ota
- Department of Complex Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Kanaya
- Computational Biology Lab. Division of Information Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
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Olinares PDB, Kang JY, Llewellyn E, Chiu C, Chen J, Malone B, Saecker RM, Campbell EA, Darst SA, Chait BT. Native Mass Spectrometry-Based Screening for Optimal Sample Preparation in Single-Particle Cryo-EM. Structure 2020; 29:186-195.e6. [PMID: 33217329 PMCID: PMC7867593 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) have enabled the structural determination of numerous protein assemblies at high resolution, yielding unprecedented insights into their function. However, despite its extraordinary capabilities, cryo-EM remains time-consuming and resource-intensive. It is therefore beneficial to have a means for rapidly assessing and optimizing the quality of samples prior to lengthy cryo-EM analyses. To do this, we have developed a native mass spectrometry (nMS) platform that provides rapid feedback on sample quality and highly streamlined biochemical screening. Because nMS enables accurate mass analysis of protein complexes, it is well suited to routine evaluation of the composition, integrity, and homogeneity of samples prior to their plunge-freezing on EM grids. We demonstrate the utility of our nMS-based platform for facilitating cryo-EM studies using structural characterizations of exemplar bacterial transcription complexes as well as the replication-transcription assembly from the SARS-CoV-2 virus that is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dominic B Olinares
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Jin Young Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eliza Llewellyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Courtney Chiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brandon Malone
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ruth M Saecker
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Campbell
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Seth A Darst
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Sommerburg O, Hammermann J. Pancreatitis-Associated Protein in Neonatal Screening for Cystic Fibrosis: Strengths and Weaknesses. Int J Neonatal Screen 2020; 6:28. [PMID: 33073025 PMCID: PMC7422993 DOI: 10.3390/ijns6020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently four countries and one local region in Europe that use PAP in their newborn screening programme. The first country to employ PAP at a national level was the Netherlands, which started using IRT/PAP/DNA/EGA in 2011. Germany followed in 2016 with a slightly different IRT/PAP/DNA strategy. Portugal also started in 2016, but with an IRT/PAP/IRT programme, and in 2017, Austria changed its IRT/IRT protocol to an IRT/PAP/IRT program. In 2018, Catalonia started to use an IRT/PAP/IRT/DNA strategy. The strengths of PAP are the avoidance of carrier detection and a lower detection rate of CFSPID. PAP seems to have advantages in detecting CF in ethnically-diverse populations, as it is a biochemical approach to screening, which looks for pancreatic injury. Compared to an IRT/IRT protocol, an IRT/PAP protocol leads to earlier diagnoses. While PAP can be assessed with the same screening card as the first IRT, the second IRT in an IRT/IRT protocol requires a second heel prick around the 21st day of the patient's life. However, IRT/PAP has two main weaknesses. First, an IRT/PAP protocol seems to have a lower sensitivity compared to a well-functioning IRT/DNA protocol, and second, IRT/PAP that is performed as a purely biochemical protocol has a very low positive predictive value. However, if the advantages of PAP are to be exploited, a combination of IRT/PAP with genetic screening or a second IRT as a third tier could be an alternative for a sufficiently performing CF-NBS protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Sommerburg
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pediatrics III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Hammermann
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany;
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Kolarski M, Ahmetovic B, Beres M, Topic R, Nikic V, Kavecan I, Sabic S. Genetic Counseling and Prenatal Diagnosis of Triploidy During the Second Trimester of Pregnancy. Med Arch 2018; 71:144-147. [PMID: 28790549 PMCID: PMC5511524 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2017.71.144-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Triploidy is a lethal chromosomal numeric abnormality, characterized on extra haploid set of chromosomes. It occurs in 2 to 3% of conceptuses and accounts for approximately 20% of chromosomally abnormal first-trimester miscarriages. As such, triploidy is estimated to occur in 1 of 3,500 pregnancies at 12 weeks’, 1 in 30,000 at 16 weeks’, and 1 in 250,000 at 20 weeks’ gestation. Case report: We present a case of second-trimester triploidy diagnosed prenataly at our center. 28-years-old gravida with a first spontaneous pregnancy had early gestational hypertension. Ultrasound examination in 146/7 weeks’ gestation revealed asymmetric intrauterine growth retardation. We recommended biochemical maternal serum screening during second trimester of pregnancy (AFP, HCG, uE3). Result of biochemical screening was indication for cytogenetic analysis from amniotic fluid cells and we recommended early amniocentesis in 156/7 weeks’ gestation. Result showed abnormal karyotype of the fetus (69,XXX triploidy), and DNA analysis confirmed Type-2 Diginy. Parents decided to terminate this pregnancy, and it was done at 22 weeks’ gestation. Conclusion: We emphasize the importance of non-invasive prenatal exminationes-biochemical serum screening during second trimester of pregnancy, and ultrasound examinations in prenatal screening of syndroma Down and other chromosomal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milenko Kolarski
- Institute for Child and Young Children Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Begzudin Ahmetovic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital Brcko District, Brcko, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maja Beres
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital Brcko District, Brcko, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Radomir Topic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital Brcko District, Brcko, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vedran Nikic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital Brcko District, Brcko, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ivana Kavecan
- Institute for Child and Young Children Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Semin Sabic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital Brcko District, Brcko, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Abstract
Genetic association studies hinge on definite clinical case definitions of the disease of interest. This is why more penetrant mutations were overrepresented in early multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) studies, whereas less penetrant mutations went underrepresented. Enrichment of genetic association studies with advanced disease may produce a flawed understanding of disease evolution, precipitating far-reaching surgical strategies like bilateral total adrenalectomy and 4-gland parathyroidectomy in MEN2. The insight into the natural course of the disease gleaned over the past 25 years caused a paradigm shift in MEN2: from the removal of target organs at the expense of greater operative morbidity to close biochemical surveillance and targeted resection of adrenal tumors and hyperplastic parathyroid glands. The lead time provided by early identification of asymptomatic MEN2 carriers under biochemical surveillance delimits a 'window of opportunity', within which (i) pre-emptive total thyroidectomy alone is adequate, circumventing morbidity attendant to central node dissection; (ii) subtotal 'tissue-sparing' adrenalectomy is sufficient, trading the risk of steroid dependency for the risk of a second pheochromocytoma in the adrenal remnant and (iii) parathyroidectomy is limited to enlarged glands, trading the risk of postoperative hypoparathyroidism for the risk of leaving behind hyperactive parathyroid glands. Future research should delineate further the mutation-specific, age-dependent penetrance of pheochromocytoma and primary hyperparathyroidism to refine the risk-oriented approach to MEN2. The sweeping changes in the management of MEN2 since the new millenium hold the hope that death and major morbidity from this uncommon disease can be eliminated in our lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Machens
- Department of GeneralVisceral and Vascular Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Henning Dralle
- Department of GeneralVisceral and Transplantation Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Alvarez-Nava F, Soto M, Lanes R, Pons H, Morales-Machin A, Bracho A. Elevated second-trimester maternal serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein as indicators of adverse obstetric outcomes in fetal Turner syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015; 41:1891-8. [PMID: 26369382 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to determine the ability of biochemical analytes to identify adverse outcomes in pregnancies with Turner syndrome. METHODS Maternal serum and amniotic fluid (AF) marker concentrations were measured in 73 singleton pregnancies with Turner syndrome (10-22 weeks of gestation). Fetal Turner syndrome was definitively established by cytogenetic analysis. Two subgroups, fetuses with hydrops fetalis versus fetuses with cystic hygroma, were compared. Receiver operating characteristic curves and relative risk were established for a cut-off multiples of the median ≥3.5 for β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or AF alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). RESULTS Forty-nine (67%) of 73 pregnant women had an abnormal maternal serum. While levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and free β-subunit (fβ)-hCG were not different to those of the control group, AFP, unconjugated estriol and β-hCG concentrations were significantly different in the study group (P < 0.05), when compared to those of unaffected pregnancies. Levels of β-hCG in pregnancies with hydrops fetalis were significantly higher than in those with cystic hygroma (P <0.0001), as were AF-AFP concentrations (P <0.0015). In addition, abnormalities in both maternal serum β-hCG and AF-AFP predicted fetal death. The relative risk of adverse obstetric outcome was 10.667 (P = 0.0004; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.554-73.203) for β-hCG and 2.19 (P = 0.0256; 95% CI: 1.001 to 4.779), for AF-AFP. CONCLUSION Maternal serum β-hCG and AF-AFP levels may preferentially identify those Turner syndrome pregnancies with the highest risk of fetal death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisol Soto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Genéticas, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Roberto Lanes
- Unidad de Endocrinología Pediátrica, Hospital de Clínicas Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Hector Pons
- Centro de Medicina Experimental, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | | | - Ana Bracho
- Instituto de Investigaciones Genéticas, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
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Sommerburg O, Hammermann J, Lindner M, Stahl M, Muckenthaler M, Kohlmueller D, Happich M, Kulozik AE, Stopsack M, Gahr M, Hoffmann GF, Mall MA. Five years of experience with biochemical cystic fibrosis newborn screening based on IRT/PAP in Germany. Pediatr Pulmonol 2015; 50:655-64. [PMID: 25914230 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from recent studies suggests that IRT/PAP protocols may be successfully used as a purely biochemical newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) that does not require genetic screening. However, the experience with the performance of different IRT/PAP protocols remains limited. In this study, we evaluated the performance of IRT/PAP-based CF-NBS used in two German regions between 2008 and 2013 in a large cohort. METHODS In both regions slightly different IRT/PAP protocols were used to screen newborns for CF. In contrast to the original IRT/PAP protocol published by Sarles et al., both German protocols contained an IRT-dependent safety net strategy (CF-NBS positive, if IRT≥99.9th percentile). Positive rating of the screening result led to confirmatory diagnostics using sweat chloride testing and clinical assessment. FINDINGS A total of 328,181 newborns were tested with IRT/PAP in Germany within 5 years. 639 of these newborns (0.19%) were tested positive, and 60 infants were diagnosed with CF leading to a sensitivity of 0.968 and a PPV (positive predictive value) of 0.097. Compared to IRT/DNA protocols, the PPV of IRT/PAP is lower, but PAP used as second tier test has the advantage of a lower detection rate of healthy carriers and CF patients with equivocal results. CONCLUSIONS Our results obtained in a large cohort of ∼330,000 newborns support the use of a purely biochemical IRT/PAP protocol as an acceptable alternative when genetic CF-NBS has to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Sommerburg
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pediatrics III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center TLRC, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Hammermann
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Lindner
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Frankfurt, Haus 32 A, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mirjam Stahl
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pediatrics III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center TLRC, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Muckenthaler
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pediatrics III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center TLRC, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Kohlmueller
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Newborn Screening Center, Department of Paediatrics I, Children's Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margit Happich
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pediatrics III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas E Kulozik
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pediatrics III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Stopsack
- Institut of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred Gahr
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Translational Lung Research Center TLRC, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases and Newborn Screening Center, Department of Paediatrics I, Children's Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus A Mall
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pediatrics III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center TLRC, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Translational Pulmonology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Chakraborty S, Shah NH, Fishbein JC, Hosmane RS. A novel transition state analog inhibitor of guanase based on azepinomycin ring structure: Synthesis and biochemical assessment of enzyme inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:756-9. [PMID: 21183343 PMCID: PMC3035156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and biochemical inhibition studies of a novel transition state analog inhibitor of guanase bearing the ring structure of azepinomycin have been reported. The compound was synthesized in five-steps from a known compound and biochemically screened against the rabbit liver guanase. The compound exhibited competitive inhibition profile with a K(i) of 16.7±0.5μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Chakraborty
- Laboratory for Drug Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, USA
| | - Niti H. Shah
- Laboratory for Drug Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, USA
| | - James C. Fishbein
- Laboratory for Drug Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, USA
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