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Zhou YT, Li S, Du SL, Zhao JH, Cai YQ, Zhang ZQ. The multifaceted role of macrophage mitophagy in SiO 2-induced pulmonary fibrosis: A brief review. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38644760 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to environments with high concentrations of crystalline silica (CS) can lead to silicosis. Macrophages play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of silicosis. In the process of silicosis, silica (SiO2) invades alveolar macrophages (AMs) and induces mitophagy which usually exists in three states: normal, excessive, and/or deficiency. Different mitophagy states lead to corresponding toxic responses, including successful macrophage repair, injury, necrosis, apoptosis, and even pulmonary fibrosis. This is a complex process accompanied by various cytokines. Unfortunately, the details have not been fully systematically summarized. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the role of macrophage mitophagy in SiO2-induced pulmonary fibrosis by systematic analysis on the literature reports. In this review, we first summarized the current data on the macrophage mitophagy in the development of SiO2-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Then, we introduce the molecular mechanism on how SiO2-induced mitophagy causes pulmonary fibrosis. Finally, we focus on introducing new therapies based on newly developed mitophagy-inducing strategies. We conclude that macrophage mitophagy plays a multifaceted role in the progression of SiO2-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and reprogramming the macrophage mitophagy state accordingly may be a potential means of preventing and treating pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zhou
- Department of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shu-Ling Du
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhao
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | | | - Zhao-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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2
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Lim NK, Jeon HB, Kim S. The transdifferentiation of human dedifferentiated fat cells into fibroblasts: An in vitro experimental pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37595. [PMID: 38552064 PMCID: PMC10977558 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin grafting is a common method of treating damaged skin; however, surgical complications may arise in patients with poor health. Currently, no effective conservative treatment is available for extensive skin loss. Mature adipocytes, which constitute a substantial portion of adipose tissue, have recently emerged as a potential source of stemness. When de-lipidated, these cells exhibit fibroblast-like characteristics and the ability to redifferentiate, offering homogeneity and research utility as "dedifferentiated fat cells." METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted an in vitro study to induce fibroblast-like traits in the adipose tissue by transdifferentiating mature adipocytes for skin regeneration. Human subcutaneous fat tissues were isolated and purified from mature adipocytes that underwent a transformation process over 14 days of cultivation. Microscopic analysis revealed lipid degradation over time, ultimately transforming cells into fibroblast-like forms. Flow cytometry was used to verify their characteristics, highlighting markers such as CD90 and CD105 (mesenchymal stem cell markers) and CD56 and CD106 (for detecting fibroblast characteristics). Administering dedifferentiated fat cells with transforming growth factor-β at the identified optimal differentiation concentration of 5 ng/mL for a span of 14 days led to heightened expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and fibronectin, as evidenced by RNA and protein analysis. Meanwhile, functional validation through cell sorting demonstrated limited fibroblast marker expression in both treated and untreated cells after transdifferentiation by transforming growth factor-β. CONCLUSION Although challenges remain in achieving more effective transformation and definitive fibroblast differentiation, our trial could pave the way for a novel skin regeneration treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Kyu Lim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungcheongnamdo, Republic of Korea
- Dankook Physician Scientist Research Center (DPSRC), Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Chungcheongnamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Bae Jeon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungcheongnamdo, Republic of Korea
- Dankook Physician Scientist Research Center (DPSRC), Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Chungcheongnamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyeon Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungcheongnamdo, Republic of Korea
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Delgado-Marin M, Sánchez-Esteban S, Cook-Calvete A, Jorquera-Ortega S, Zaragoza C, Saura M. Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Valve Endothelial Cell Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Calcification in an Integrin-Linked Kinase-Dependent Manner. Cells 2024; 13:481. [PMID: 38534325 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD) is a significant concern for cardiovascular health and is closely associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aortic valve endothelial cells (VECs) play a significant role in the onset and progression of CAVD. Previous research has suggested that uremic toxins, particularly indoxyl sulfate (IS), induce vascular calcification and endothelial dysfunction, but the effect of IS on valve endothelial cells (VECs) and its contribution to CAVD is unclear. Our results show that IS reduced human VEC viability and increased pro-calcific markers RUNX2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression. Additionally, IS-exposed VECs cultured in pro-osteogenic media showed increased calcification. Mechanistically, IS induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), evidenced by the loss of endothelial markers and increased expression of mesenchymal markers. IS triggered VEC inflammation, as revealed by NF-kB activation, and decreased integrin-linked kinase (ILK) expression. ILK overexpression reversed the loss of endothelial phenotype and RUNX2, emphasizing its relevance in the pathogenesis of CAVD in CKD. Conversely, a lower dose of IS intensified some of the effects in EndMT caused by silencing ILK. These findings imply that IS affects valve endothelium directly, contributing to CAVD by inducing EndMT and calcification, with ILK acting as a crucial modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Delgado-Marin
- Unidad de Fisiología, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Sandra Sánchez-Esteban
- Unidad de Fisiología, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Alberto Cook-Calvete
- Unidad de Fisiología, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Sara Jorquera-Ortega
- Unidad de Fisiología, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Carlos Zaragoza
- Cardiovascular Research University Francisco de Vitoria and Hospital Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Saura
- Unidad de Fisiología, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Mao J, You H, Wang M, Ba Y, Qian J, Cheng P, Lu C, Chen J. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals transdifferentiation of parathyroid chief cells into oxyphil cells in patients with uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 2024; 105:562-581. [PMID: 38142040 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The parathyroid gland is one of the main organs that regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism. It is mainly composed of chief cells and oxyphil cells. Oxyphil cell counts are low in the parathyroid glands of healthy adults but are dramatically increased in patients with uremia and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). Increased oxyphil cell counts are related to drug treatment resistance, but the origin of oxyphil cells and the mechanism of proliferation remain unknown. Herein, three types of parathyroid nodules (chief cell nodules, oxyphil cell nodules and mixed nodules, respectively) excised from parathyroid glands of uremic SHPT patients were used for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), other molecular biology studies, and transplantation into nude mice. Through scRNA-seq of parathyroid mixed nodules from three patients with uremic SHPT, we established the first transcriptomic map of the human parathyroid and found a chief-to-oxyphil cell transdifferentiation characterized by gradual mitochondrial enrichment associated with the uremic milieu. Notably, the mitochondrial enrichment and cellular proliferation of chief cell and oxyphil cell nodules decreased significantly after leaving the uremic milieu via transplantation into nude mice. Remarkably, the phenotype of oxyphil cell nodules improved significantly in the nude mice as characterized by decreased mitochondrial content and the proportion of oxyphil cells to chief cells. Thus, our study provides a comprehensive single-cell transcriptome atlas of the human parathyroid and elucidates the origin of parathyroid oxyphil cells and their underlying transdifferentiating mechanism. These findings enhance our understanding of parathyroid disease and may open new treatment perspectives for patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Mao
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaizhou You
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjing Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jing Qian
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuhan Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Silva JCR. Reprogramming Cell Identity: Past Lessons, Challenges, and Future Directions. Cell Reprogram 2023; 25:183-186. [PMID: 37847897 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2023.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming is traditionally defined as the fate conversion of a cell to a stage of increased developmental potential. In its broader meaning, the reprogramming term is also applied to all forms of cell fate conversion that do not follow a developmental trajectory. Reprogramming is now a well-established field of research that gained rapid progress upon the advent of induced pluripotency. In this perspective, I reflect on the reprogramming lessons of the past, in the contributions to other fields of research and on the potential transformative future use of reprogrammed cells and of its cell derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C R Silva
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Sellahewa SG, Li JY, Xiao Q. Updated Perspectives on Direct Vascular Cellular Reprogramming and Their Potential Applications in Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts. J Funct Biomater 2022; 14:21. [PMID: 36662068 PMCID: PMC9866165 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a globally prevalent disease with far-reaching medical and socio-economic consequences. Although improvements in treatment pathways and revascularisation therapies have slowed disease progression, contemporary management fails to modulate the underlying atherosclerotic process and sustainably replace damaged arterial tissue. Direct cellular reprogramming is a rapidly evolving and innovative tissue regenerative approach that holds promise to restore functional vasculature and restore blood perfusion. The approach utilises cell plasticity to directly convert somatic cells to another cell fate without a pluripotent stage. In this narrative literature review, we comprehensively analyse and compare direct reprogramming protocols to generate endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and vascular progenitors. Specifically, we carefully examine the reprogramming factors, their molecular mechanisms, conversion efficacies and therapeutic benefits for each induced vascular cell. Attention is given to the application of these novel approaches with tissue engineered vascular grafts as a therapeutic and disease-modelling platform for cardiovascular diseases. We conclude with a discussion on the ethics of direct reprogramming, its current challenges, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saneth Gavishka Sellahewa
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jojo Yijiao Li
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
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Li Q, Tu T, Wu X, Wang W, Gao Z, Liu W. Tissue chondrification and ossification in keloids with primary report of five cases. Int Wound J 2022; 19:1860-1869. [PMID: 35315582 PMCID: PMC9615288 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloid is commonly regarded as a benign skin tumour. Some keloids clinically exhibit hard tissue texture similar to that of cartilage or bone. We hypothesized that the keloid pathological niche environment is likely to induce keloid MSCs towards chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation and leads to cartilage or bone‐like tissue formation. The differences in tissue ossification, histology, mechanical properties, abnormal extracellular matrices and chondrogenic/osteogenic gene expression among sclerous keloids (SKs), regular keloids (RKs) and normal skins (NKs) were carefully examined. The sporadic ossified islets existed in SK group whereas no ossified/chondrified islet was found in other groups by micro‐CT reconstruction. H&E, Masson trichrome and safranin O staining revealed lacuna‐like structures in SKs, which were featured as bone/cartilage histology. Immunohistochemical staining showed overproduction of osteoprotegerin, type I and III collagen in SK group but similar production level of aggrecan among three groups. The biomechanical analysis demonstrated the weakest compliance of SK tissues. In addition, SK fibroblasts exhibited a relatively slower proliferation rate but higher expression levels of osteogenic and chondrogenic genes among all three groups. These cell populations also showed the strongest potential for lineage transformation. In conclusion, we first reported the presence of ossified and chondrified matrices in some extremely hard keloids in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Tu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Wang YC, Wang ZJ, Zhang C, Ning BF. Cell reprogramming in liver with potential clinical correlations. J Dig Dis 2022; 23:13-21. [PMID: 34921720 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The theory of cell reprogramming has developed rapidly during the past decades. Cell reprogramming has been widely used in the construction of experimental models and cytotherapy for certain diseases. Hepatocyte-like cells that are important for the treatment of end-stage liver disease can now be obtained with a variety of reprogramming techniques. However, improving the differentiation status and physiological function of these cells remains challenging. Hepatocytes can transdifferentiate into other types of cells directly, whereas other types of cells can also transdifferentiate into hepatocyte-like cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, cell reprogramming is to some extent similar to malignant cell transformation. During the initiation and progression of liver cancer, cell reprogramming is always associated with cancer metastasis and chemoresistance. In this review, we summarized the research related to cell reprogramming in liver and highlighted the potential effects of cell reprogramming in the pathogenesis and treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chuan Wang
- Clinical Cancer Institute, Center for Translational Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Jie Wang
- Clinical Cancer Institute, Center for Translational Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bei Fang Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Matsumoto Y, Miglietta MP. Cellular Reprogramming and Immortality: Expression Profiling Reveals Putative Genes Involved in Turritopsis dohrnii's Life Cycle Reversal. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6300523. [PMID: 34132809 PMCID: PMC8480191 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To gather insight on the genetic network of cell reprogramming and reverse development in a nonmodel cnidarian system, we produced and annotated a transcriptome of the hydrozoan Turritopsis dohrnii, whose medusae respond to damage or senescence by metamorphosing into a juvenile stage (the polyp), briefly passing through an intermediate and uncharacterized stage (the cyst), where cellular transdifferentiation occurs. We conducted sequential and pairwise differential gene expression (DGE) analyses of the major life cycle stages involved in the ontogenetic reversal of T. dohrnii. Our DGE analyses of sequential stages of T. dohrnii’s life cycle stages show that novel and characterized genes associated with aging/lifespan, regulation of transposable elements, DNA repair, and damage response, and Ubiquitin-related processes, among others, were enriched in the cyst stage. Our pairwise DGE analyses show that, when compared with the colonial polyp, the medusa is enriched with genes involved in membrane transport, the nervous system, components of the mesoglea, and muscle contraction, whereas genes involved in chitin metabolism and the formation of the primary germ layers are suppressed. The colonial polyp and reversed polyp (from cyst) show significant differences in gene expression. The reversed polyp is enriched with genes involved in processes such as chromatin remodeling and organization, matrix metalloproteinases, and embryonic development whereas suppressing genes involved in RAC G-protein signaling pathways. In summary, we identify genetic networks potentially involved in the reverse development of T. dohrnii and produce a transcriptome profile of all its life cycle stages, and paving the way for its use as a system for research on cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Matsumoto
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Texas, USA
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Pignatti E, Leng S, Yuchi Y, Borges KS, Guagliardo NA, Shah MS, Ruiz-Babot G, Kariyawasam D, Taketo MM, Miao J, Barrett PQ, Carlone DL, Breault DT. Beta-Catenin Causes Adrenal Hyperplasia by Blocking Zonal Transdifferentiation. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107524. [PMID: 32320669 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway are key drivers of hyperplasia, the gateway for tumor development. In a wide range of tissues, this occurs primarily through enhanced effects on cellular proliferation. Whether additional mechanisms contribute to β-catenin-driven hyperplasia remains unknown. The adrenal cortex is an ideal system in which to explore this question, as it undergoes hyperplasia following somatic β-catenin gain-of-function (βcat-GOF) mutations. Targeting βcat-GOF to zona Glomerulosa (zG) cells leads to a progressive hyperplastic expansion in the absence of increased proliferation. Instead, we find that hyperplasia results from a functional block in the ability of zG cells to transdifferentiate into zona Fasciculata (zF) cells. Mechanistically, zG cells demonstrate an upregulation of Pde2a, an inhibitor of zF-specific cAMP/PKA signaling. Hyperplasia is further exacerbated by trophic factor stimulation leading to organomegaly. Together, these data indicate that β-catenin drives adrenal hyperplasia through both proliferation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Using the adrenal cortex as a model for slow-cycling tissues, Pignatti et al. show that activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway leads to tissue hyperplasia by blocking cellular differentiation/cell-fate commitment, independent of its effects on cellular proliferation.
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Huang Y, Tsubota S, Nishio N, Takahashi Y, Kadomatsu K. Combination of tumor necrosis factor-α and epidermal growth factor induces the adrenergic-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:715-724. [PMID: 33277754 PMCID: PMC7893981 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, a type of cancer that is common in children, is composed of two genetically clonal but epigenetically distinct cell types: mesenchymal (MES) and adrenergic (ADRN) types, controlled by super-enhancer-associated lineage-specific transcription factor networks. Mesenchymal-type cells are more migratory, resistant to chemotherapy, and prevalent in relapse tumors. Importantly, both cell types spontaneously transdifferentiate into one another, and this interconversion can be induced by genetic manipulations. However, the mechanisms of their spontaneous transdifferentiation and extracellular factors inducing this phenomenon have not yet been elucidated. Using a unique approach involving gene set enrichment analysis, we selected six ADRN and 10 MES candidate factors, possibly inducing ADRN and MES phenotypes, respectively. Treatment with a combination of 10 MES factors clearly induced the MES gene expression profile in ADRN-type SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Considering the effects on gene expression profile, migration ability, and chemoresistance, a combination of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) was sufficient to synergistically induce the ADRN-to-MES transdifferentiation in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, human neuroblastoma cohort analysis revealed that the expression of TNF and EGF receptors was strongly associated with MES gene expression signatures, supporting their important roles in transdifferentiation in vivo. Collectively, we propose a mechanism of neuroblastoma transdifferentiation induced by extracellular growth factors, which can be controlled in clinical situations, providing a new therapeutic possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shoma Tsubota
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishio
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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12
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Wei C, Yu P, Cheng L. Hematopoietic Reprogramming Entangles with Hematopoiesis. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:752-763. [PMID: 32861580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis generally refers to hematopoietic development in fetuses and adults, as well as to hematopoietic stem cell differentiation into progeny lineages. The multiple processes that generate diverse hematopoietic cells have been considered to be unidirectional. However, many reports have recently demonstrated that these processes are not only reversible but also interconvertible via cell reprogramming. The cell reprogramming that occurs in hematopoietic cells is termed hematopoietic reprogramming. We focus on both autogenous and artificial hematopoietic reprogramming under physiological and pathological conditions that is mainly directed by the actions of transcription factors (TFs), chemical compounds, or extracellular cytokines. A comprehensive understanding of hematopoietic reprogramming will help us not only to generate desirable cells for cell therapy but also to further analyze normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuijin Wei
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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13
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Sano M, Goto S. Possible Mechanism of Hematocrit Elevation by Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Associated Beneficial Renal and Cardiovascular Effects. Circulation 2020; 139:1985-1987. [PMID: 31009585 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.038881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Goto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Della Valle F, Thimma MP, Caiazzo M, Pulcrano S, Celii M, Adroub SA, Liu P, Alanis-Lobato G, Broccoli V, Orlando V. Transdifferentiation of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Dopaminergic Neurons Reactivates LINE-1 Repetitive Elements. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:60-74. [PMID: 31902705 PMCID: PMC6962658 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons constitute between 15% and 20% of the genome. Although only a few copies have retained the ability to retrotranspose, evidence in brain and differentiating pluripotent cells indicates that L1 retrotransposition occurs and creates mosaics in normal somatic tissues. The function of de novo insertions remains to be understood. The transdifferentiation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to dopaminergic neuronal fate provides a suitable model for studying L1 dynamics in a defined genomic and unaltered epigenomic background. We found that L1 elements are specifically re-expressed and mobilized during the initial stages of reprogramming and that their insertions into specific acceptor loci coincides with higher chromatin accessibility and creation of new transcribed units. Those events accompany the maturation of neuronal committed cells. We conclude that L1 retrotransposition is a non-random process correlating with chromatin opening and lncRNA production that accompanies direct somatic cell reprogramming. L1 activation accompanies induced dopaminergic neuron maturation L1 inhibition impairs the transdifferentiation potential of MEFs L1 retrotransposition creates a lineage-specific genetic mosaicism L1 insertions correlates with open chromatin and lncRNA transcription
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Della Valle
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Environmental Epigenetics Program, Bld 2, Level 3, Room 3234, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manjula P Thimma
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Environmental Epigenetics Program, Bld 2, Level 3, Room 3234, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Massimiliano Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "A. Buzzati-Traverso", C.N.R., 80131 Naples, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pulcrano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "A. Buzzati-Traverso", C.N.R., 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mirko Celii
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Environmental Epigenetics Program, Bld 2, Level 3, Room 3234, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabir A Adroub
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Environmental Epigenetics Program, Bld 2, Level 3, Room 3234, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peng Liu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Environmental Epigenetics Program, Bld 2, Level 3, Room 3234, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregorio Alanis-Lobato
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Environmental Epigenetics Program, Bld 2, Level 3, Room 3234, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Molecular Biology, Computational Biology and Data Mining Unit, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Orlando
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Environmental Epigenetics Program, Bld 2, Level 3, Room 3234, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Matsumoto Y, Piraino S, Miglietta MP. Transcriptome Characterization of Reverse Development in Turritopsis dohrnii (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). G3 (Bethesda) 2019; 9:4127-38. [PMID: 31619459 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medusae of Turritopsis dohrnii undergo reverse development in response to physical damage, adverse environmental conditions, or aging. Senescent, weakened or damaged medusae transform into a cluster of poorly differentiated cells (known as the cyst stage), which metamorphose back into a preceding life cycle stage, the polyp. During the metamorphosis, cell transdifferentiation occurs. The cyst represents the intermediate stage between a reverting medusa and a healthy polyp, during which cell transdifferentiation and tissue reorganization take place. Here we characterize and compare the transcriptomes of the polyp and newborn medusa stages of T. dohrnii with that of the cyst, to identify biological networks potentially involved in the reverse development and transdifferentiation processes. The polyp, medusa and cyst of T. dohrnii were sequenced through Illumina RNA-sequencing and assembled using a de novo approach, resulting in 92,569, 74,639 and 86,373 contigs, respectively. The transcriptomes were annotated and comparative analyses among the stages identified biological networks that were significantly over-and under-expressed in the cyst as compared to the polyp and medusa stages. Biological processes that occur at the cyst stage such as telomerase activity, regulation of transposable elements and DNA repair systems, and suppression of cell signaling pathways, mitotic cell division and cellular differentiation and development may be involved in T. dohrnii's reverse development and transdifferentiation. Our results are the first attempt to understand T. dohrnii's life-cycle reversal at the genetic level, and indicate possible avenues of future research on developmental strategies, cell transdifferentiation, and aging using T. dohrnii as a non-traditional in vivo system.
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16
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Abstract
Cellular plasticity is a transformation of a terminally differentiated cell into another cell type, which has been long known to occur in disease and regeneration. However, white adipocytes (fat cells) have only recently been observed to undergo different types of cellular plasticity. Adipocyte transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts and cancer-associated fibroblasts occurs in fibrosis and cancer, respectively. On the other hand, reversible adipocyte dedifferentiation into adipocyte progenitor cells (preadipocytes) has been demonstrated in mammary gland and in dermal adipose tissue. Here we discuss the research on adipocyte plasticity, including the experimental approaches that allowed to detect and study it, the current state of the knowledge, major research questions which remain to be addressed, and the advances required to stimulate adipocyte plasticity research. In the future, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of adipocyte plasticity can be utilized both to prevent adipocyte plasticity in disease and to stimulate it for use in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bielczyk-Maczynska
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that activation of cell-autonomous innate immune signaling facilitates the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into induced endothelial cells, and is required to generate induced endothelial cells with high fidelity for endothelial lineage. Recent studies indicate that a glycolytic switch plays a role in induced pluripotent stem cell generation from somatic cells. METHODS Seahorse and metabolomics flux assays were used to measure the metabolic changes during transdifferentiation in vitro, and Matrigel plug assay was used to assess the effects of glycolysis modulators on transdifferentiation in vivo. RESULTS The metabolic switch begins rapidly after activation of innate immunity, before the expression of markers of endothelial lineage. Inhibiting glycolysis impaired, whereas facilitating glycolysis enhanced, the generation of induced endothelial cells. The toll-like receptor 3 agonist poly I:C increased expression of the mitochondrial citrate transporter Slc25A1, and the nuclear ATP-citrate lyase, in association with intracellular accumulation of citrate, the precursor for acetyl coenzyme A. These metabolic changes were coordinated with increased histone acetylation during transdifferentiation. CONCLUSION Innate immune signaling promotes a glycolytic switch that is required for transdifferentiation, both processes being attenuated by ATP-citrate lyase knockdown. These data shed light on a novel link between metabolism and epigenetic modulation in transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration (L.L., J.P.C.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Erin Reineke
- Center for Bioenergetics (E.R., D.J.H.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Dale J Hamilton
- Center for Bioenergetics (E.R., D.J.H.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - John P Cooke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration (L.L., J.P.C.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
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18
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Mi R, Tammia M, Shinn D, Li Y, Martin R, Mao HQ, Höke A. Oligodendrocyte precursors gain Schwann cell-like phenotype and remyelinate axons upon engraftment into peripheral nerves. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1854-1860. [PMID: 31306565 DOI: 10.1002/term.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability to treat large peripheral nerve injuries may be greatly advanced if an accessible source of human myelinating cells is identified, as it overcomes one of the major limitations of acellular or synthetic nerve guides compared with autografts, the gold standard for large defect repair. Methods to derive oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells have advanced to the point where they have been shown capable of myelination and are being evaluated in clinical trials. Here, we test the hypothesis that OPCs can survive and remyelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system during a repair process. Using freshly isolated OPCs from mouse post-natal brains, we engrafted these OPCs into the tibial nerve immediately after it being subjected to cryolesioning. At 1-month postengraftment, we found numerous graft-derived cells that survived in this environment, and many transplanted cells expressed Schwann cell markers such as periaxin and S100β coexpressed with myelin basic protein, whereas oligodendrocyte markers O4 and Olig2 were virtually absent. Our results demonstrate that OPCs can survive in a peripheral nervous system micro-environment and undergo niche-dependent transdifferentiation into Schwann cell-like cells as has previously been observed in central nervous system focal demyelination models, suggesting that OPCs constitute an accessible source of cells for peripheral nerve cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifa Mi
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Markus Tammia
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Shinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Russell Martin
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Abstract
Bottom-up bioengineering utilizes the inherent capacity of cells to build highly sophisticated structures with high levels of biomimicry. Despite the significant advancements in the field, monodomain approaches require prolonged culture time to develop an implantable device, usually associated with cell phenotypic drift in culture. Herein, we assessed the simultaneous effect of macromolecular crowding (MMC) and mechanical loading in enhancing extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition while maintaining tenocyte (TC) phenotype and differentiating bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) or transdifferentiating neonatal and adult dermal fibroblasts toward tenogenic lineage. At d 7, all cell types presented cytoskeleton alignment perpendicular to the applied load independently of the use of MMC. MMC enhanced ECM deposition in all cell types. Gene expression analysis indicated that MMC and mechanical loading maintained TC phenotype, whereas tenogenic differentiation of BMSCs or transdifferentiation of dermal fibroblasts was not achieved. Our data suggest that multifactorial bottom-up bioengineering approaches significantly accelerate the development of biomimetic tissue equivalents.-Gaspar, D., Ryan, C. N. M., Zeugolis, D. I. Multifactorial bottom-up bioengineering approaches for the development of living tissue substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gaspar
- Regenerative, Modular, and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Christina N M Ryan
- Regenerative, Modular, and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular, and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jae Nam
- From Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (Y.-J.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (N.V.M.); McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (N.V.M.); Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (N.V.M.); and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (N.V.M.).
| | - Nikhil V Munshi
- From Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (Y.-J.N.); Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (N.V.M.); McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (N.V.M.); Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (N.V.M.); and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (N.V.M.).
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21
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling has been implicated in the regulation of osteogenesis in both intramembranous and endochondral ossifications. In the developing palate, the anterior bony palate forms by direct differentiation of cranial neural crest (CNC)-derived mesenchymal cells, but the signals that regulate the osteogenic cell fate in the developing palate remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the potential role of FGF signaling in osteogenic fate determination of the palatal mesenchymal cells. We showed that locally activated FGF8 signaling in the anterior palate using a Shox2Cre knock-in allele and an R26RFgf8 allele leads to a unique palatal defect: a complete loss of the palatine process of the maxilla as well as formation of ectopic cartilaginous tissues in the anterior palate. This aberrant developmental process was accompanied by a significantly elevated level of cell proliferation, which contributes to an abnormally thickened palatal tissue, where the palatine process of the maxilla would normally form, and by a complete inhibition of Osterix expression, which accounts for the lack of bone formation. The coexpression of Runx2 initially with Sox9 and subsequently with Col II in the ectopic cartilaginous tissues indicates a conversion of osteogenic fate to a chondrogenic one. Consistent with the unique palatal phenotype, RNA-Sequencing analysis revealed that the augmented FGF8 signaling downregulated genes involved in ossification, biomineral tissue development, and bone mineralization but upregulated genes involved in cell proliferation, cartilage development, and cell fate commitment, which was further supported by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction validation of selected genes. Our results demonstrate that FGF8 signaling functions as a negative regulator of osteogenic fate and is sufficient to convert a subset of CNC cell-derived mesenchymal cells into cartilage in the anterior hard palate, which will have implications in future directed differentiation of CNC-derived precursor cells for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, and Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Z Huang
- 3 Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - W Wang
- 3 Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - X Tan
- 3 Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - H Li
- 3 Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Y Zhang
- 3 Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - W Tian
- 4 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - T Hu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, and Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Y P Chen
- 2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,3 Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
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22
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Fierro-Constaín L, Schenkelaars Q, Gazave E, Haguenauer A, Rocher C, Ereskovsky A, Borchiellini C, Renard E. The Conservation of the Germline Multipotency Program, from Sponges to Vertebrates: A Stepping Stone to Understanding the Somatic and Germline Origins. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:474-488. [PMID: 28082608 PMCID: PMC5381599 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The germline definition in metazoans was first based on few bilaterian models. As a result, gene function interpretations were often based on phenotypes observed in those models and led to the definition of a set of genes, considered as specific of the germline, named the “germline core”. However, some of these genes were shown to also be involved in somatic stem cells, thus leading to the notion of germline multipotency program (GMP). Because Porifera and Ctenophora are currently the best candidates to be the sister-group to all other animals, the comparative analysis of gene contents and functions between these phyla, Cnidaria and Bilateria is expected to provide clues on early animal evolution and on the links between somatic and germ lineages. Our present bioinformatic analyses at the metazoan scale show that a set of 18 GMP genes was already present in the last common ancestor of metazoans and indicate more precisely the evolution of some of them in the animal lineage. The expression patterns and levels of 11 of these genes in the homoscleromorph sponge Oscarella lobularis show that they are expressed throughout their life cycle, in pluri/multipotent progenitors, during gametogenesis, embryogenesis and during wound healing. This new study in a nonbilaterian species reinforces the hypothesis of an ancestral multipotency program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fierro-Constaín
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ;
| | - Quentin Schenkelaars
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3), University of Geneva
| | - Eve Gazave
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne Haguenauer
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Rocher
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
| | - Alexander Ereskovsky
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Carole Borchiellini
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Renard
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, UMR 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Marseille, France
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ;
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23
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Abstract
The formation of the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) and its subchondral bone is an important but understudied topic in dental research. The current concept regarding endochondral bone formation postulates that most hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death prior to bone formation. Under this paradigm, the MCC and its underlying bone are thought to result from 2 closely linked but separate processes: chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. However, recent investigations using cell lineage tracing techniques have demonstrated that many, perhaps the majority, of bone cells are derived via direct transformation from chondrocytes. In this review, the authors will briefly discuss the history of this idea and describe recent studies that clearly demonstrate that the direct transformation of chondrocytes into bone cells is common in both long bone and mandibular condyle development and during bone fracture repair. The authors will also provide new evidence of a distinct difference in ossification orientation in the condylar ramus (1 ossification center) versus long bone ossification formation (2 ossification centers). Based on our recent findings and those of other laboratories, we propose a new model that contrasts the mode of bone formation in much of the mandibular ramus (chondrocyte-derived) with intramembranous bone formation of the mandibular body (non-chondrocyte-derived).
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hinton
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Y Jing
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J Jing
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J Q Feng
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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24
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Abstract
The different forms of diabetes mellitus differ in their pathogenesis but, ultimately, they are all characterized by progressive islet β-cell loss. Restoring the β-cell mass is therefore a major goal for future therapeutic approaches. The number of β-cells found at birth is determined by proliferation and differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and it has been considered to remain mostly unchanged throughout adult life. Recent studies in mice have revealed an unexpected plasticity in islet endocrine cells in response to stress; under certain conditions, islet non-β-cells have the potential to reprogram into insulin producers, thus contributing to restore the β-cell mass. Here, we discuss the latest findings on pancreas and islet cell plasticity upon physiological, pathological and experimental conditions of stress. Understanding the mechanisms involved in cell reprogramming in these models will allow the development of new strategies for the treatment of diabetes, by exploiting the intrinsic regeneration capacity of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cigliola
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), and Centre facultaire du diabète, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Thorel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), and Centre facultaire du diabète, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Chera
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - P L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), and Centre facultaire du diabète, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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25
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Song SH, Kim K, Jo EK, Kim YW, Kwon JS, Bae SS, Sung JH, Park SG, Kim JT, Suh W. Fibroblast Growth Factor 12 Is a Novel Regulator of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity and Fate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1928-36. [PMID: 27470512 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) modulate their phenotype between synthetic and contractile states in response to environmental changes; this modulation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of restenosis and atherosclerosis. Here, we identified fibroblast growth factor 12 (FGF12) as a novel key regulator of the VSMC phenotype switch. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using murine models and human specimens, we found that FGF12 was highly expressed in contractile VSMCs of normal vessel walls but was downregulated in synthetic VSMCs from injured and atherosclerotic vessels. In human VSMCs, FGF12 expression was inhibited at the transcriptional level by platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that FGF12 was both necessary and sufficient for inducing and maintaining the quiescent and contractile phenotypes of VSMCs. FGF12 inhibited cell proliferation through the p53 pathway and upregulated the key factors involved in VSMC lineage differentiation, such as myocardin and serum response factor. Such FGF12-induced phenotypic change was mediated by the p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. Moreover, FGF12 promoted the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and the transdifferentiation of human dermal fibroblasts into SMC-like cells. Furthermore, adenoviral infection of FGF12 substantially decreased neointima hyperplasia in a rat carotid artery injury model. CONCLUSIONS In general, FGF family members induce a synthetic VSMC phenotype. Interestingly, the present study showed the unanticipated finding that FGF12 belonging to FGF family, strongly induced the quiescent and contractile VSMC phenotypes and directly promoted VSMC lineage differentiation. These novel findings suggested that FGF12 could be a new therapeutic target for treating restenosis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Song
- From the College of Pharmacy (S.-H.S., K.K., E.-K.J., W.S.), Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine (J.T.K.), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.-W.K.); Division of Cardiovascular and Rare Disease, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-S.K.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea (S.S.B.); College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); STEMORE Co. Ltd., Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); and College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea (S.G.P.)
| | - Kyungjong Kim
- From the College of Pharmacy (S.-H.S., K.K., E.-K.J., W.S.), Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine (J.T.K.), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.-W.K.); Division of Cardiovascular and Rare Disease, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-S.K.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea (S.S.B.); College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); STEMORE Co. Ltd., Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); and College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea (S.G.P.)
| | - Eun-Kyung Jo
- From the College of Pharmacy (S.-H.S., K.K., E.-K.J., W.S.), Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine (J.T.K.), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.-W.K.); Division of Cardiovascular and Rare Disease, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-S.K.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea (S.S.B.); College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); STEMORE Co. Ltd., Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); and College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea (S.G.P.)
| | - Young-Wook Kim
- From the College of Pharmacy (S.-H.S., K.K., E.-K.J., W.S.), Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine (J.T.K.), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.-W.K.); Division of Cardiovascular and Rare Disease, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-S.K.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea (S.S.B.); College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); STEMORE Co. Ltd., Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); and College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea (S.G.P.)
| | - Jin-Sook Kwon
- From the College of Pharmacy (S.-H.S., K.K., E.-K.J., W.S.), Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine (J.T.K.), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.-W.K.); Division of Cardiovascular and Rare Disease, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-S.K.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea (S.S.B.); College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); STEMORE Co. Ltd., Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); and College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea (S.G.P.)
| | - Sun Sik Bae
- From the College of Pharmacy (S.-H.S., K.K., E.-K.J., W.S.), Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine (J.T.K.), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.-W.K.); Division of Cardiovascular and Rare Disease, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-S.K.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea (S.S.B.); College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); STEMORE Co. Ltd., Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); and College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea (S.G.P.)
| | - Jong-Hyuk Sung
- From the College of Pharmacy (S.-H.S., K.K., E.-K.J., W.S.), Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine (J.T.K.), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.-W.K.); Division of Cardiovascular and Rare Disease, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-S.K.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea (S.S.B.); College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); STEMORE Co. Ltd., Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); and College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea (S.G.P.)
| | - Sang Gyu Park
- From the College of Pharmacy (S.-H.S., K.K., E.-K.J., W.S.), Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine (J.T.K.), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.-W.K.); Division of Cardiovascular and Rare Disease, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-S.K.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea (S.S.B.); College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); STEMORE Co. Ltd., Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); and College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea (S.G.P.)
| | - Jee Taek Kim
- From the College of Pharmacy (S.-H.S., K.K., E.-K.J., W.S.), Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine (J.T.K.), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.-W.K.); Division of Cardiovascular and Rare Disease, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-S.K.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea (S.S.B.); College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); STEMORE Co. Ltd., Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); and College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea (S.G.P.)
| | - Wonhee Suh
- From the College of Pharmacy (S.-H.S., K.K., E.-K.J., W.S.), Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine (J.T.K.), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.-W.K.); Division of Cardiovascular and Rare Disease, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea (J.-S.K.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea (S.S.B.); College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); STEMORE Co. Ltd., Incheon, Korea (J.-H.S.); and College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea (S.G.P.).
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26
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Abstract
Cell transdifferentiation, which directly switches one type of differentiated cells into another cell type, is more advantageous than cell reprogramming to generate pluripotent cells and differentiate them into functional cells. This process is crucial in regenerative medicine. However, the cell-converting strategies, which mainly depend on the virus-mediated expression of exogenous genes, have clinical safety concerns. Small molecules with compelling advantages are a potential alternative in manipulating cell fate conversion. In this review, we briefly retrospect the nature of cell transdifferentiation and summarize the current developments in the research of small molecules in promoting cell conversion. Particularly, we focus on the complete chemical compound-induced cell transdifferentiation, which is closer to the clinical translation in cell therapy. Despite these achievements, the mechanisms underpinning chemical transdifferentiation remain largely unknown. More importantly, identifying drugs that induce resident cell conversion in vivo to repair damaged tissue remains to be the end-goal in current regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aining Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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27
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Hou S, Choi JS, Chen KJ, Zhang Y, Peng J, Garcia MA, Yu JH, Thakore-Shah K, Ro T, Chen JF, Peyda P, Fan G, Pyle AD, Wang H, Tseng HR. Supramolecular nanosubstrate-mediated delivery for reprogramming and transdifferentiation of mammalian cells. Small 2015; 11:2499-504. [PMID: 25613059 PMCID: PMC4961214 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular nanosubstrate-mediated delivery (SNSMD) leverages the power of molecular self-assembly and a nanostructured substrate platform for the low toxicity, highly efficient co-delivery of biological factors encapsulated in a nanovector. Human fibroblasts are successfully reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stems and transdifferentiated into induced neuronal-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hou
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China. Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA
| | - Jin-sil Choi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA
| | - Kuan-Ju Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA
| | - Jinliang Peng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA. School of Biomedical Engineering, MED-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Mitch A. Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA
| | - Jue-hua Yu
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095-7088
| | - Kaushali Thakore-Shah
- Molecular Biology Institute, Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tracy Ro
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA
| | - Jie-Fu Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA
| | - Parham Peyda
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA
| | - Guoping Fan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095-7088
| | - April D. Pyle
- Molecular Biology Institute, Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hao Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Quijada
- From the Department of Biology, The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego State University, CA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- From the Department of Biology, The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego State University, CA.
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29
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Abstract
This review article discusses the mechanisms of cardiomyogenesis in the adult heart. They include the re-entry of cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle; dedifferentiation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes, which assume an immature replicating cell phenotype; transdifferentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into cardiomyocytes; and cardiomyocytes derived from activation and lineage specification of resident cardiac stem cells. The recognition of the origin of cardiomyocytes is of critical importance for the development of strategies capable of enhancing the growth response of the myocardium; in fact, cell therapy for the decompensated heart has to be based on the acquisition of this fundamental biological knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Leri
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Marcello Rota
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Francesco S Pasqualini
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Polina Goichberg
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Piero Anversa
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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30
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Abstract
RATIONALE The contribution of bone marrow-borne hematopoietic cells to the ischemic myocardium has been documented. However, a pivotal study reported no evidence of myocardial regeneration from hematopoietic-derived cells. The study did not take into account the possible effect of early injury-induced signaling as the test mice were parabiotically paired to partners immediately after surgery-induced myocardial injury when cross-circulation has not yet developed. OBJECTIVE To re-evaluate the role of circulating cells in the injured myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS By combining pulse-chase labeling and parabiosis model, we show that circulating cells derived from the parabiont expressed cardiac-specific markers in the injured myocardium. Genetic fate mapping also revealed that circulating hematopoietic cells acquired cardiac cell fate by means of cell fusion and transdifferentiation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that circulating cells participate in cardiomyocyte regeneration in a mouse model of parabiosis when the circulatory system is fully developed before surgery-induced heart injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M F Wu
- From the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (J.M.F.W., Y.-C.H.) and Institute of Molecular Medicine (L.-W.W.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Surgery (C.-Y.L.) and Department of Radiation Oncology (H.-J.C.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan (H.-J.C.); Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (P.C. H.H.)
| | - Ying-Chang Hsueh
- From the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (J.M.F.W., Y.-C.H.) and Institute of Molecular Medicine (L.-W.W.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Surgery (C.-Y.L.) and Department of Radiation Oncology (H.-J.C.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan (H.-J.C.); Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (P.C. H.H.)
| | - Hui-Ju Ch'ang
- From the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (J.M.F.W., Y.-C.H.) and Institute of Molecular Medicine (L.-W.W.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Surgery (C.-Y.L.) and Department of Radiation Oncology (H.-J.C.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan (H.-J.C.); Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (P.C. H.H.)
| | - Chwan-Yau Luo
- From the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (J.M.F.W., Y.-C.H.) and Institute of Molecular Medicine (L.-W.W.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Surgery (C.-Y.L.) and Department of Radiation Oncology (H.-J.C.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan (H.-J.C.); Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (P.C. H.H.)
| | - Li-Wha Wu
- From the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (J.M.F.W., Y.-C.H.) and Institute of Molecular Medicine (L.-W.W.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Surgery (C.-Y.L.) and Department of Radiation Oncology (H.-J.C.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan (H.-J.C.); Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (P.C. H.H.)
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- From the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (J.M.F.W., Y.-C.H.) and Institute of Molecular Medicine (L.-W.W.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Surgery (C.-Y.L.) and Department of Radiation Oncology (H.-J.C.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan (H.-J.C.); Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (P.C. H.H.)
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- From the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (J.M.F.W., Y.-C.H.) and Institute of Molecular Medicine (L.-W.W.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Surgery (C.-Y.L.) and Department of Radiation Oncology (H.-J.C.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan (H.-J.C.); Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.N.); and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (P.C. H.H.).
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31
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Feil S, Fehrenbacher B, Lukowski R, Essmann F, Schulze-Osthoff K, Schaller M, Feil R. Transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells to macrophage-like cells during atherogenesis. Circ Res 2014; 115:662-7. [PMID: 25070003 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atherosclerosis is a widespread and devastating disease, but the origins of cells within atherosclerotic plaques are not well defined. OBJECTIVE To investigate the specific contribution of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to atherosclerotic plaque formation by genetic inducible fate mapping in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Vascular SMCs were genetically pulse-labeled using the tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase, CreER(T2), expressed from the endogenous SM22α locus combined with Cre-activatable reporter genes that were integrated into the ROSA26 locus. Mature SMCs in the arterial media were labeled by tamoxifen treatment of young apolipoprotein E-deficient mice before the development of atherosclerosis and then their fate was monitored in older atherosclerotic animals. We found that medial SMCs can undergo clonal expansion and convert to macrophage-like cells that have lost classic SMC marker expression and make up a major component of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS This study provides strong in vivo evidence for smooth muscle-to-macrophage transdifferentiation and supports an important role of SMC plasticity in atherogenesis. Targeting this type of SMC phenotypic conversion might be a novel strategy for the treatment of atherosclerosis, as well as other diseases with a smooth muscle component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Feil
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Fehrenbacher
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Lukowski
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Essmann
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Schulze-Osthoff
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Feil
- From the Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie (S.F., F.E., K.S.-O., R.F.), Department of Dermatology (B.F., M.S.), and Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie (R.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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32
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Son Y, Lee DS, Lee JY, Chi G. Induction of Nestin-expressing Spheroids from Human Dermal Fibroblasts in a bFGF-dependent Manner. Int J Stem Cells 2008; 1:82-90. [PMID: 24855512 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2008.1.1.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Neural stem/precursor cells are found in relatively inaccessible neurogenic regions of the adult brain, making them difficult to harvest for therapeutic purposes. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, nestin-expressing spheroids were induced from primary cultures of newborn and adult foreskin-derived dermal fibroblasts using a novel, two-step induction method. Approximately 80% of dermal fibroblasts became nestin-expressing cells within 12 days. Nestin expression and spheroid-forming capacity were both blocked by removal of bFGF from the induction medium. The bFGF-induced, nestin-expressing spheroids possessed most of the features distinctive of skin-derived precursor cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the possibility of inducing nestin-expressing spheroids from purified human dermal fibroblasts in a bFGF dependent manner. This is important because it may be impossible to induce spheroids from the small pool of residual neural crest-related precursor cells found in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsook Son
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin and
| | - Dong Sun Lee
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Guangfan Chi
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin and
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