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Coe C, Boltz T, Stearns R, Foster P, Taylor RL, Moritz J, Jaczynski J, Freshour A, Shen C. Thermal inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium and surrogate Enterococcus faecium in mash broiler feed in a laboratory scale circulated thermal bath. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101976. [PMID: 35759999 PMCID: PMC9249818 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compares kinetic parameters of Salmonella and surrogate Enterococcus faecium in mash broiler feed during thermal inactivation. Two-gram samples of mash broiler feed were added into a filtered sample bag and inoculated with nalidixic acid (NaL, 200 ppm) resistant S. Typhimurium or Enterococcus faecium, followed by vacuum-packaging and heating in a circulated thermal water bath at 75°, 85°, and 95°C for 0 to 180 s. Counts of bacterial survival were analyzed on tryptic soy agar and bile esculin agar plus 200 ppm of NaL. Microbial data and thermal kinetic parameters (n = 8, Global-Fit and United States Department of Agriculture [USDA]-Integrated-Predictive-Modeling-Program software) were analyzed by JMP software. Heating mash broiler feed at 75°, 85°, and 95°C decreased (P < 0.05) Salmonella cell counts by >6 log10CFU/g after 180, 60, and 50 s, respectively. Heating E. faecium in feed at 75°, 85°, and 95°C for 180, 120, and 70 s achieved reductions of 3, 6, and >6.5 log10CFU/g, respectively. D-values of linear, Weibull models, and z-value of Salmonella at 75°, 85°, and 95°C were 1.8 to 11.2, 4.2 to 21.8, and 28.6 s, respectively, which were lower (P < 0.05) than those of E. faecium (3.7-18.1, 8.5-34.4, and 34.1 s). Linear with Tail, Linear with Tail and Shoulder, and Weibull with tail equations revealed that E. faecium were more resistant (P < 0.05) to heat than Salmonella as shown by longer "Shoulder-time" (26.5 vs. 16.2 s) and greater "Tail" effect (4.4-4.5 vs. 2.5-2.6 log10CFU/g). Results clearly suggested that E. faecium can be used as a surrogate for Salmonella to validate thermal inactivation during feed manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Coe
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Timothy Boltz
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rebecca Stearns
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Peighton Foster
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Robert L Taylor
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Joe Moritz
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jacek Jaczynski
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Annette Freshour
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Cangliang Shen
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Greene G, Koolman L, Whyte P, Lynch H, Coffey A, Lucey B, Egan J, O'Connor L, Bolton D. An in vitro investigation of the survival and/or growth of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler digestate from different feed types. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:36-40. [PMID: 32964486 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and poultry are the primary reservoir. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival and/or growth of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 in broiler digestate prepared from commercial starter, grower and finisher feed formulations. Bolton broth and digestates were prepared, inoculated with C. jejuni NCTC 11168 (approximately 3 log10 CFU per ml) and incubated under microaerobic conditions at 42°C for 24 h. Samples were taken at t = 0 (immediately after inoculation) and every 3 h thereafter, serially diluted and plated onto mCCDA. Campylobacter jejuni grew as expected in Bolton broth (control) reaching the early stationary phase after approximately 15 h. In contrast, although bacterial concentrations were maintained for at least 9 h, none of the feed digestates supported the growth of C. jejuni, which were not detected after 15 h. It is suggested that the nutrients available in the feed digestates are not enough to support C. jejuni growth and that additional factors may be at play in the avian gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Greene
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Koolman
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Lynch
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - A Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - B Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - J Egan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - L O'Connor
- Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
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KONGKAPAN J, POAPOLATHEP S, ISARIYODOM S, KUMAGAI S, POAPOLATHEP A. Simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins in broiler feeds using a liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:259-64. [PMID: 26477362 PMCID: PMC4785115 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are typically present in grain and feed ingredients used for animal feeds. An analytical method using LC-ESI-MS/MS was developed to quantify nine mycotoxins, consisting of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in broiler feeds. In total, 100 samples of broiler feeds were collected from poultry farms in Central Thailand. The survey found that AFB1 and ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins in the feed samples at percentages of 93% and 63%, respectively. The limit of detections (LODs) of investigated mycotoxins was 0.20-0.78 ng/g. AFB2, DON, AFG1, NIV and T-2 toxin were also detectable at low contamination levels with percentages of 20%, 9%, 7%, 5% and 1%, respectively, whereas OTA and AFG2 were not detected in any of the feed samples. These results suggest that there is a very low level of risk of the exposure to mycotoxins in feeds obtained from broiler farms in Central Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamart KONGKAPAN
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, Graduate
School, Kasetsart University, KamphaengSaen Campus, Nakhon, Pathom 73140, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok
10900, Thailand
| | - Saranya POAPOLATHEP
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Supaporn ISARIYODOM
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University,
Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Susumu KUMAGAI
- Food Safety Commission, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 107–6122, Japan
| | - Amnart POAPOLATHEP
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, Graduate
School, Kasetsart University, KamphaengSaen Campus, Nakhon, Pathom 73140, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok
10900, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Berrang ME, Cosby DE, Cox NA, Cason JA, Richardson KE. Optimizing buffering chemistry to maintain near neutral pH of broiler feed during pre-enrichment for Salmonella. Poult Sci 2015; 94:3048-51. [PMID: 26467004 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a human pathogen that can accompany live broilers to the slaughter plant, contaminating fully processed carcasses. Feed is one potential source of Salmonella to growing broilers. Monitoring feed for the presence of Salmonella is part of good agricultural practice. The first step in culturing feed for Salmonella (which may be at low numbers and sub-lethally stressed) is to add it to a pre-enrichment broth which is incubated for 24 h. During the course of pre-enrichment, extraneous bacteria metabolize carbohydrates in some feed and excrete acidic byproducts, causing the pH to drop dramatically. An acidic pre-enrichment pH can injure or kill Salmonella resulting in a failure to detect, even if it is present and available to infect chickens. The objective of this study was to test an array of buffering chemistries to prevent formation of an injurious acidic environment during pre-enrichment of feed in peptone water. Five grams of feed were added to 45 mL of peptone water buffered with carbonate, Tris pH 8, and phosphate buffering ingredients individually and in combination. Feed was subjected to a pre-enrichment at 35°C for 24 h; pH was measured at 0, 18, and 24 h. Standard phosphate buffering ingredients at concentrations up to 4 times the normal formulation were unable to fully prevent acidic conditions. Likewise, carbonate and Tris pH 8 were not fully effective. The combination of phosphate, carbonate, and Tris pH 8 was the most effective buffer tested. It is recommended that a highly buffered pre-enrichment broth be used to examine feed for the presence of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Berrang
- USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - D E Cosby
- USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - N A Cox
- USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - J A Cason
- 160 Williamsburg Lane Athens, GA 30605
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Nyquist NF, Rødbotten R, Thomassen M, Haug A. Chicken meat nutritional value when feeding red palm oil, palm oil or rendered animal fat in combinations with linseed oil, rapeseed oil and two levels of selenium. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:69. [PMID: 23659541 PMCID: PMC3667049 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken meat nutritional value with regard to fatty acid composition and selenium content depends on the choice of dietary oil and selenium level used in the chickens' feed. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of replacing commonly used rendered animal fat as a dietary source of saturated fatty acids and soybean oil as a source of unsaturated fatty acids, with palm oil and red palm oil in combinations with rapeseed oil, linseed oil and two levels of selenium enriched yeast on chicken breast meat nutritional value. The study also wished to see whether red palm oil had a cholesterol lowering effect on chicken plasma.204 male, newly hatched broiler chickens were randomly divided into twelve dietary treatment groups, and individually fed one out of six dietary fat combinations combined with either low (0.1 mg Se /kg feed) or high (1 mg Se/kg feed) dietary selenium levels. Linseed oil, independent of accompanying dietary fat source, lead to increased levels of the n-3 EPA, DPA and DHA and reduced levels of the n-6 arachidonic acid (AA). The ratio between AA/EPA was reduced from 19/1 in the soybean oil dietary groups to 1.7/1 in the linseed oil dietary groups. Dietary red palm oil reduced total chicken plasma cholesterol levels. There were no differences between the dietary groups with regard to measured meat antioxidant capacity or sensory evaluation. Chicken meat selenium levels were clearly influenced by dietary selenium levels, but were not influenced by feed fatty acid composition. High dietary selenium level lead to marginally increased n-3 EPA and higher meat fat % in breast muscle but did not influence the other LC PUFA levels. Chicken breast meat nutritional value from the soybean oil and low selenium dietary groups may be regarded as less beneficial compared to the breast meat from the linseed oil and high selenium dietary groups. Replacing rendered animal fat with palm oil and red palm oil had no negative effects on chicken muscle nutritional value with regard to fatty acid composition. Red palm oil decreased total chicken plasma cholesterol, confirming the cholesterol reducing effect of this dietary oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Nyquist
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås 1432, Norway
| | | | - Magny Thomassen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås 1432, Norway
| | - Anna Haug
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås 1432, Norway
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