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Huang Q, Zheng H, Wang X, Fu Q, Gong T, Liu C, Ma H, Ye L, Duan X, Yuan Y. Construction of Oxygen Vacancy-Rich TiO 2 Nanocrystals for Boosting the Ammonolysis of Caprolactam to 6-Aminocapronitrile. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:13806-13814. [PMID: 38466904 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Hexamethylene diamine, an important chemical intermediate for polyamides, can be synthesized through the two-step route of caprolactam (CPL) ammonolysis to 6-aminocapronitrile (ACN), followed by hydrogenation. This method has received increasing attention from academia and industry. However, studies on the catalyst structure-performance correlation in CPL ammonolysis are still sporadic. In this work, a series of anatase TiO2 with different oxygen vacancy concentrations was prepared by chemical reduction using NaBH4. The oxygen vacancy on TiO2 surface, presented as Ti3+ sites, substantially enhances the adsorption and activation of NH3, which are demonstrated as the key steps in ammonolysis. Owing to the synergistic effect of Ti3+ and Ti4+ species, the CPL conversion rate and ACN selectivity of 85 and 97%, respectively, are achieved within 250 h. Density functional theory calculations showed that the intermediates on oxygen vacancy-rich TiO2 had a more favorable adsorption energy compared to those on intact TiO2, which is in good agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qi Fu
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Hubei Xingfa Chemical Group Co., Ltd., Yichang 443099, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Hubei Xingfa Chemical Group Co., Ltd., Yichang 443099, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Hubei Xingfa Chemical Group Co., Ltd., Yichang 443099, China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Hubei Xingfa Chemical Group Co., Ltd., Yichang 443099, China
| | - Linmin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xinping Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Youzhu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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2
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Zhang P, Wang X, Yi X, Ou Q, Xia C, Peng X, Zhang X, Zheng A, Luo Y, Shu X. Modulating the Microenvironment of Silanols in Pure-Silicon Zeolites for Boosting Vapor-phase Beckmann Rearrangement of Cyclohexanone Oxime. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:40478-40487. [PMID: 37591494 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime (CHO) to ε-caprolactam (CPL) is still difficult to commercialize at the industrial scale due to its relatively low catalytic activity and poor lifetime. Herein, we synthesized a series of pure-silicon zeolites (including MFI, MEL, and -SVR) with three-dimensional 10-member-ring topolgies, diverse silanol status, and hierarchical porosity to investigate the synergistic effects of inner diffusivity and reactivity. S-1 zeolite of MFI-type topology with plentiful silanol nests exhibits a more preferable catalytic performance in terms of CHO conversion (99.7%) and CPL selectivity (89.7%), much higher than those of MEL- and -SVR-type zeolites mainly due to their diverse silanol distribution. With the construction of hierarchical porosity, S-1-P shows improved CPL selectivity of 94.1% owing to the enhanced diffusivity to shorten the retention time of the reactant and product molecules. The reaction mechanism and network have been further revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental designs, which indicate that silanol nests are major active sites due to their suitable interaction with CHO rather than terminal silanols. Particularly, the microenvironments of silanols can be modulated by alcohol solvents, ascribed to their different charge transfer and steric hindrance. Consequently, S-1-P shows superior CPL selectivity of 97.3% in ethonal solvents, which have higher adsorb energy of -0.627 eV with silanol nests than other alcohols. The present study not only provides a fundamental guide for the design of zeolite catalysts but also provides a reference for modulating the microenvironment of active sites according to the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | | | - Xianfeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Qi Ou
- DP Technology, Beijing 100080, P.R. China
| | - Changjiu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Anmin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yibin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xingtian Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
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Mazumdar W, Driver TG. Recent Advances in the Development of Catalytic Methods that Construct Medium-ring Lactams, Partially Saturated Benzazepines and their Derivatives. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021; 53:1734-1748. [PMID: 34421133 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent catalytic methods to construct medium-sized lactams and partially saturated benzazepines and their derivatives are surveyed. The review is divided into the following sections: 1 Introduction 2 Non-Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions 2.1 Beckmann Rearrangement 2.2 Non-Beckmann Rearrangement Reactions 2.3 Multi-component reactions 3 Transition Metal-Catalyzed Reactions 3.1 Au-catalyzed reactions to access medium-sized N-heterocycles 3.2 Reactions involving a metal η3-complex catalytic intermediate 3.3 Transition metal-catalyzed reactions of strained cycloalkanes 4 Conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wrickban Mazumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA, 60607
| | - Tom G Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA, 60607
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Hendry JI, Dinh HV, Sarkar D, Wang L, Bandyopadhyay A, Pakrasi HB, Maranas CD. A Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Anabaena 33047 to Guide Genetic Modifications to Overproduce Nylon Monomers. Metabolites 2021; 11:168. [PMID: 33804103 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen fixing-cyanobacteria can significantly improve the economic feasibility of cyanobacterial production processes by eliminating the requirement for reduced nitrogen. Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047 is a marine, heterocyst forming, nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria with a very short doubling time of 3.8 h. We developed a comprehensive genome-scale metabolic (GSM) model, iAnC892, for this organism using annotations and content obtained from multiple databases. iAnC892 describes both the vegetative and heterocyst cell types found in the filaments of Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047. iAnC892 includes 953 unique reactions and accounts for the annotation of 892 genes. Comparison of iAnC892 reaction content with the GSM of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 revealed that there are 109 reactions including uptake hydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and pyruvate-formate lyase unique to iAnC892. iAnC892 enabled the analysis of energy production pathways in the heterocyst by allowing the cell specific deactivation of light dependent electron transport chain and glucose-6-phosphate metabolizing pathways. The analysis revealed the importance of light dependent electron transport in generating ATP and NADPH at the required ratio for optimal N2 fixation. When used alongside the strain design algorithm, OptForce, iAnC892 recapitulated several of the experimentally successful genetic intervention strategies that over produced valerolactam and caprolactam precursors.
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Celik S, Albayrak AT, Akyuz S, Ozel AE, Sigirci BD. Synthesis, antimicrobial activity, molecular docking and ADMET study of a caprolactam-glycine cluster. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2376-2386. [PMID: 32216608 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1748112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were performed with DFT method using both b3lyp/6-311++G(d,p) and wb97xd/6-311++G(d,p) levels of theory to predict the molecular geometry, to evaluate the molecular electrostatic potential and frontier molecular orbitals of synthesized a new compound: caprolactam-glysine cluster (CL-Gly). Molecular docking study of the CL-Gly was carried out to clarify the interaction and the probable binding modes, between the title compound and DNA. The antibacterial activities of CL-Gly cluster against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was determined. In silico ADMET study was also performed for predicting pharmacokinetic and toxicity profile of the synthesized cluster which expressed good drug-like behavior and non-toxic nature. It was revealed that the compound has importance in drug discovery process.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Celik
- Physics Department, Science Faculty, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Tugrul Albayrak
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevim Akyuz
- Physics Department, Science and Letters Faculty, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysen E Ozel
- Physics Department, Science Faculty, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Belgi Diren Sigirci
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Semperger OV, Suplicz A. The Effect of the Parameters of T-RTM on the Properties of Polyamide 6 Prepared by in Situ Polymerization. Materials (Basel) 2019; 13:E4. [PMID: 31861346 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the automotive industry, there is also a significant need to improve the raw materials used. Therefore, the demand is increasing for polymer composites with a focus on mass reduction and recyclability. Thermoplastic polymers are preferred because of their recyclability. As the automotive industry requires mass production, they require a thermoplastic raw material that can impregnate the reinforcement in a short cycle time. The most suitable monomer for this purpose is caprolactam. It can be most efficiently processed with T-RTM (thermoplastic resin transfer molding) technology, during which polyamide 6 is produced from the low-viscosity monomer by anionic ring-opening (in situ) polymerization in a tempered mold with a sufficiently short cycle time. Manufacturing parameters, such as polymerization time and mold temperature, highly influence the morphological and mechanical properties of the product. In this paper, the properties of polyamide 6 produced by T-RTM are analyzed as a function of the production parameters. We determine the crystallinity and the residual monomer content of the samples and their effect on mechanical properties.
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Zaldua N, Maiz J, de la Calle A, García-Arrieta S, Elizetxea C, Harismendy I, Tercjak A, Müller AJ. Nucleation and Crystallization of PA6 Composites Prepared by T-RTM: Effects of Carbon and Glass Fiber Loading. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101680. [PMID: 31615165 PMCID: PMC6835280 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic resin transfer molding (T-RTM) is attracting much attention due to the need for recyclable alternatives to thermoset materials. In this work, we have prepared polyamide-6 (PA6) and PA6/fiber composites by T-RTM of caprolactam. Glass and carbon fibers were employed in a fixed amount of 60 and 47 wt.%, respectively. Neat PA6 and PA6 matrices (of PA6-GF and PA6-CF) of approximately 200 kg/mol were obtained with conversion ratios exceeding 95%. Both carbon fibers (CF) and glass fibers (GF) were able to nucleate PA6, with efficiencies of 44% and 26%, respectively. The α crystal polymorph of PA6 was present in all samples. The lamellar spacing, lamellar thickness and crystallinity degree did not show significant variations in the samples with or without fibers as result of the slow cooling process applied during T-RTM. The overall isothermal crystallization rate decreased in the order: PA6-CF > PA6-GF > neat PA6, as a consequence of the different nucleation efficiencies. The overall crystallization kinetics data were successfully described by the Avrami equation. The lamellar stack morphology observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) is consistent with 2D superstructural aggregates (n = 2) for all samples. Finally, the reinforcement effect of fibers was larger than one order of magnitude in the values of elastic modulus and tensile strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Zaldua
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Jon Maiz
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Amaia de la Calle
- TECNALIA, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia, E-20009 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Sonia García-Arrieta
- TECNALIA, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia, E-20009 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Cristina Elizetxea
- TECNALIA, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia, E-20009 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Isabel Harismendy
- TECNALIA, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia, E-20009 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Agnieszka Tercjak
- Group 'Materials + Technologies' (GMT), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Alejandro J Müller
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
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8
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Palacio CM, Rozeboom HJ, Lanfranchi E, Meng Q, Otzen M, Janssen DB. Biochemical properties of a Pseudomonas aminotransferase involved in caprolactam metabolism. FEBS J 2019; 286:4086-4102. [PMID: 31162815 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of the nylon-6 precursor caprolactam by a strain of Pseudomonas jessenii proceeds via ATP-dependent hydrolytic ring opening to 6-aminohexanoate. This non-natural ω-amino acid is converted to 6-oxohexanoic acid by an aminotransferase (PjAT) belonging to the fold type I pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) enzymes. To understand the structural basis of 6-aminohexanoatate conversion, we solved different crystal structures and determined the substrate scope with a range of aliphatic and aromatic amines. Comparison with the homologous aminotransferases from Chromobacterium violaceum (CvAT) and Vibrio fluvialis (VfAT) showed that the PjAT enzyme has the lowest KM values (highest affinity) and highest specificity constant (kcat /KM ) with the caprolactam degradation intermediates 6-aminohexanoate and 6-oxohexanoic acid, in accordance with its proposed in vivo function. Five distinct three-dimensional structures of PjAT were solved by protein crystallography. The structure of the aldimine intermediate formed from 6-aminohexanoate and the PLP cofactor revealed the presence of a narrow hydrophobic substrate-binding tunnel leading to the cofactor and covered by a flexible arginine, which explains the high activity and selectivity of the PjAT with 6-aminohexanoate. The results suggest that the degradation pathway for caprolactam has recruited an aminotransferase that is well adapted to 6-aminohexanoate degradation. DATABASE: The atomic coordinates and structure factors P. jessenii 6-aminohexanoate aminotransferase have been deposited in the PDB as entries 6G4B (E∙succinate complex), 6G4C (E∙phosphate complex), 6G4D (E∙PLP complex), 6G4E (E∙PLP-6-aminohexanoate intermediate), and 6G4F (E∙PMP complex).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyntia M Palacio
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte J Rozeboom
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Lanfranchi
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qinglong Meng
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Otzen
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick B Janssen
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Caprolactam is a monomer used for the synthesis of nylon-6, and a recombinant microbial strain for biobased production of nylon-6 was recently developed. An intracellular biosensor for caprolactam can facilitate high-throughput metabolic engineering of recombinant microbial strains. Because of the mixed production of caprolactam and valerolactam in the recombinant strain, a caprolactam biosensor should be highly specific for caprolactam. However, a highly specific caprolactam sensor has not been reported. Here, we developed an artificial riboswitch that specifically responds to caprolactam. This riboswitch was prepared using a coupled in vitro- in vivo selection strategy with a heterogeneous pool of RNA aptamers obtained from in vitro selection to construct a riboswitch library used in in vivo selection. The caprolactam riboswitch successfully discriminated caprolactam from valerolactam. Moreover, the riboswitch was activated by 3.36-fold in the presence of 50 mM caprolactam. This riboswitch enabled caprolactam-dependent control of cell growth, which will be useful for improving caprolactam production and is a valuable tool for metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyeon Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Sungho Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyun Im
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Taek Jin Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-Ro 1-Gil, Jung-Gu, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Gyoo Yeol Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
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10
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Abstract
Caprolactam (CPL) is an important chemical raw material. Because even trace level contaminations in CPL can directly influence the polymerization and the resulting properties of fibers, the CPL monomer must be very pure. In this study, gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) techniques were developed to determinate the key impurities in CPL using a novel process which characterized the ultraviolet (UV) absorption rates of the samples. The GC-MS results indicated that the major impurity had a relative molecular mass of 188 and was qualitatively characterized as 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octahydrophenazine. Considering the reaction conditions and properties of the substances in the reactor, we speculated that the octahydrophenazine may have originated from a Neber rearrangement, which is a side-reaction of the Beckmann rearrangement. The impurity contains strong chromophores and severely impacted the UV absorption rate of the CPL product. Therefore, during CPL production, the concentration of octahydrophenazine must be strictly controlled.
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11
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Turk SCHJ, Kloosterman WP, Ninaber DK, Kolen KPAM, Knutova J, Suir E, Schürmann M, Raemakers-Franken PC, Müller M, de Wildeman SMA, Raamsdonk LM, van der Pol R, Wu L, Temudo MF, van der Hoeven RAM, Akeroyd M, van der Stoel RE, Noorman HJ, Bovenberg RAL, Trefzer AC. Metabolic Engineering toward Sustainable Production of Nylon-6. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:65-73. [PMID: 26511532 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nylon-6 is a bulk polymer used for many applications. It consists of the non-natural building block 6-aminocaproic acid, the linear form of caprolactam. Via a retro-synthetic approach, two synthetic pathways were identified for the fermentative production of 6-aminocaproic acid. Both pathways require yet unreported novel biocatalytic steps. We demonstrated proof of these bioconversions by in vitro enzyme assays with a set of selected candidate proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. One of the biosynthetic pathways starts with 2-oxoglutarate and contains bioconversions of the ketoacid elongation pathway known from methanogenic archaea. This pathway was selected for implementation in E. coli and yielded 6-aminocaproic acid at levels up to 160 mg/L in lab-scale batch fermentations. The total amount of 6-aminocaproic acid and related intermediates generated by this pathway exceeded 2 g/L in lab-scale fed-batch fermentations, indicating its potential for further optimization toward large-scale sustainable production of nylon-6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wigard P. Kloosterman
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis K. Ninaber
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Julia Knutova
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Suir
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
- BioscienZ, Goeseelsstraat 10, 4817 MV Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Schürmann
- DSM Innovative Synthesis, PO Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Monika Müller
- DSM Innovative Synthesis, PO Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ruud van der Pol
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Liang Wu
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Michiel Akeroyd
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henk J. Noorman
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A. L. Bovenberg
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
- Synthetic
Biology and Cell Engineering, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and
Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Axel C. Trefzer
- DSM Biotechnology Center, PO Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
- Life Technologies, GeneArt, Im Gewerbepark B35, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
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12
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Raoufmoghaddam S, Rood MTM, Buijze FKW, Drent E, Bouwman E. Catalytic conversion of γ-valerolactone to ε- caprolactam: towards nylon from renewable feedstock. ChemSusChem 2014; 7:1984-1990. [PMID: 24938779 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of γ-valerolactone (GVL) in three atom-efficient steps to the important polymer precursor ε-caprolactam is reported. The bio-based GVL can be converted to a mixture of isomeric methyl pentenoates (MP) via trans-esterification with methanol with 94% yield (ratio of 3-MP/4-MP=3:1); subsequent aminolysis with ammonia leads to a mixture of pentenamides (PA) almost quantitatively (99% conversion). The resulting pentenamides are ultimately converted into ε-caprolactam via a rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamidomethylation reaction, comprising an initial hydroformylation of the alkene moiety of PA and subsequent ring-closing reductive amidation of the resulting aldehyde with the amide functionality. A promising yield of caprolactam of about 90% can be obtained with a Rh/xantphos catalyst system in a two-stage hydroformylation-reductive amidation using pure 4-PA as feedstock. The use of 3-PA as a substrate not only results in a significantly lower regioselectivity for the 7-membered lactam, but also in the formation of high amounts of valeramide (VA). Consequently, a best overall yield of caprolactam of nearly 40% could be demonstrated with a Rh/POP-xantphos [POP-xantphos=4,5-bis(2,8-dimethyl-10-phenoxaphosphino)-9,9,-dimethylxanthene] catalyst system based on the 3:1 mixture of 3-PA/4-PA directly obtainable from GVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Raoufmoghaddam
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 71-527-4451
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