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Zamprogno P, Thoma G, Cencen V, Ferrari D, Putz B, Michler J, Fantner GE, Guenat OT. Mechanical Properties of Soft Biological Membranes for Organ-on-a-Chip Assessed by Bulge Test and AFM. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2990-2997. [PMID: 33651947 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro models called "organ-on-a-chip" can mimic the specific cellular environment found in various tissues. Many of these models include a thin, sometimes flexible, membrane aimed at mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold of in vivo barriers. These membranes are often made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a silicone rubber that poorly mimics the chemical and physical properties of the basal membrane. However, the ECM and its mechanical properties play a key role in the homeostasis of a tissue. Here, we report about biological membranes with a composition and mechanical properties similar to those found in vivo. Two types of collagen-elastin (CE) membranes were produced: vitrified and nonvitrified (called "hydrogel membrane"). Their mechanical properties were characterized using the bulge test method. The results were compared using atomic force microscopy (AFM), a standard technique used to evaluate the Young's modulus of soft materials at the nanoscale. Our results show that CE membranes with stiffnesses ranging from several hundred of kPa down to 1 kPa can be produced by tuning the CE ratio, the production mode (vitrified or not), and/or certain parameters such as temperature. The Young's modulus can easily be determined using the bulge test. This method is a robust and reproducible to determine membrane stiffness, even for soft membranes, which are more difficult to assess by AFM. Assessment of the impact of substrate stiffness on the spread of human fibroblasts on these surfaces showed that cell spread is lower on softer surfaces than on stiffer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Zamprogno
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Giuditta Thoma
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Cencen
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano- Instrumentation, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Dario Ferrari
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Putz
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun 3602, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun 3602, Switzerland
| | - Georg E Fantner
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano- Instrumentation, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Olivier T Guenat
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland.,Department of General Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
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Dang NM, Wang ZY, Wu TY, Nguyen TAK, Lin MT. Measurement of Effects of Different Substrates on the Mechanical Properties of Submicron Titanium Nickel Shape Memory Alloy Thin Film Using the Bulge Test. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:85. [PMID: 33467736 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different substrates on the mechanical properties of Ti-60at%Ni shape memory alloys (SMA). Two types of samples were prepared for this experiment: (1) a Ti-60at%Ni deposited on SiNx, and (2) a Ti-60at%Ni deposited on SiNx/Cr; both had a 600 nm thick film of Ti-60at%Ni. Deposition was done using the physical vapor deposition (PVD) process, and the microstructural changes and crystallization phase changes were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the TiNi thin film with a Cr adhesion layer had better mechanical properties. The bulge test showed that TiNi thin film with a Cr adhesion had a higher Young’s modulus and lower residual stress. From the thermal cycling experiment, it was found that the Cr adhesion layer buffered the mismatch between TiNi and SiNx. Additionally, the thermal cycling test was also used to measure the thermal expansion coefficient of the films, and the fatigue test showed that the Cr layer significantly improved the fatigue resistance of the TiNi film.
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Pacheco M, García-Herrera C, Celentano D, Ponthot JP. Mechanical Characterization of the Elastoplastic Response of a C11000-H2 Copper Sheet. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E5193. [PMID: 33213023 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an elastoplastic characterization of a rolled C11000-H2 99.90% pure copper sheet considering the orthotropic non-associated Hill-48 criterion together with a modified Voce hardening law. One of the main features of this material is the necking formation at small strains levels causing the early development of non-homogeneous stress and strain patterns in the tested samples. Due to this fact, a robust inverse calibration approach, based on an experimental–analytical–numerical iterative predictor–corrector methodology, is proposed to obtain the constitutive material parameters. This fitting procedure, which uses tensile test measurements where the strains are obtained via digital image correlation (DIC), consists of three steps aimed at, respectively, determining (a) the parameters of the hardening model, (b) a first prediction of the Hill-48 parameters based on the Lankford coefficients and, (c) corrected parameters of the yield and flow potential functions that minimize the experimental–numerical error of the material response. Finally, this study shows that the mechanical characterization carried out in this context is capable of adequately predicting the behavior of the material in the bulge test.
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Ben Messaoud J, Michaud JF, Certon D, Camarda M, Piluso N, Colin L, Barcella F, Alquier D. Investigation of the Young's Modulus and the Residual Stress of 4H-SiC Circular Membranes on 4H-SiC Substrates. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:E801. [PMID: 31766525 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The stress state is a crucial parameter for the design of innovative microelectromechanical systems based on silicon carbide (SiC) material. Hence, mechanical properties of such structures highly depend on the fabrication process. Despite significant progresses in thin-film growth and fabrication process, monitoring the strain of the suspended SiC thin-films is still challenging. However, 3C-SiC membranes on silicon (Si) substrates have been demonstrated, but due to the low quality of the SiC/Si heteroepitaxy, high levels of residual strains were always observed. In order to achieve promising self-standing films with low residual stress, an alternative micromachining technique based on electrochemical etching of high quality homoepitaxy 4H-SiC layers was evaluated. This work is dedicated to the determination of their mechanical properties and more specifically, to the characterization of a 4H-SiC freestanding film with a circular shape. An inverse problem method was implemented, where experimental results obtained from bulge test are fitted with theoretical static load-deflection curves of the stressed membrane. To assess data validity, the dynamic behavior of the membrane was also investigated: Experimentally, by means of laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) and theoretically, by means of finite element computations. The two methods provided very similar results since one obtained a Young’s modulus of 410 GPa and a residual stress value of 41 MPa from bulge test against 400 GPa and 30 MPa for the LDV analysis. The determined Young’s modulus is in good agreement with literature values. Moreover, residual stress values demonstrate that the fabrication of low-stressed SiC films is achievable thanks to the micromachining process developed.
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Kaya İ, Cora ÖN, Koç M. Formability of Ultrasonically Additive Manufactured Ti-Al Thin Foil Laminates. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E3402. [PMID: 31627467 DOI: 10.3390/ma12203402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of strain rates and temperatures on the mechanical behavior of ultrasonically consolidated Titanium–Aluminum thin foils to understand and characterize their formability. To this goal, laminated composite samples with a distinct number of layers were bonded using ultrasonic consolidation. Then, tensile and biaxial hydraulic bulge tests at different strain rates and temperature conditions were conducted. The effect of the sample orientation on the mechanical response was also examined. Tensile and hydraulic bulge tests results were compared to observe differences in ultimate tensile strength and strain levels under uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. The effects of loading condition, strain rate, and temperature on the material response were analyzed and discussed on the basis of test results. In general, it was concluded that the maximum elongation values attained were higher for the samples subtracted along the sonotrode movement direction compared to those obtained from the normal to sonotrode movement direction. The elongation was obtained as high as 46% for seven bi-layered samples at high-temperature ranges of 200–300 °C. Hydraulic bulge test results showed that elongation improved as the number of bi-layers increased, yet the ultimate strength values did not change significantly indicating an expansion of the formability window.
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Hensel A, Schröter CJ, Schlicke H, Schulz N, Riekeberg S, Trieu HK, Stierle A, Noei H, Weller H, Vossmeyer T. Elasticity of Cross-Linked Titania Nanocrystal Assemblies Probed by AFM- Bulge Tests. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E1230. [PMID: 31470667 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to enable advanced technological applications of nanocrystal composites, e.g., as functional coatings and layers in flexible optics and electronics, it is necessary to understand and control their mechanical properties. The objective of this study was to show how the elasticity of such composites depends on the nanocrystals’ dimensionality. To this end, thin films of titania nanodots (TNDs; diameter: ~3–7 nm), nanorods (TNRs; diameter: ~3.4 nm; length: ~29 nm), and nanoplates (TNPs; thickness: ~6 nm; edge length: ~34 nm) were assembled via layer-by-layer spin-coating. 1,12-dodecanedioic acid (12DAC) was added to cross-link the nanocrystals and to enable regular film deposition. The optical attenuation coefficients of the films were determined by ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) absorbance measurements, revealing much lower values than those known for titania films prepared via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed a homogeneous coverage of the substrates on the µm-scale but a highly disordered arrangement of nanocrystals on the nm-scale. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirmed the presence of the 12DAC cross-linker after film fabrication. After transferring the films onto silicon substrates featuring circular apertures (diameter: 32–111 µm), freestanding membranes (thickness: 20–42 nm) were obtained and subjected to atomic force microscopy bulge tests (AFM-bulge tests). These measurements revealed increasing elastic moduli with increasing dimensionality of the nanocrystals, i.e., 2.57 ± 0.18 GPa for the TND films, 5.22 ± 0.39 GPa for the TNR films, and 7.21 ± 1.04 GPa for the TNP films.
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Yang R, Lee J, Ghosh S, Tang H, Sankaran RM, Zorman CA, Feng PXL. Tuning Optical Signatures of Single- and Few-Layer MoS 2 by Blown-Bubble Bulge Straining up to Fracture. Nano Lett 2017; 17:4568-4575. [PMID: 28628325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Emerging atomic layer semiconducting crystals such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are promising candidates for flexible electronics and strain-tunable devices due to their ultrahigh strain limits (up to ∼20-30%) and strain-tunable bandgaps. However, high strain levels, controllable isotropic and anisotropic biaxial strains in single- and few-layer MoS2 on device-oriented flexible substrates permitting convenient and fast strain tuning, remain unexplored. Here, we demonstrate a "blown-bubble" bulge technique for efficiently applying large strains to atomic layer MoS2 devices on a flexible substrate. As the strain increases via bulging, we achieve continuous tuning of Raman and photoluminescence (PL) signatures in single- and few-layer MoS2, including splitting of Raman peaks. With proper clamping of the MoS2 crystals, we apply up to ∼9.4% strain in the flexible substrate, which causes a doubly clamped single-layer MoS2 to fracture at 2.2-2.6% strain measured by PL and 2.9-3.5% strain measured by Raman spectroscopy. This study opens new pathways for exploiting 2D semiconductors on stretchable substrates for flexible electronics, mechanical transducers, tunable optoelectronics, and biomedical transducers on curved and bulging surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Electrical Engineering, ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Electrical Engineering, ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Electrical Engineering, ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Hao Tang
- Electrical Engineering, ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - R Mohan Sankaran
- Electrical Engineering, ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Christian A Zorman
- Electrical Engineering, ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Philip X-L Feng
- Electrical Engineering, ‡Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Meyerbröker N, Zharnikov M. Ultraflexible, freestanding nanomembranes based on poly(ethylene glycol). Adv Mater 2014; 26:3328-3332. [PMID: 24677589 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Extremely elastic and highly stable nanomembranes of variable thickness (5-350 nm) made completely of poly(ethylene glycol) are prepared by a simple procedure. The membranes exhibit distinct biorepulsive and hydrogel properties. They offer new possibilities for applications such as supports in transmission electron microscopy, matrices for inorganic nanoparticles, and pressure-sensitive elements for sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Meyerbröker
- Institut für Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Zhang X, Beyer A, Gölzhäuser A. Mechanical characterization of carbon nanomembranes from self-assembled monolayers. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2011; 2:826-33. [PMID: 22259767 PMCID: PMC3257509 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the mechanical characterization of carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) with a thickness of 1 nm that are fabricated by electron-induced crosslinking of aromatic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). A novel type of in situ bulge test employing an atomic force microscope (AFM) is utilized to investigate their mechanical properties. A series of biphenyl-based molecules with different types of terminal and/or anchor groups were used to prepare the CNMs, such as 4'-[(3-trimethoxysilyl)propoxy]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile (CBPS), 1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol (BPT) and 4-nitro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol (NBPT). The elastic properties, viscoelastic behaviors and ultimate tensile strength of these biphenyl-based CNMs are investigated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Zhang
- Department of Physics, Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - André Beyer
- Department of Physics, Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Department of Physics, Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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