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Fleddermann M, Knoll A, Koletzko B. Safety and Suitability of Infant Formula Manufactured from Extensively Hydrolyzed Whey Protein Compared to Intact Protein: A Combined Analysis of Two Randomized Controlled Studies. Nutrients 2024; 16:245. [PMID: 38257138 PMCID: PMC10821206 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to assess the nutritional safety and suitability of an infant formula manufactured from extensively hydrolyzed protein in comparison to infant formula manufactured from intact protein (both with low and standard protein content). We performed a combined analysis of raw data from two randomized infant feeding studies. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model was used to determine the non-inferiority of daily weight gain (primary outcome; margin -3 g/day), with the intervention group as a fixed factor and geographic region, sex, and baseline weight as covariates (main model). The data of 346 infants exposed to the formula were included in the analysis. The sample size of the per-protocol analysis with 184 infants was too small to achieve sufficient statistical power. The lower limit of the 97.5% confidence interval (-0.807) of the mean group difference in daily weight gain (i.e., 2.22 g/day) was above the -3 g/day margin (full analysis set). Further anthropometric parameters did not differ between the infant formula groups throughout the study. Growth was comparable to breastfed infants. We conclude that the infant formula manufactured from extensively hydrolyzed protein meets infant requirements for adequate growth and does not raise any safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Fleddermann
- HiPP GmbH & Co. Vertrieb KG, Georg-Hipp-Str. 7, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany;
| | - Anette Knoll
- AK Statistics, Kreppe 2, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany;
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 Muenchen, Germany
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2
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Otten L, Schelker E, Petersen H, Nomayo A, Conzade R, Günther J, Grieger A, Jochum F. Gastrointestinal Tolerance of an Infant Formula Manufactured from Extensively Hydrolysed Protein in Healthy Term Infants. Nutrients 2023; 15:4674. [PMID: 37960327 PMCID: PMC10647512 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of secondary parameters of a prospective, randomised, controlled, multicentre intervention trial aimed to analyse gastrointestinal tolerance of an infant formula manufactured from extensively hydrolysed whey protein (eHF) compared to intact cow's milk protein (control formula, CF) in healthy term infants. Infants ≤ 25 days of age, who were exclusively formula-fed, were randomised to receive eHF or CF for at least three months up to 120 days of age. An exclusively breastfed reference group (BF) was included for descriptive comparison. Infants' gastrointestinal tolerance was evaluated based on stool parameters, the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale (AISS), the Infant Gastrointestinal Symptom Questionnaire (IGSQ), and sleeping patterns. Of 359 infants included, 297 randomised (eHF: n = 149, CF: n = 148) and 41 BF infants completed the study per protocol. All tolerance parameters were comparable between eHF and CF. Stool was predominantly soft and yellow in colour. Stool was more frequently green in eHF than CF. BF infants had more frequent stools, which were mainly watery or soft and yellow, and comparable IGSQ scores (descriptive). Irrespective of group, all gastrointestinal and sleep parameters showed signs of maturation with increasing age. In conclusion, eHF showed gastrointestinal tolerance as good as CF in healthy infants. Both formulae were well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Otten
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schelker
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna Petersen
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Nomayo
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Romy Conzade
- HiPP GmbH & Co. Vertrieb KG, Georg-Hipp-Str. 7, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany
| | - Julia Günther
- HiPP GmbH & Co. Vertrieb KG, Georg-Hipp-Str. 7, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany
| | - Andrea Grieger
- HiPP GmbH & Co. Vertrieb KG, Georg-Hipp-Str. 7, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany
| | - Frank Jochum
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane (MHB), Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
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3
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Otten L, Schelker E, Petersen H, Nomayo A, Fleddermann M, Arendt BM, Britzl T, Haberl EM, Jochum F. Safety and Suitability of an Infant Formula Manufactured from Extensively Hydrolysed Protein in Healthy Term Infants. Nutrients 2023; 15:1901. [PMID: 37111119 PMCID: PMC10146495 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to demonstrate that healthy term infants experience noninferior growth with infant formula manufactured from extensively hydrolysed whey protein (eHF) compared to intact cow's milk protein (control formula, CF). This prospective, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, controlled, multicentre trial included healthy term infants who were exclusively formula-fed. Infants ≤ 25 days of age received eHF or CF for at least three months up to 120 days of age, with a follow-up until 180 days of age. A reference group included exclusively breastfed infants (BF). Of 318 infants randomised, 297 (148 CF, 149 eHF) completed the study per protocol. Weight gain up to 120 days of age was noninferior (margin -3.0 g/day) in eHF (28.95 (95% CI: 27.21; 30.68) g/day) compared to CF (28.85 (95% CI: 27.10; 30.61) g/day) with a difference in means of 0.09 g/day and a lower limit of the one-sided 97.5% CI of -0.86 g/day (p < 0.0001 for noninferiority testing). Weight gain remained comparable during follow-up. Further anthropometric parameters did not differ between the infant formula groups throughout the study. Growth was comparable in BF. No relevant safety issues were observed. To conclude, eHF meets infant requirements for adequate growth during the first six months of life and can be considered safe and suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Otten
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589 Berlin, Germany; (L.O.); (E.S.); (H.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Elisabeth Schelker
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589 Berlin, Germany; (L.O.); (E.S.); (H.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Hanna Petersen
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589 Berlin, Germany; (L.O.); (E.S.); (H.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Antonia Nomayo
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589 Berlin, Germany; (L.O.); (E.S.); (H.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Manja Fleddermann
- HiPP GmbH & Co. Vertrieb KG, Georg-Hipp-Str. 7, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany; (M.F.); (B.M.A.); (T.B.); (E.M.H.)
| | - Bianca M. Arendt
- HiPP GmbH & Co. Vertrieb KG, Georg-Hipp-Str. 7, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany; (M.F.); (B.M.A.); (T.B.); (E.M.H.)
| | - Theresa Britzl
- HiPP GmbH & Co. Vertrieb KG, Georg-Hipp-Str. 7, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany; (M.F.); (B.M.A.); (T.B.); (E.M.H.)
| | - Elisabeth M. Haberl
- HiPP GmbH & Co. Vertrieb KG, Georg-Hipp-Str. 7, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany; (M.F.); (B.M.A.); (T.B.); (E.M.H.)
| | - Frank Jochum
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589 Berlin, Germany; (L.O.); (E.S.); (H.P.); (A.N.)
- Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane (MHB), Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
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4
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Abstract
Background: The effects of breastfeeding on neurodevelopmental outcomes are unclear. Inconsistent findings have been reported and confounding factors make interpretation of studies difficult. The World Health Organization published a systematic review on breastfeeding and intelligence in 2013, demonstrating a positive association with improved performance on intelligence tests. The objective of this review is to explore published literature since 2013 to examine the association between breastfeeding, cognition, executive function, and behavior. Methods: Duplicate searches were carried out using Web of Science and OVID for publications between January 2012 and March 2022. Non-English articles and those not correcting for maternal IQ or home environment were excluded. Results: Twenty-three studies were included, examining the effects of breastfeeding on cognition (21), executive function (3), and behavior (6). Most studies showed a modest dose-dependent increase in cognitive scores in children who were breastfed, test score differences ranging from 0.19 to 0.96 points per month of breastfeeding comparing any breastfeeding, predominant and exclusive breastfeeding. Four out of six studies showed a positive correlation between breastfeeding and behavior. One out of three studies assessing breastfeeding and executive function showed a positive dose-dependent correlation. Discussion: Recent evidence demonstrates that breastfeeding has a small positive effect on IQ in later childhood. Evidence suggesting that breastfeeding is a protective factor in developing conduct disorders and achieving higher executive function is limited. Further research is required. Limitations include potential confounders and recall bias of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine McGowan
- Department of General Paediatrics, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Bland
- Department of General Paediatrics, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Thorman AW, Adkins G, Conrey SC, Burrell AR, Yu Y, White B, Burke R, Haslam D, Payne DC, Staat MA, Morrow AL, Newburg DS. Gut Microbiome Composition and Metabolic Capacity Differ by FUT2 Secretor Status in Exclusively Breastfed Infants. Nutrients 2023; 15:471. [PMID: 36678342 PMCID: PMC9866411 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A major polymorphism in the fucosyltransferase2 (FUT2) gene influences risk of multiple gut diseases, but its impact on the microbiome of breastfed infants was unknown. In individuals with an active FUT2 enzyme (“secretors”), the intestinal mucosa is abundantly fucosylated, providing mutualist bacteria with a rich endogenous source of fucose. Non-secretors comprise approximately one-fifth of the population, and they lack the ability to create this enzyme. Similarly, maternal secretor status influences the abundance of a breastfeeding mother’s fucosylated milk oligosaccharides. We compared the impact of maternal secretor status, measured by FUT2 genotype, and infant secretor status, measured by FUT2 genotype and phenotype, on early infant fecal microbiome samples collected from 2-month-old exclusively breastfed infants (n = 59). Infant secretor status (19% non-secretor, 25% low-secretor, and 56% full-secretor) was more strongly associated with the infant microbiome than it was with the maternal FUT2 genotype. Alpha diversity was greater in the full-secretors than in the low- or non-secretor infants (p = 0.049). Three distinct microbial enterotypes corresponded to infant secretor phenotype (p = 0.022) and to the dominance of Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum, or neither (p < 0.001). Infant secretor status was also associated with microbial metabolic capacity, specifically, bioenergetics pathways. We concluded that in exclusively breastfed infants, infant—but not maternal—secretor status is associated with infant microbial colonization and metabolic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Thorman
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Grace Adkins
- St. Jude’s Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shannon C. Conrey
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Allison R. Burrell
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Brendon White
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Rachel Burke
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - David Haslam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Daniel C. Payne
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mary A. Staat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Ardythe L. Morrow
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - David S. Newburg
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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6
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Diwakar K. Acute-on-Chronic Subdural Hemorrhage Due to Late Vitamin K Deficiency. Cureus 2023; 15:e34297. [PMID: 36860233 PMCID: PMC9969226 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) is closely associated with the hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDN) and can have a late onset, after one week of birth up to six months of age. It is a major concern in developing countries where vitamin K prophylaxis is not often given to newborns and can lead to significant mortality and morbidity. We report a case of a three-month-old child who was exclusively breastfed. He presented with repeated vomiting and was eventually diagnosed as a case of acute-on-chronic subdural hemorrhage. Timely diagnosis and surgical intervention played a key role in ensuring a favorable outcome for the child.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Ray P, Bhattacharya P, Chatterjee N. Infantile Tremor Syndrome With Movement Disorder: Current Perspective. Cureus 2022; 14:e33091. [PMID: 36721585 PMCID: PMC9884106 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although infantile tremor syndrome is considered a rare entity, we present a typical case of this disorder. This case reinforces the association of infantile tremor syndrome with exclusive breastfeeding in infants and the absence of proper complementary feeding. A nine-month-old, irritable, listless, exclusively breastfed female presented with grade 2 malnutrition, tremors, hyperpigmentation, scarce scalp hair, and delayed developmental milestones. Laboratory investigations revealed macrocytic anemia and a low serum vitamin B12 value of 205 pg/dL. Cerebral and mild cerebellar atrophy were noted on the MRI brain scan. Accordingly, the patient was diagnosed with infantile tremor syndrome and treated with vitamin B12 and nutrient supplementation with zinc, magnesium, folic acid, and iron. The tremors improved and the child became responsive and interested in her surroundings. It is essential to recognize this condition at the earliest and initiate treatment. Basic interventions such as the promotion of proper nutrition, timely introduction of complementary feeding, and weaning practices are key factors in decreasing the incidence of this condition.
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8
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Ren Q, Li K, Sun H, Zheng C, Zhou Y, Lyu Y, Ye W, Shi H, Zhang W, Xu Y, Jiang S. The Association of Formula Protein Content and Growth in Early Infancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 35684055 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to examine differences in growth outcomes between breastfed infants and infants fed with formula with different protein/energy ratios during the first six months of life. We conducted a systematic review in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Springer databases. Twenty clinical trials qualified for inclusion. We extracted data about the growth outcomes of infants who were exclusive breastfed or exclusively infant formula fed in the first six months and used a meta-analysis to pool the finding data. We categorized study formulas into four groups according to their protein content: <1.8, 1.8−2.0, 2.1−2.2, and >2.2 g/100 kcal. In the first month of life, growth was not different between formula- and breastfed infants. During 2−3 months of life, growth was faster in infants who consumed formulas with protein contents higher than 2.0 g/100 kcal. After 3 months, formula-fed infants grew faster than breastfed infants. Our meta-analysis indicated that the growth outcomes of infants fed with infant formula with a relatively low protein/energy ratios, compared with that a relatively high protein/energy ratio, were close to those of breastfed infants.
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9
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Ngo E, Spigset O, Lupattelli A, Panchaud A, Annaert P, Allegaert K, Nordeng H. Antihistamine use during breastfeeding with focus on breast milk transfer and safety in humans: A systematic literature review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 130:171-181. [PMID: 34587362 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Current data on use of antihistamines during breastfeeding and risks to the breastfed infant are insufficient. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of studies measuring the levels of antihistamines in human breast milk, estimating the exposure for breastfed infants and/or reporting possible adverse effects on the breastfed infant. An additional aim was to review the antihistamine product labels available in the European Union (EU) and the United States. We searched seven online databases and identified seven human lactation studies that included 25 mother-infant pairs covering cetirizine, clemastine, ebastine, epinastine, loratadine, terfenadine and triprolidine. In addition, one study investigated the impact of chlorpheniramine or promethazine on prolactin levels among 17 women, and one study investigated possible adverse drug reactions in 85 breastfed infants exposed to various antihistamines. The relative infant dose was below 5% for all antihistamines, ranging from 0.3% for terfenadine to 4.5% for clemastine. Most product labels of the 10 antihistamines with available information in both the EU and the United States reported lack of evidence and recommended to avoid use during breastfeeding. The knowledge gap on antihistamines and lactation is extensive, and further human studies are warranted to ensure optimal treatment of breastfeeding women with allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Ngo
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Spigset
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Angela Lupattelli
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alice Panchaud
- Service of Pharmacy, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hedvig Nordeng
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Hou L, Li X, Yan P, Li Y, Wu Y, Yang Q, Shi X, Ge L, Yang K. Impact of the Duration of Breastfeeding on the Intelligence of Children: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis. Breastfeed Med 2021; 16:687-696. [PMID: 34077234 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the impact of the duration of breastfeeding on the intelligence of children. Materials and Methods: Eight electronic databases were searched to identify studies that investigated the impact of breastfeeding on the intelligence of children. Data were pooled, and the ratio of means (RoM) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using a pairwise meta-analysis and network meta-analysis. Risk of bias was assessed using a tool developed by the CLARITY group. Data were analyzed using R version 3.5.1. Results: A total of 15 studies with 12,316 subjects were included in the review. Half of the studies were at low risk of bias. A meta-analysis indicated that breastfed children had a score 1.04-fold higher in intelligence tests compared with those that had never been breastfed (RoM: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02-1.06, p < 0.05). Evidence from a network meta-analysis indicated that breastfeeding for ≤6 months resulted in score 1.04-fold higher in intelligence tests (RoM: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03-1.06, p < 0.05) and children breastfed for >6 months had a score 1.06-fold higher (RoM: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.05-1.08, p < 0.05) than children that had never been breastfed. Thus, breastfeeding for >6 months demonstrated a slightly higher score than breastfeeding for ≤6 months (RoM: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Breastfeeding could significantly improve the intelligence of children, with a duration of >6 months showing a slight but significantly higher intelligence score than for ≤6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangying Hou
- Evidence Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiuxia Li
- Evidence Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peijing Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Evidence Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yiting Wu
- The Zhongshan Affiliated Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingxia Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiue Shi
- Institute for Evidence Based Rehabilitation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Long Ge
- Evidence Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kehu Yang
- Evidence Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Evidence Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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11
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Sillner N, Walker A, Lucio M, Maier TV, Bazanella M, Rychlik M, Haller D, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Longitudinal Profiles of Dietary and Microbial Metabolites in Formula- and Breastfed Infants. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:660456. [PMID: 34124150 PMCID: PMC8195334 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.660456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The early-life metabolome of the intestinal tract is dynamically influenced by colonization of gut microbiota which in turn is affected by nutrition, i.e. breast milk or formula. A detailed examination of fecal metabolites was performed to investigate the effect of probiotics in formula compared to control formula and breast milk within the first months of life in healthy neonates. A broad metabolomics approach was conceptualized to describe fecal polar and semi-polar metabolites affected by feeding type within the first year of life. Fecal metabolomes were clearly distinct between formula- and breastfed infants, mainly originating from diet and microbial metabolism. Unsaturated fatty acids and human milk oligosaccharides were increased in breastfed, whereas Maillard products were found in feces of formula-fed children. Altered microbial metabolism was represented by bile acids and aromatic amino acid metabolites. Elevated levels of sulfated bile acids were detected in stool samples of breastfed infants, whereas secondary bile acids were increased in formula-fed infants. Microbial co-metabolism was supported by significant correlation between chenodeoxycholic or lithocholic acid and members of Clostridia. Fecal metabolites showed strong inter- and intra-individual behavior with features uniquely present in certain infants and at specific time points. Nevertheless, metabolite profiles converged at the end of the first year, coinciding with solid food introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sillner
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Alesia Walker
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marianna Lucio
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanja V Maier
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Monika Bazanella
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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12
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Leonard D, Buettner P, McDermott R, Makrides M. The iron content of healthy diets for one day for breastfed babies and young children. Nutr Diet 2021; 78:415-423. [PMID: 33594814 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Early childhood anaemia due to iron deficiency is widespread in remote communities across northern Australia. Current recommendations for healthy food to complement breastfeeding at age 6 to 23 months include iron-rich and iron-enriched foods. An electronic nutrient analysis was undertaken to assess the iron content of hypothetical healthy diets for breastfed babies and young children aged 6 to 23 months in Australia, in comparison with their estimated requirements. METHODS Hypothetical diets for 1 day were developed that were consistent with the Foundation Diets for breastfed infants 6 to 12 months and for toddlers 13 to 23 months. Nutrient content was derived using the Australian Food Composition database in FoodWorks 10. The iron content of these two diets were compared with Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDIs) for iron for infants aged 7 to 12 months and children aged 1 to 3 years. RESULTS The iron content of the hypothetical diet for breastfed infants aged 6 to 12 months (5.8 mg) was less than the EAR (7 mg, 83%) and the RDI (11 mg, 53%). For young breastfed children aged 13 to 23 months, the iron content of the hypothetical diet was 4.4 mg; above the EAR (4 mg, 110%) but less than RDI (9 mg, 49%). CONCLUSIONS Breastfeeding has health and neurodevelopmental benefits for infants and young children that are particularly important in remote Australia where food insecurity and poor nutrition compromise health and wellbeing. Adequate iron intake is also important for neurodevelopment in early life but healthy diets for breastfed babies and young children may have insufficient iron content to meet requirements. The upcoming revision of the Australian Dietary Guidelines provides an opportunity to consider this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dympna Leonard
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Petra Buettner
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robyn McDermott
- Public Health Medicine, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Makrides
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with microorganisms during infancy represents a critical control point for shaping life-long immune-mediated disease susceptibility. Abnormal colonization or an imbalance of microbes, termed dysbiosis, is implicated in several diseases. Consequently, recent research has aimed at understanding ways to manipulate a dysbiotic microbiome during infancy to resemble a normal, healthy microbiome. However, one of the fundamental issues in microbiome research is characterizing what a "normal" infant microbiome is based on geography, ethnicity and cultural variations. This review provides a comprehensive account of what is currently known about the infant microbiome from a global context. In general, this review shows that the influence of cultural variations in feeding practices, delivery modes and hygiene are the biggest contributors to microbial variability. Despite geography or race, all humans have similar microbial succession during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Quin
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Deanna L. Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada,CONTACT Deanna L. Gibson Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, ASC 386, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BCV1V 1V7, Canada
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Nouadi B, Sbaoui Y, El Messal M, Bennis F, Chegdani F. Integrative Analysis of the Genes Induced by the Intestine Microbiota of Infant Born to Term and Breastfed. Bioinform Biol Insights 2020; 14:1177932220906168. [PMID: 32425510 PMCID: PMC7218278 DOI: 10.1177/1177932220906168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the integration of biological data is a major challenge for bioinformatics. Many studies have examined gene expression in the epithelial tissue in the intestines of infants born to term and breastfed, generating a large amount of data. The integration of these data is important to understand the biological processes involved during bacterial colonization of the newborns intestine, particularly through breast milk. This work aims to exploit the bioinformatics approaches, to provide a new representation and interpretation of the interactions between differentially expressed genes in the host intestine induced by the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Nouadi
- Laboratory of Health and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Yousra Sbaoui
- Laboratory of Health and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mariame El Messal
- Laboratory of Health and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Faiza Bennis
- Laboratory of Health and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima Chegdani
- Laboratory of Health and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
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15
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Li X, Peng Y, Li Z, Christensen B, Heckmann AB, Stenlund H, Lönnerdal B, Hernell O. Feeding Infants Formula With Probiotics or Milk Fat Globule Membrane: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:347. [PMID: 31552203 PMCID: PMC6736587 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate effects on growth and infection rates of supplementing infant formula with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei strain F19 (F19) or bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Methods: In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 600 infants were randomized to a formula supplemented with F19 or MFGM, or to standard formula (SF). A breastfed group was recruited as reference (n = 200).The intervention lasted from age 21 ± 7 days until 4 months, and infants were followed until age one year. Results: Both experimental formulas were well tolerated and resulted in high compliance. The few reported adverse events were not likely related to formula, with the highest rates in the SF group, significantly higher than for the F19-supplemented infants (p = 0.046). Weight or length gain did not differ during or after the intervention among the formula-fed groups, with satisfactory growth. During the intervention, overall, the experimental formula groups did not have more episodes of diarrhea, fever, or days with fever than the breastfed infants. However, compared to the breastfed infants, the SF group had more fever episodes (p = 0.021) and days with fever (p = 0.036), but not diarrhea. Compared with the breastfed group, the F19-supplemented infants but not the other two formula groups had more visits/unscheduled hospitalizations (p = 0.015) and borderline more episodes of upper respiratory tract infections (p = 0.048). Conclusions: Both the MFGM- and F19-supplemented formulas were safe and well-tolerated, leading to few adverse effects, similar to the breastfed group and unlike the SF group. During the intervention, the MFGM-supplemented infants did not differ from the breastfed infants in any primary outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Department of Children Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongmei Peng
- Department of Children Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zailing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Hans Stenlund
- Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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16
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DiTomasso D, Ferszt G. Mothers' Thoughts and Feelings About Using a Pediatric Scale in the Home to Monitor Weight Changes in Breastfed Newborns. Nurs Womens Health 2018; 22:463-470. [PMID: 30389281 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwh.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document mothers' thoughts and feelings about using a pediatric digital scale in their homes to monitor the weights of their newborns. DESIGN Cross-sectional design. SETTING A community hospital in the northeastern region of the United States. PARTICIPANTS Women (N = 63) who gave birth between August 2015 and September 2016 to healthy, full-term singleton newborns who were exclusively or predominantly breastfed at the time of hospital discharge. MEASUREMENTS We used an online survey to document participants' thoughts and feelings about the use of a pediatric scale in their homes to monitor the weights of their newborns every day for 2 weeks after birth. RESULTS Most participants (81%) had positive responses about the use of a pediatric scale in their homes. The collection of daily weight provided valuable knowledge (67%) and elicited feelings of reassurance (32%) and increased confidence in breastfeeding (14%). For some women (14%), using the scale caused concern about neonatal weight. If a participant believed her newborn was not feeding or gaining weight well (n = 9), she was more likely to have mixed or negative feelings about the scale (67%). CONCLUSION Women who breastfeed may benefit from the use of a pediatric scale in their homes. They may gain valuable knowledge and have increased confidence in breastfeeding if they monitor neonatal weight changes. Use of the scale may also alert mothers to early problems with newborn feeding or growth.
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Lemas DJ, Young BE, Baker PR, Tomczik AC, Soderborg TK, Hernandez TL, de la Houssaye BA, Robertson CE, Rudolph MC, Ir D, Patinkin ZW, Krebs NF, Santorico SA, Weir T, Barbour LA, Frank DN, Friedman JE. Alterations in human milk leptin and insulin are associated with early changes in the infant intestinal microbiome. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:1291-300. [PMID: 27140533 PMCID: PMC4841936 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.126375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased maternal body mass index (BMI) is a robust risk factor for later pediatric obesity. Accumulating evidence suggests that human milk (HM) may attenuate the transfer of obesity from mother to offspring, potentially through its effects on early development of the infant microbiome. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to identify early differences in intestinal microbiota in a cohort of breastfeeding infants born to obese compared with normal-weight (NW) mothers. We also investigated relations between HM hormones (leptin and insulin) and both the taxonomic and functional potentials of the infant microbiome. DESIGN Clinical data and infant stool and fasting HM samples were collected from 18 NW [prepregnancy BMI (in kg/m(2)) <24.0] and 12 obese (prepregnancy BMI >30.0) mothers and their exclusively breastfed infants at 2 wk postpartum. Infant body composition at 2 wk was determined by air-displacement plethysmography. Infant gastrointestinal microbes were estimated by using 16S amplicon and whole-genome sequencing. HM insulin and leptin were determined by ELISA; short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured in stool samples by using gas chromatography. Power was set at 80%. RESULTS Infants born to obese mothers were exposed to 2-fold higher HM insulin and leptin concentrations (P < 0.01) and showed a significant reduction in the early pioneering bacteria Gammaproteobacteria (P = 0.03) and exhibited a trend for elevated total SCFA content (P < 0.06). Independent of maternal prepregnancy BMI, HM insulin was positively associated with both microbial taxonomic diversity (P = 0.03) and Gammaproteobacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae; P = 0.04) and was negatively associated with Lactobacillales (e.g., Streptococcaceae; P = 0.05). Metagenomic analysis showed that HM leptin and insulin were associated with decreased bacterial proteases, which are implicated in intestinal permeability, and reduced concentrations of pyruvate kinase, a biomarker of pediatric gastrointestinal inflammation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that, although maternal obesity may adversely affect the early infant intestinal microbiome, HM insulin and leptin are independently associated with beneficial microbial metabolic pathways predicted to increase intestinal barrier function and reduce intestinal inflammation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01693406.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter R Baker
- Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | | | - Teri L Hernandez
- Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and College of Nursing
| | | | | | | | - Diana Ir
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Stephanie A Santorico
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program; and Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO; and
| | - Tiffany Weir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Linda A Barbour
- Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Jacob E Friedman
- Sections of Neonatology, Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and
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Wang M, Li M, Wu S, Lebrilla CB, Chapkin RS, Ivanov I, Donovan SM. Fecal microbiota composition of breast-fed infants is correlated with human milk oligosaccharides consumed. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60:825-33. [PMID: 25651488 DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tested the hypothesis that the fecal bacterial genera of breast-fed (BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants differ and that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) modulate the microbiota of BF infants. METHODS Fecal samples were obtained from BF (n = 16) or FF (n = 6) infants at 3-month postpartum. Human milk samples were collected on the same day when feces were collected. The microbiota was assessed by pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes. HMOs were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-chip time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS The overall microbiota of BF differed from that of FF (P = 0.005). Compared with FF, BF had higher relative abundances of Bacteroides, lower proportions of Clostridium XVIII, Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Veillonella (P < 0.05). Bifidobacterium predominated in both BF and FF infants, with no difference in abundance between the 2 groups. The most abundant HMOs were lacto-N-tetraose + lacto-N-neotetraose (LNT + LNnT, 22.6%), followed by 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL, 14.5%) and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP I, 9.5%). Partial least squares regression of HMO and microbiota showed several infant fecal bacterial genera could be predicted by their mothers' HMO profiles, and the important HMOs for the prediction of bacterial genera were identified by variable importance in the projection scores. CONCLUSIONS These results strengthen the established relation between HMO and the infant microbiota and identify statistical means whereby infant bacterial genera can be predicted by milk HMO. Future studies are needed to validate these findings and determine whether the supplementation of formula with defined HMO could selectively modify the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
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Sangun Ö, Dündar B, Köşker M, Pirgon Ö, Dündar N. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents using three different criteria and evaluation of risk factors. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2011; 3:70-6. [PMID: 21750635 PMCID: PMC3119444 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.v3i2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in Turkish obese children and adolescents by using three different definitions and to assess the risk factors through a retrospective evaluation of anthropometric and laboratory parameters. METHODS Sixty hundred and fourteen obese patients (307 male, 307 female; mean age: 11.3±2.5 years) were included in the study. Medical history, physical examination, anthropometric measurements, results of biochemical and hormonal assays were obtained from the hospital records. MS was diagnosed according to the modified World Health Organization (WHO), Cook and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) consensus criteria. RESULTS The prevalence of MS was found to be 39%, 34% and 33% according to the modified WHO, Cook and the IDF consensus criteria, respectively. MS prevalence in patients aged 12-18 years was significantly higher than that in patients between 7 and 11 years of age (p<0.05). Pubertal patients had a significantly higher MS prevalence than the non-pubertal cases (p<0.05). MS prevalence was also significantly higher in children who had a family history of heart disease, diabetes, obesity and hypertension as well as in those who had not been breast-fed (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The use of the modified WHO criteria was found to result in a slightly higher prevalence rate for MS as compared to the other criteria. The prevalence of MS in our study population was higher than that reported in most previous studies in Turkey. A positive family history, puberty and not being breastfed in infancy were shown to be significant risk factors for MS in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Sangun
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Bumin Dündar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Köşker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Özgür Pirgon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Research and Training Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nihal Dündar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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