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Kulig D, Król-Kilińska Ż, Bobak Ł, Żarowska B, Jarmoluk A, Zimoch-Korzycka A. Functional Properties of Chitosan Oligomers Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3801. [PMID: 37765659 PMCID: PMC10534541 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to obtain chitooligosaccharides (COS) from chitosan (CH) with improved functional properties and comparison of the use of two different enzymes: commercial cellulase (CL) and the dedicated enzyme chitosanase (CS). After enzymatic reaction, chitosan oligomers (NFs) were isolated by methanol into two fractions: precipitate (HMF) and supernatant (LMF). The occurrence of a hydrolysis reaction was confirmed by an increased reducing sugar content and viscosity reduction of chitosan oligomers. CPMAS 13C NMR analysis confirmed the dissimilar cleavage mechanism of the enzymes used. LMF and NF fractions were characterised by improved solubility in water (94.56%) compared to the HMF and CH samples (70.64%). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the HMF decomposed in two-stage process while CH, NF, and LMF decomposed in a three-stage process. The greatest mass loss of LMF samples (58.35%) suggests their sensitivity to high-temperature treatments. COS were a mixture of DP (degrees of polymerisation) from 3 to 18 hetero-chitooligomers, with an average Mw of <3 kDa. CL consisted of more low-DP products (DP 3-7) than COS made with CS. LMF characterised by DP~2 showed lower DPPH radical scavenging activity than HMF and NF with DP 3-7. The ability to reduce Escherichia coli increased in the given order: LMF > NF > HMF > CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kulig
- Department of Functional Food Development, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chelmonskiego St., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (Ż.K.-K.); (Ł.B.); (A.J.); (A.Z.-K.)
| | - Żaneta Król-Kilińska
- Department of Functional Food Development, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chelmonskiego St., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (Ż.K.-K.); (Ł.B.); (A.J.); (A.Z.-K.)
| | - Łukasz Bobak
- Department of Functional Food Development, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chelmonskiego St., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (Ż.K.-K.); (Ł.B.); (A.J.); (A.Z.-K.)
| | - Barbara Żarowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, The Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chelmonskiego St., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Jarmoluk
- Department of Functional Food Development, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chelmonskiego St., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (Ż.K.-K.); (Ł.B.); (A.J.); (A.Z.-K.)
| | - Anna Zimoch-Korzycka
- Department of Functional Food Development, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chelmonskiego St., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (Ż.K.-K.); (Ł.B.); (A.J.); (A.Z.-K.)
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Varun TK, Senani S, Jayapal N, Chikkerur J, Roy S, Tekulapally VB, Gautam M, Kumar N. Extraction of chitosan and its oligomers from shrimp shell waste, their characterization and antimicrobial effect. Vet World 2017; 10:170-175. [PMID: 28344399 PMCID: PMC5352841 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.170-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was performed to utilize the shrimp shell waste for chitin and chitosan production, characterization by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) technique and to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of chitosan oligomers produced by depolymerization of chitosan by nitrous acid. Materials and Methods: Chitosan was extracted from the shrimp shell waste by the chemical method and characterized by FT-IR. Chitooligomers were produced by depolymerising chitosan using nitrous acid, and the chitooligomers were tested for antimicrobial effect against four gut pathogenic organisms, i.e., Enterobacter aerogen (National Collection of Dairy Culture [NCDC] 106), Enterococcus faecalis (NCDC 119), Escherichia coli (NCDC 134), and Staphylococcus aureus (NCDC 109) by well diffusion method using Muller-Hinton agar. A pure culture of pathogenic organisms was collected from NCDC, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. Results: Extracted chitosan characterized by FT-IR and chitooligomers demonstrated antimicrobial effect against four gut pathogenic organisms used in this study. Zone of inhibitions (mm) were observed in E. faecalis (13±0.20), E. coli (11.5±0.4), S. aureus (10.7±0.2), and E. aerogen (10.7±0.3). E. faecalis showed larger inhibition zone as compared to all other organisms and inhibitions zones of E. aerogen and S. aureus were comparable to each other. Conclusion: Shrimp waste can be utilized for chitosan production, and the chitooligomers can be used as feed additive for gut health enhancement and have potential to replace antibiotics from the feed. Along with value addition pollutant load could be reduced by waste utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar Varun
- Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Swaraj Senani
- Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Natasha Jayapal
- Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayaram Chikkerur
- Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sohini Roy
- Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Mayank Gautam
- Department of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Narender Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zhang X, Li K, Liu S, Zou P, Xing R, Yu H, Chen X, Qin Y, Li P. Relationship between the Degree of Polymerization of Chitooligomers and Their Activity Affecting the Growth of Wheat Seedlings under Salt Stress. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:501-509. [PMID: 28005356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Seven chitooligomers (COSs) with determined degrees of polymerization (DPs) (chitotetraose to chitooctaose, DP 8-10, DP 10-12) and a heterogeneous COS with various DPs were first applied to explore the relationship between the DP of COSs and their effect on the growth of wheat seedlings under salt stress. The results showed that COS could promote the growth of wheat seedlings under salt stress. Moreover, chitohexaose, chitoheptaose, and chitooctaose exhibited stronger activity compared with other COS samples, which suggested that their activity had a close relationship with the DP. After 10 days of treatment with chitohexaose, chitoheptaose, and chitooctaose, the photosynthetic parameters were obviously improved. The soluble sugar and proline contents were improved by 26.7-53.3 and 43.6-70.2%, respectively, whereas the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced by 36.8-49.6%. In addition, the antioxidant enzyme activities were clearly activated. At the molecular level, the results revealed that they could obviously induce the expression of Na+/H+ antiporter genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhang
- Key Laborotory Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kecheng Li
- Key Laborotory Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
- Nantong Marine Science and Technology R&D Center, IOCAS , Jiangsu 226006, China
| | - Song Liu
- Key Laborotory Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ping Zou
- Institute of Tobacco Research of CAAS , Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- Key Laborotory Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laborotory Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Key Laborotory Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yukun Qin
- Key Laborotory Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laborotory Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
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Liang TW, Chen WT, Lin ZH, Kuo YH, Nguyen AD, Pan PS, Wang SL. An Amphiprotic Novel Chitosanase from Bacillus mycoides and Its Application in the Production of Chitooligomers with Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1302. [PMID: 27517920 PMCID: PMC5000699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this investigation were to produce a novel chitosanase for application in industries and waste treatment. The transformation of chitinous biowaste into valuable bioactive chitooligomers (COS) is one of the most exciting applications of chitosanase. An amphiprotic novel chitosanase from Bacillus mycoides TKU038 using squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium was retrieved from a Taiwan soil sample, which was purified by column chromatography, and characterized by biochemical protocol. Extracellular chitosanase (CS038) was purified to 130-fold with a 35% yield, and its molecular mass was roughly 48 kDa. CS038 was stable over a wide range of pH values (4-10) at 50 °C and exhibited an optimal temperature of 50 °C. Interestingly, the optimum pH values were estimated as 6 and 10, whereas CS038 exhibited chitosan-degrading activity (100% and 94%, respectively). CS038 had Km and Vmax values of 0.098 mg/mL and 1.336 U/min, separately, using different concentrations of water-soluble chitosan. A combination of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer data revealed that the chitosan oligosaccharides obtained from the hydrolysis of chitosan by CS038 comprise oligomers with multiple degrees of polymerization (DP), varying from 3-9, as well as CS038 in an endolytic fashion. The TKU038 culture supernatant and COS mixture exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities. The COS activities were dose dependent and correlated to their DP. The COS with high DP exhibited enhanced DPPH radical scavenging capability compared with COS with low DP. Furthermore, the COS exhibited inhibitory behavior on nitric oxide (NO) production in murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, which was induced by Escherichia coli O111 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The COS with low DP possesses a more potent anti-inflammatory capability to decrease NO production (IC50, 76.27 ± 1.49 µg/mL) than that of COS with high DP (IC50, 82.65 ± 1.18 µg/mL). Given its effectiveness in production and purification, acidophilic and alkalophilic properties, stability over ranges of pH values, ability to generate COS, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory, CS038 has potential applications in SPP waste treatment and industries for COS production as a medical prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen Liang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Hu Lin
- Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Haur Kuo
- Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam.
| | - Po-Shen Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The aim of this work was to produce chitosanase by fermenting from squid pen, and recover the fermented squid pen for dye removal by adsorption. One chitosanase induced from squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium by Bacillus cereus TKU034 was purified in high purification fold (441) and high yield of activity recovery (51%) by ammonium sulfate precipitation and combined column chromatography. The SDS-PAGE results showed its molecular mass to be around 43 kDa. The TKU034 chitosanase used for the chitooligomers preparation was studied. The enzyme products revealed that the chitosanase could degrade chitosan with various degrees of polymerization, ranging from 3 to 9, as well as the chitosanase in an endolytic manner. Besides, the fermented SPP was recovered and displayed a better adsorption rate (up to 99.5%) for the disperse dyes (red, yellow, blue, and black) than the water-soluble food colorants, Allura Red AC (R40) and Tartrazine (Y4). The adsorbed R40 on the unfermented SPP and the fermented SPP was eluted by distilled water and 1 M NaOH to confirm the dye adsorption mechanism. The fermented SPP had a slightly higher adsorption capacity than the unfermented, and elution of the dye from the fermented SPP was easier than from the unfermented. The main dye adsorption mechanism of fermented SPP was physical adsorption, while the adsorption mechanism of unfermented SPP was chemical adsorption.
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