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Liang TW, Zhang CY, Bai DY, Peng CX, Bai XQ, Wu Q, Zhao JY, Li L. [Clinical characteristics and treatment of congenital fibrovascular pupillary membranes]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2018; 54:849-854. [PMID: 30440157 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics, surgical approaches and postoperative effects associated with congenital fibrovascular pupillary membranes. Methods: A retrospective study design was used. Thirteen children (13 eyes) with congenital fibrovascular pupillary membranes, treated in Beijing Children's Hospital from January 2014 to December 2017 were included. The morphology of the membrane and the anterior chamber was evaluated using a digital wide-area fundus imaging system. The ophthalmic signs, examination results, operation methods, intraocular pressure and ocular position were analyzed. Results: There were 13 children (13 eyes) were enrolled, including 9 males and 4 females. The age at surgery ranged from 2.0 months to 34.5 months, with an median of 5.1 months. According to the degree of obstruction of the pupil and the intraocular pressure, the eyes were divided into three groups. In the 5 eyes of group A, the pupil membrane did not completely cover the pupil, and the depth of the anterior chamber was normal. Among them, 4 eyes had normal intraocular pressure (9-12 mmHg) (1 mmHg=0.133kPa), and 1 eye had elevated intraocular pressure (18 mmHg). In the 5 eyes of group B, the pupillary membrane completely covered the pupil into a pinhole, the anterior chamber was normal or slightly shallow, and the intraocular pressure was normal (6-16 mmHg). In the 3 eyes of group C, the pupillary membrane completely covered the pupil, the anterior chamber was shallow or disappeared, and the intraocular pressure was high (24-45 mmHg). Membranectomy and pupilloplasty were performed in group A, and trabeculectomy was combined when there was glaucoma; postoperative intraocular pressure was normal (4-10 mmHg). Membranectomy, pupilloplasty and iridectomy were performed in group B; postoperative intraocular pressure was normal (7-13 mmHg). Membranectomy, pupilloplasty, iridectomy and goniosychialysis were performed in group C; after surgery, intraocular pressure was normal in 2 eyes (10 mmHg and 13 mmHg) and 25 mmHg in 1 eye. All eyes were orthophoric before and after operation in group A. In group B, 1 eye was esotropic, 2 eyes were exotropic (worse after surgery in 1 eye), and 2 eyes were orthophoric before surgery. In group C, one eye was esotropic, one eye was exotropic, and one eye was orthophoric before surgery, and all eyes were exotropic after operation. Conclusions: Congenital fibrovascular pupillary membranes are unilaterally a continuation of the iris covering the pupil at different degrees, with or without glaucoma. Surgical treatment should be performed promptly when there is obscuring of the visual axis or incorporating of glaucoma. The main surgical procedures are membranectomy and pupilloplasty and iridectomy. Postoperative intraocular pressure can be well controlled, and strabismus has no improvement. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54:849-854).
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
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Liang TW, Chen WT, Lin ZH, Kuo YH, Nguyen AD, Pan PS, Wang SL. An Amphiprotic Novel Chitosanase from Bacillus mycoides and Its Application in the Production of Chitooligomers with Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1302. [PMID: 27517920 PMCID: PMC5000699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this investigation were to produce a novel chitosanase for application in industries and waste treatment. The transformation of chitinous biowaste into valuable bioactive chitooligomers (COS) is one of the most exciting applications of chitosanase. An amphiprotic novel chitosanase from Bacillus mycoides TKU038 using squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium was retrieved from a Taiwan soil sample, which was purified by column chromatography, and characterized by biochemical protocol. Extracellular chitosanase (CS038) was purified to 130-fold with a 35% yield, and its molecular mass was roughly 48 kDa. CS038 was stable over a wide range of pH values (4-10) at 50 °C and exhibited an optimal temperature of 50 °C. Interestingly, the optimum pH values were estimated as 6 and 10, whereas CS038 exhibited chitosan-degrading activity (100% and 94%, respectively). CS038 had Km and Vmax values of 0.098 mg/mL and 1.336 U/min, separately, using different concentrations of water-soluble chitosan. A combination of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer data revealed that the chitosan oligosaccharides obtained from the hydrolysis of chitosan by CS038 comprise oligomers with multiple degrees of polymerization (DP), varying from 3-9, as well as CS038 in an endolytic fashion. The TKU038 culture supernatant and COS mixture exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities. The COS activities were dose dependent and correlated to their DP. The COS with high DP exhibited enhanced DPPH radical scavenging capability compared with COS with low DP. Furthermore, the COS exhibited inhibitory behavior on nitric oxide (NO) production in murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, which was induced by Escherichia coli O111 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The COS with low DP possesses a more potent anti-inflammatory capability to decrease NO production (IC50, 76.27 ± 1.49 µg/mL) than that of COS with high DP (IC50, 82.65 ± 1.18 µg/mL). Given its effectiveness in production and purification, acidophilic and alkalophilic properties, stability over ranges of pH values, ability to generate COS, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory, CS038 has potential applications in SPP waste treatment and industries for COS production as a medical prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen Liang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Hu Lin
- Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Haur Kuo
- Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam.
| | - Po-Shen Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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Liang TW, Tseng SC, Wang SL. Production and Characterization of Antioxidant Properties of Exopolysaccharide(s) from Peanibacillus mucilaginosus TKU032. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14020040. [PMID: 26907304 PMCID: PMC4771993 DOI: 10.3390/md14020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides have received much attention due to their wide range of applications. Although most microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) use sugars as the major carbon source, such as glucose or sucrose, in this study, EPSs were induced from a squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium by Paenibacillus mucilaginosus TKU032, a bacterial strain isolated from Taiwanese soil. Under the optimal culture conditions, the maximum EPS yield (14.8 g/L) was obtained. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of an EPS fraction purified by gel filtration revealed two mass peaks with molecular weights of ∼1.05 × 104 and ∼1.35 × 104 Da, respectively. The analysis of the hydrolysates of TKU032 EPS with cellulase, pectinase or α-amylase indicated that the glycosidic bond of TKU032 EPS is most likely an α-1,4 glycosidic bond and the hydrolysates are similar to those of starch. In addition, the purified EPS demonstrated strong antioxidant abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen Liang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingchuan Rd., Tamsui, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chun Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingchuan Rd., Tamsui, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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Abstract
One of the most promising applications of chitosanase is the conversion of chitinous biowaste into bioactive chitooligomers (COS). TKU033 chitosanase was induced from squid pen powder (SPP)-containing Bacillus cereus TKU033 medium and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography. The enzyme was relatively more thermostable in the presence of the substrate and had an activity of 93% at 50 °C in a pH 5 buffer solution for 60 min. Furthermore, the enzyme used for the COS preparation was also studied. The enzyme products revealed various mixtures of COS that with different degrees of polymerization (DP), ranging from three to nine. In the culture medium, the fermented SPP was recovered, and it displayed a better adsorption rate (up to 96%) for the disperse dyes than the water-soluble food colorants, Allura Red AC (R40) and Tartrazne (Y4). Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) analysis proved that the adsorption of the dyes onto fermented SPP was a physical adsorption. Results also showed that fermented SPP was a favorable adsorber and could be employed as low-cost alternative for dye removal in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen Liang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingchuan Rd., Tamsui, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Nguyen Anh Dzung
- Institute of Biotechnology & Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 63000, Vietnam.
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingchuan Rd., Tamsui, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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Liang TW, Wu CC, Cheng WT, Chen YC, Wang CL, Wang IL, Wang SL. Exopolysaccharides and antimicrobial biosurfactants produced by Paenibacillus macerans TKU029. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:933-50. [PMID: 24122708 PMCID: PMC3918387 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Paenibacillus macerans TKU029 can produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs; 3.46 g/L) and a biosurfactant (1.78 g/L) in a medium with 2 % (w/v) squid pen powder as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. The biosurfactant can reduce the surface tension of water from 72.30 to 35.34 mN/m at a concentration of 2.76 g/L and reach an emulsification index of 56 % after a 24-h reaction with machine oil. This biosurfactant is stable at 121 °C for 20 min, over a pH range from 3 to 11, and in <5 % salt solutions. It also shows significant antimicrobial activity, which remains active after treatment at 121 °C and at pH values from 4 to 10, against Escherichia coli BCRC13086, Staphylococcus aureus BCRC10780, Fusarium oxysporum BCRC32121 and Aspergillus fumigatus BCRC30099. Furthermore, human skin shows from 37.3 to 44.3 % hydration after being treated with TKU029 EPSs for 180 min. These results imply that EPSs and the biosurfactant from this strain have potential in cosmetics, for removal of oil contamination, and as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen Liang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Vanung University, Chung-Li, 320 Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Lu Wang
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Application, Lan-Yang Institute of Technology, I-Lan, 261 Taiwan
| | - I-Li Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan
- No. 151, Yingchuan Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan
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Liang TW, Lee YC, Wang SL. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of supernatant and semi-purified extracts from squid pen fermented with Burkholderia cepacia TKU025. Res Chem Intermed 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wang CL, Chen CJ, Nguyen AD, Liang TW, Twu YK, Huang SY, Wang SL. Environmental chitinous materials as adsorbents for one-step purification of protease and chitosanase. Res Chem Intermed 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang CL, Su JW, Liang TW, Nguyen AD, Wang SL. Production, purification and characterisation of a chitosanase from Bacillus cereus. Res Chem Intermed 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Liang TW, Chen YY, Pan PS, Wang SL. Purification of chitinase/chitosanase from Bacillus cereus and discovery of an enzyme inhibitor. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 63:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liang TW, Hsieh TY, Wang SL. Purification of a thermostable chitinase from Bacillus cereus by chitin affinity and its application in microbial community changes in soil. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:1201-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Liang TW, Chen SY, Chen YC, Chen CH, Yen YH, Wang SL. Enhancement of prodigiosin production by Serratia marcescens TKU011 and its insecticidal activity relative to food colorants. J Food Sci 2013; 78:M1743-51. [PMID: 24117432 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin (PG) has been reported to have various biological activities. With the aim of increasing Serratia marcescens TKU011 PG production on squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium, the effects of phosphate and ferrous ion supplementation, autoclave treatment, and aeration were studied. Autoclave treatment showed positive results for PG productivity (2.48 mg/mL), which increased 2.5-fold when the organism was incubated in 50 mL of 40-min autoclaved medium in a baffle-based flask (250 mL) containing 1.5% SPP at 30 °C for 1 day and then at 25 °C for 2 additional days. Furthermore, the use of pigments including PG and the food colorants Allura Red AC (R40) and Tartrazine (Y4) as insecticides was also investigated. The lethal concentrations causing 50% Drosophila larval mortality (LC50) of PG, Y4, and R40 using a 5-d exposure period were 230, 449, and 30000 ppm, respectively. The results indicated that the biopigment PG and the food colorant Y4 were potentially toxic to Drosophila larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen Liang
- Dept. of Chemistry, Tamkang Univ., New Taipei 25137, Taiwan; Life Science Development Center, Tamkang Univ., New Taipei 25137, Taiwan
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Liang TW, Kuo YH, Wu PC, Wang CL, Dzung NA, Wang SL. Purification and Characterization of a Chitosanase and a Protease by Conversion of Shrimp Shell Wastes Fermented bySerratia Marcescens Subsp. SakuensisTKU019. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liang TW, Liu CP, Wu C, Wang SL. Applied development of crude enzyme from Bacillus cereus in prebiotics and microbial community changes in soil. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:2141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang SL, Wang CY, Yen YH, Liang TW, Chen SY, Chen CH. Enhanced production of insecticidal prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens TKU011 in media containing squid pen. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kuo YH, Hsu HC, Chen YC, Liang TW, Wang SL. A novel compound with antioxidant activity produced by Serratia ureilytica TKU013. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:9043-9047. [PMID: 22897632 DOI: 10.1021/jf302481n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolites from the cultured supernatant of Serratia ureilytica TKU013 with squid pen as the sole carbon/nitrogen source were isolated and ascertained the mechanism of biological activity. The EtOAc layer, which has high DPPH scavenging activity, was applied to silica gel column chromatography with a gradient of CH(2)Cl(2)/MeOH solvent system, to yield A-H and MeOH fractions. The DPPH scavenging activity and cytotoxic activities against Doay and HEp-2 cell lines of these fractions were examined. The active fractions were further applied to purification by RP-HPLC, to obtain seven compounds, including a novel compound, serlyticin-A (1), together with six known compounds, serranticin (2), serratamolide A (3), thymine (4), (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid (5), methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (6), and uracil (7). Their structures were determined by physical and extensive spectral analyses such as 1D and 2D NMR data, as well as comparison with literature values. Furthermore, the major secondary metabolites of EtOAc extract of the cultured supernatant were examined by the fingerprinting data of the HPLC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Haur Kuo
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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Liang TW, Hsieh JL, Wang SL. Production and purification of a protease, a chitosanase, and chitin oligosaccharides by Bacillus cereus TKU022 fermentation. Carbohydr Res 2012; 362:38-46. [PMID: 23079238 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A protease- and chitosanase-producing strain was isolated and identified as Bacillus cereus TKU022. The protease and chitosanase were both produced using 1.5% (w/v) shrimp head powder (SHP) as the sole carbon/nitrogen source, and these enzymes were purified from the culture supernatant. The molecular masses of the TKU022 protease and chitosanase determined using SDS-PAGE were approximately 45 and 44kDa, respectively. The high stability of the TKU022 protease toward surfactants, an optimal pH of 10 and an optimal temperature of 50-60°C suggest that this high-alkaline protease has potential applications for various industrial processes. Concomitant with the production of the TKU022 chitosanase, N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides were also observed in the culture supernatant, including (GlcNAc)(2), (GlcNAc)(4), (GlcNAc)(5), and (GlcNAc)(6) at concentrations of 201.5, 12.4, 0.5, and 0.3μg/mL, respectively, as determined using an HPLC analysis. The chitin oligosaccharides products were also characterized using a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. A combination of the HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS results showed that the chitin oligosaccharides of the TKU022 culture supernatant comprise oligomers with degree of polymerization (DP) from 2 to 6. Using this method, the production of a protease, a chitosanase, and chitin oligosaccharides may be useful for various industrial and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen Liang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Wang SL, Liu CP, Liang TW. Fermented and enzymatic production of chitin/chitosan oligosaccharides by extracellular chitinases from Bacillus cereus TKU027. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:1305-13. [PMID: 22939345 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Two chitinases, Chi I and Chi II, were purified from the culture supernatant of Bacillus cereus TKU027 with shrimp head powder (SHP) as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. The molecular masses of Chi I and Chi II determined using SDS-PAGE were approximately 65kDa and 63kDa, respectively. Chi I toward various surfactants showed high stability, such as SDS, Tween 20, Tween 40 and Triton X-100, and these surfactants were stimulator of Chi I chitinase activity. Concomitant with the production of Chi I and Chi II, chitin oligosaccharides were also observed in the culture supernatant, including chitobiose, chitotriose, chitotetrose and chitopentose at concentrations of 0.44mg/mL, 0.08mg/mL, 0.09mg/mL and 0.43mg/mL, respectively. Chitosan with 60% deacetylation was degraded by TKU027 crude enzyme to prepare chitooligosaccharides. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the enzymatic hydrolyzates indicated that the products were mainly chitooligosaccharides with degree of polymerization (DP) in the 4-9 range.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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Wang SL, Chen YC, Yen YH, Liang TW. Utilisation of chitinous materials in pigment adsorption. Food Chem 2012; 135:1134-40. [PMID: 22953835 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of adding the cells of four lactobacilli to a squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium on prodigiosin (PG) production by Serratia marcescens TKU011 is examined. The best increase in PG productivity was shown by strain TKU012. Among the samples of strain TKU012 and the chitinous materials of cicada casting powder (CCP), shrimp shell powder (SSP), squid pen powder (SPP), α-chitin, and β-chitin, TKU012 cells displayed the best adsorption rate (84%) for PG, followed by CCP, SSP, SPP, α-chitin, and β-chitin. As for the water-soluble food colourants, Allura Red AC (R40) and Tartrazne (Y4), SPP and SSP had better adsorptive powers than pure chitin preparations, strain TKU012, and CCP. Treatment with organic solvents, hot alkali, or proteases (papain, bromelain) diminished the adsorption rates of the biosorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei 25137, Taiwan.
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Liang TW, Wu YY, Huang TY, Wang CY, Yen YH, Liu CP, Chen YC, Wang SL. Conversion of squid pen by a novel strain Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei TKU010, and its application in antimicrobial and antioxidants activity. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2011; 56:481-9. [PMID: 21282904 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.56.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
TKU010 was isolated from infant vomited milk and identified as Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei. TKU010 had desirable properties concerning its ability to withstand adverse conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. The hydrolysate of casein enhanced the growth of TKU010 most obviously (17.20-18.25 OD(660)), followed by the hydrolysate of SPP (16.00-15.06 OD(660)). Incubating with SPP, both the culture supernatant of TKU010 on the first day and the fourth day showed inhibitory activities on E. coli BCRC13086, F. oxysporum BCRC32121 and A. fumigatus BCRC30099. TKU010 culture supernatant (1% SPP) incubated for 3 days has high antioxidant activity; the DPPH scavenging ability was 75% per ml. Thus, TKU010 could be preferably used as a starter to produce fermented milk with possibly interesting organoleptic properties. Besides, we have shown that squid pen wastes can be utilized to generate a high value-added product, and have revealed its hidden potential in the production of biocontrol agents and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen Liang
- Life Sciences Development Center, Tamkang University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kuo YH, Liang TW, Liu KC, Hsu YW, Hsu HC, Wang SL. Isolation and identification of a novel antioxidant with antitumour activity from Serratia ureilytica using squid pen as fermentation substrate. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2011; 13:451-461. [PMID: 20922553 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of the culture supernatant of Serratia ureilytica TKU013 with squid pen as the sole carbon/nitrogen source was assessed by three methods, and the phenolic contents were assayed. The supernatant with the highest antioxidant activity was further purified by liquid-liquid partition, revealing the ethyl acetate extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity and the highest total phenolic content. Eight fractions were retrieved from silica gel column chromatography of this extract, designated F1-F8. F4 was found to possess the strong antioxidative activity and the highest total phenolic content and also exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against two different tumoural cell lines. A new compound (Serranticin) with antioxidant and antitumor activity was obtained from F4. The structure of Serranticin is analogous to that of siderophores (hexacoordinated catecholamine), which are iron chelators. As such, Serranticin has the potential for use as a deferration agent in various iron overload diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Haur Kuo
- Division of Herbal Medicines and Natural Products, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
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Wang SL, Liang YC, Liang TW. Purification and characterization of a novel alkali-stable α-amylase from Chryseobacterium taeanense TKU001, and application in antioxidant and prebiotic. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang SL, Wu YY, Liang TW. Purification and biochemical characterization of a nattokinase by conversion of shrimp shell with Bacillus subtilis TKU007. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang SL, Tseng WN, Liang TW. Biodegradation of shellfish wastes and production of chitosanases by a squid pen-assimilating bacterium, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus TKU024. Biodegradation 2011; 22:939-48. [PMID: 21225318 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-011-9453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two chitosanases (CHSA1 and CHSA2) were purified from the culture supernatant of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus TKU024 with squid pen as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. The molecular masses of CHSA1 and CHSA2 determined by SDS-PAGE were approximately 27 and 66 kDa, respectively. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and thermal stability of CHSA1 and CHSA2 were (pH 6, 50°C, pH 4-10, <90°C) and (pH 7, 60°C, pH 6-11, <70°C), respectively. CHSA1 and CHSA2 had broad pH and thermal stability. CHSA1 and CHSA2 were both inhibited by EDTA and were inhibited completely by 5 mM Mn(2+). CHSA1 and CHSA2 degraded chitosan with DD ranging from 60 to 98%, and also degraded some chitin. The most susceptible substrate was 60% deacetylated chitosan. Furthermore, TKU024 culture supernatant (1.5% SPP) incubated for 5 days has the most reducing sugars (0.63 mg/ml). With this method, we have shown that shellfish wastes may have a great potential for the production of bioactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Life Sciences Development Center, Tamkang University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wang SL, Hsu WH, Liang TW. Conversion of squid pen by Pseudomonas aeruginosa K187 fermentation for the production of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides and biofertilizers. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:880-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang SL, Li JY, Liang TW, Hsieh JL, Tseng WN. Conversion of shrimp shell by using Serratia sp. TKU017 fermentation for the production of enzymes and antioxidants. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.4014/jmb.0905.05045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Wang SL, Li JY, Liang TW, Hsieh JL, Tseng WN. Conversion of shrimp shell by using Serratia sp. TKU017 fermentation for the production of enzymes and antioxidants. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 20:117-126. [PMID: 20134242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A chitinase (CHT), and a protease (PRO) were purified from the culture supernatant of Serratia sp. TKU017 with shrimp shell as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. The molecular masses of CHT and PRO determined by SDS-PAGE were approximately 65 kDa and 53 kDa, respectively. CHT was inhibited by Mn2+, Cu2+ and PRO was inhibited by most tested divalent metals, EDTA. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and thermal stability of CHT and PRO were (pH 5, 50 degrees , pH 5 degrees ) and (pH 9, 40 degrees , pH 5 degrees ), respectively. PRO retained 95% of its protease activity in the presence of 0.5 mM SDS. The result demonstrates that PRO is SDS-resistant protease and probably has a rigid structure. The 4th day supernatant showed the strongest antioxidant activity (70%, DPPH scavenging ability) and the highest total phenolic content (196+/-6.2 microng of gallic acid equival/mL). Significant associations between the antioxidant potency and the total phenolic content, as well as between the antioxidant potency and free amino groups, were found for the supernatant. With this method, we have shown that shrimp shell wastes can be utilized and it's effective in the production of enzymes and antioxidants, facilitating its potential use in industrial applications and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, Taipei 251, Taiwan.
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Wang SL, Chen TR, Liang TW, Wu PC. Conversion and degradation of shellfish wastes by Bacillus cereus TKU018 fermentation for the production of chitosanases and bioactive materials. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang SL, Liou JY, Liang TW, Liu KC. Conversion of squid pen by using Serratia sp. TKU020 fermentation for the production of enzymes, antioxidants, and N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang SL, Chao CH, Liang TW, Chen CC. Purification and characterization of protease and chitinase from Bacillus cereus TKU006 and conversion of marine wastes by these enzymes. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2009; 11:334-344. [PMID: 18843519 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A chitinase- and protease-producing bacterium was isolated and identified as Bacillus cereus TKU006. The better condition on our tests for protease and chitinase production was found when the culture was shaken at 25 degrees C for 2 days in 25 mL of medium containing 2% shrimp shell powder (w/v), 0.1% K(2)HPO(4), and 0.05% MgSO(4).7H(2)O. The molecular masses of TKU006 protease and chitinase determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were approximately 39 and 35 kDa, respectively. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and thermal stability of TKU006 protease and chitinase were 9, 50 degrees C, 3-11, 50 degrees C and 5, 40 degrees C, 3-11, 60 degrees C, respectively. TKU006 protease was inhibited completely by EDTA, indicating that the TKU006 protease was a metalloprotease. The TKU006 protease and chitinase retained 61%, 60%, 73%, and 100% and 60%, 60%, 71%, and 96% of its original activity in the presence of 2% Tween 20, 2% Tween 40, 2% Triton X-100, and 1 mM SDS, respectively. The antioxidant activity of TKU006 culture supernatant was determined through the scavenging ability on DPPH with 70% per milliliter. In conclusion, the novelties of the TKU006 protease and chitinase include its high stability to the surfactants and pH. Besides, with this method, we have shown that marine wastes can be utilized to generate a high-value-added product and have revealed its hidden potential in the production of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taiwan.
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Wang SL, Lin CL, Liang TW, Liu KC, Kuo YH. Conversion of squid pen by Serratia ureilytica for the production of enzymes and antioxidants. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:316-23. [PMID: 18684616 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Two proteases (P1 and P2) and a chitinase (C1) were purified from the culture supernatant of Serratia ureilytica TKU013 with squid pen as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. The molecular masses of P1, P2 and C1 determined by SDS-PAGE were approximately 50 kDa, 50 kDa and 60 kDa, respectively. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and thermal stability of P1, P2 and C1 were (pH 10, 40 degrees C, pH 7-11, and <50 degrees C), (pH 10, 40 degrees C, pH 8-11, and <40 degrees C) and (pH 6, 50 degrees C, pH 5-8, and <50 degrees C), respectively. P1 and P2 were inhibited by Mg(2+), EDTA and C1 was inhibited completely by Cu(2+). The antioxidant activity of TKU013 culture supernatant was 72% per mL (DPPH scavenging ability). With this method, we have shown that squid pen wastes can be utilized and have revealed its hidden potential in the production of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan
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Wang SL, Lin YT, Liang TW, Chio SH, Ming LJ, Wu PC. Purification and characterization of extracellular lipases from Pseudomonas monteilii TKU009 by the use of soybeans as the substrate. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 36:65-73. [PMID: 18810517 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A lipase-producing bacterium was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas monteilii TKU009. A lipase (F2) and lipase-like materials (F1) were purified from the culture supernatant of P. monteilii TKU009 with soybean powder as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. The molecular mass of F1 and F2 was estimated to be 44 kDa by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, and pH and thermal stabilities of F2 were 7, 40 degrees C, 8-11, and 50 degrees C; and of F1 were 6, 40 degrees C, 6-7, and 50 degrees C, respectively. F2 was completely inhibited by EDTA and slightly by Mg(2+), Fe(2+), Mn(2+), and SDS. F1 was completely inhibited by EDTA and Fe(2+) and strongly by Zn(2+), Mn(2+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and SDS. The activities of both the enzymes were enhanced by the addition of non-ionic surfactants Triton X-100 and Tween 40, especially for F1. F2 preferably acted on substrates with a long chain (C10-C18) of fatty acids, while F1 showed a broad spectrum on those with chain length of C4-C18. The marked activity of F2 in organic solvents makes it an ideal choice for application in a water-restricted medium including organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, Tamsui, 251, Taiwan.
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Wang SL, Huang TY, Wang CY, Liang TW, Yen YH, Sakata Y. Bioconversion of squid pen by Lactobacillus paracasei subsp paracasei TKU010 for the production of proteases and lettuce growth enhancing biofertilizers. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:5436-43. [PMID: 18187322 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A protease-producing bacterium, strain TKU010, was isolated from infant vomited milk and identified as Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei. A surfactant-stable protease, purified 64-fold from the third day culture supernatant to homogeneity in an overall yield of 11%, has a molecular weight of about 49,000. The enzyme degraded casein and gelatin, but did not degrade albumin, fibrin, and elastin. The enzyme activity was increased about 1.5-fold by the addition of 5mM Ba(2+). However, Fe(2+) and Cu(2+) ions strongly inhibited the enzyme. The enzyme was maximally active at pH 10 and 60 degrees C and retained 94% and 71% activity in the presence of Tween 20 (2% w/v) and SDS (2mM), respectively. The result of identification of TKU010 protease showed that nine tryptic peptides were identical to Serratia protease (serralysin) (GenBank accession number gi999638) with 35% sequence coverage. In comparison with the tryptic peptides of L. paracasei subsp. paracasei TKU012 protease, TKU010 protease possessed two additional peptides with sequences of AATTGYDAVDDLLHYHER and QTFTHEIGHALGLSHPGDYNAGEGNPTYR. The fourth day culture supernatant of TKU010 showed maximal activity of about 5-fold growth enhancing effect on lettuce weight, which was not shown with L. paracasei subsp paracasei TKU012.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, Taipei 251, Taiwan.
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Wang SL, Hsu WT, Liang TW, Yen YH, Wang CL. Purification and characterization of three novel keratinolytic metalloproteases produced by Chryseobacterium indologenes TKU014 in a shrimp shell powder medium. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:5679-5686. [PMID: 18037288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A protease-producing bacterium was isolated and identified as Chryseobacterium indologenes TKU014. The optimized condition for protease production was found when the culture was shaken at 30 degrees C for one day in 50 mL of medium containing 0.5% shrimp shell powder (w/v), 0.1% K(2)HPO(4), and 0.05% MgSO(4).7H(2)O. Three extracellular proteases (P1, P2, and P3) were purified from culture by DEAE-Sepharose and Phenyl Sepharose chromatography. Three enzymes all showed activities of keratinase and elastase with molecular weights of 56, 40, 40 kDa, respectively. The inhibitory effect of metal chelator EDTA and Zn-specific chelator 1,10-phenanthroline characterized three enzymes as Zn-metalloproteases. Peptide mass fingerprints of P1, P2, and P3 were determined by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Similarity search in the NCBI non-redundant protein sequence database revealed that three enzymes exhibited no significant homology to any other reported microbial peptides. Therefore, P1, P2, and P3 are most likely novel proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, Taipei 251, Taiwan.
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Wang SL, Lin HT, Liang TW, Chen YJ, Yen YH, Guo SP. Reclamation of chitinous materials by bromelain for the preparation of antitumor and antifungal materials. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:4386-4393. [PMID: 17920262 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the antitumor and antimicrobial activities of the chitooligosaccharides containing hydrolyzates obtained from the hydrolysis of chitinous materials (such as chitin, chitosan, and squid pen) by bromelain. The optimum preparations were gained in the hydrolysates of squid pen powder hydrolyzed at pH 5, 37 degrees C for 2 days by 0.1% bromelain. The hydrolysates had an 80% inhibitory activity on phyto-pathogenic mold Fusarium oxysporum. Chitooligosaccharides were recovered from the hydrolysates and were used for tumor cell surviving test. Surviving rate of the human leukemic U937 cells was reduced to 69% by the chitooligosaccharides. The solution of 0.1% of water-soluble chitosan was also hydrolyzed for 1 day at pH 5, 37 degrees C by bromelain. The resultant hydrolysates contained the highest chitooligosaccharides, which had inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis and also had 40% inhibitory activity on human pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. Surviving rate of mouse CT26 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells was reduced to 57% by the chitooligosaccharides. This is the first publication of enzymatic reclamation of squid pen (fishery processing waste) for the preparation of antitumor and antimicrobial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan.
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Wang SL, Yang CH, Liang TW, Yen YH. Optimization of conditions for protease production by Chryseobacterium taeanense TKU001. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:3700-7. [PMID: 17764929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A protease-producing bacterium was isolated and identified as Chryseobacterium taeanense TKU001. An extracellular metalloprotease with novel properties of solvent- and surfactant-stable was purified from the culture supernatant of C. taeanense TKU001 with shrimp shell wastes as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. The optimized condition for protease production was found when the culture was shaken at 37 degrees C for 3 days in 50 mL of medium containing 0.5% shrimp shell powder (SSP) (w/v), 0.1% K2HPO4, and 0.05% MgSO4.7H2O. Two extracellular proteases (FI and FII) were purified and characterized, and their molecular weights, pH and thermal stabilities were determined. The molecular masses of TKU001 protease FI and FII determined by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration were approximately 41 kDa and 75 kDa, respectively. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and thermal stability of TKU001 protease FI were 8, 60 degrees C, pH 6-9, and 60 degrees C, respectively. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and thermal stability of TKU001 protease FII were 7, 60 degrees C, pH 7-9, and 50 degrees C, respectively. TKU001 protease FI and FII were both inhibited completely by EDTA, indicating that the TKU001 protease FI and FII were metalloproteases. TKU001 protease FI and FII retained more than 75% of its original protease activity after preincubation for 10 days at 4 degrees C in the presence of 25% most tested organic solvents. Additionally, the TKU001 protease FI retained 79%, 80%, and 110% of its original activity in the presence of 2% Tween 20, 2% Tween 40, and 2% Triton X-100, respectively. However, at the same condition, the activity of TKU001 protease FII retained 100%, 100%, and 121% of its original activity, respectively. This is the first report of C. taeanense being able to use shrimp shell wastes as the sole carbon/nitrogen source for proteases production. The novelties of the TKU001 protease include its high stability to the solvents and surfactants. These unique properties make it an ideal choice for application in detergent formulations and enzymatic peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, 151 Ying-Chuan Road, Tamsui 251, Taiwan.
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Wang SL, Peng JH, Liang TW, Liu KC. Purification and characterization of a chitosanase from Serratia marcescens TKU011. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1316-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liang TW, Chen YJ, Yen YH, Wang SL. The antitumor activity of the hydrolysates of chitinous materials hydrolyzed by crude enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens V656. Process Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liang TW, Lin JJ, Yen YH, Wang CL, Wang SL. Purification and characterization of a protease extracellularly produced by Monascus purpureus CCRC31499 in a shrimp and crab shell powder medium. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Reaves TA, Colgan SP, Selvaraj P, Pochet MM, Walsh S, Nusrat A, Liang TW, Madara JL, Parkos CA. Neutrophil transepithelial migration: regulation at the apical epithelial surface by Fc-mediated events. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G746-54. [PMID: 11254502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.4.g746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil (PMN) transepithelial migration is a major effector of epithelial defense in inflammatory diseases involving mucosal surfaces. However, major receptor-ligand interactions between epithelial cells and PMN remain incompletely characterized. To better define the molecular events involved in PMN interactions with epithelial cells, we produced a monoclonal antibody called g82 that inhibited PMN transepithelial migration in the physiological basolateral-to-apical direction. The g82 antigen localized to the apical surface of human colonic epithelium and was significantly upregulated under inflammatory conditions. Immunoprecipitation revealed two polypeptides of M(r) 207 and 32 kDa. F(ab')(2) fragments from g82 IgG had no effect on transmigration, suggesting Fc dependence. Further experiments confirmed dependence on the PMN Fc receptor CD32A and that the observed effects were secondary to a failure of PMN to detach from the apical epithelial surface. These Fc-mediated events were epitope specific since binding, isotype-matched antibodies did not affect detachment. These results identify a new mechanism for retention of PMN at the apical epithelial surface following transepithelial migration. This pathway may be important in pathogen clearance and mucosal pathophysiology associated with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Reaves
- Division of Gastrointestinal Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Liang TW, DeMarco RA, Mrsny RJ, Gurney A, Gray A, Hooley J, Aaron HL, Huang A, Klassen T, Tumas DB, Fong S. Characterization of huJAM: evidence for involvement in cell-cell contact and tight junction regulation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 279:C1733-43. [PMID: 11078687 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.6.c1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions of the mucosal epithelia are important for the maintenance and establishment of epithelial barrier function. During events of inflammation, such cell-cell interactions are often disrupted, resulting in a leaky epithelial barrier, which in turn can lead to various inflammatory and infective dysfunctions. Human junctional adhesion molecule (huJAM), found on the mucosal epithelia and vascular endothelia of many major organ systems, is a membrane glycoprotein which resolves to a doublet band of approximately 40 and approximately 37 kDa under SDS-PAGE analysis, representing differentially glycosylated forms of the same protein. huJAM was localized to the lateral membrane of Caco-2 cells (a human colonic epithelial cell line) monolayers, in an area basolateral of the epithelial tight junctions (TJ). Through functional and biochemical assays, we show huJAM to be able to homotypically associate and to participate in TJ restitution after trypsin-EDTA disruption. Furthermore, we also observed a migration of huJAM expression toward areas of cell-cell contacts during events of cell adhesion and monolayer formation. These qualities makes huJAM a likely player in the regulation of cell-cell contacts and the subsequent formation of TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Liang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Nusrat A, Chen JA, Foley CS, Liang TW, Tom J, Cromwell M, Quan C, Mrsny RJ. The coiled-coil domain of occludin can act to organize structural and functional elements of the epithelial tight junction. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:29816-22. [PMID: 10887180 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002450200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Occludin is an integral membrane protein that has been suggested to play a role in the organization and dynamic function of the epithelial tight junction (TJ). A number of other proteins have also been described to localize to the TJ. We have used a novel bait peptide method to investigate potential protein-protein interactions of the putative coiled-coil domain of occludin with some of these other TJ proteins. A 27-amino acid peptide of the human occludin sequence was synthesized, biotinylated at the N terminus, and modified to contain a photoactive moiety at either its hydrophobic or hydrophilic surface. These bait peptides were alpha-helical in solution, characteristic of coiled-coil structures. Photoactivation studies in the presence and absence of control peptides were used to assess the potential interactions in polarized sheets of a human intestinal cell line T84. Although a large number of proteins associated with the TJ or that are known to be involved in regulatory events of epithelial cells failed to be specifically labeled, occludin itself, ZO-1, protein kinase C-zeta, c-Yes, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and the gap junction component connexin 26 were specifically labeled. Our data demonstrate the potential of one specific domain of occludin, contained within 27 amino acids, to coordinate the binding of proteins that have been previously suggested to modulate TJ structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Nusrat A, Parkos CA, Verkade P, Foley CS, Liang TW, Innis-Whitehouse W, Eastburn KK, Madara JL. Tight junctions are membrane microdomains. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 10):1771-81. [PMID: 10769208 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.10.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) of polarized epithelial cells regulate barrier function at mucosal surfaces. Structural proteins of TJs include hyperphosphorylated occludin (HO) and the peripheral membrane protein, ZO-1. Since TJs are dynamically regulated, and lipid-modified signal transduction proteins localize to TJs, we considered the possibility that the TJ itself is composed of microdomains with unique structure. Differential detergent extraction and isopycnic sucrose density gradients were utilized to isolate TJ-enriched membranes from a polarized intestinal epithelial cell line, T84. Here we report that major pools of hyperphosphorylated occludin (HO) and ZO-1 are found in raft-like membrane microdomains with characteristics of the previously described detergent-insoluble glycolipid rafts (DIGs). Properties of such gradient fractions included Triton X-100 (TX-100) insolubility, light scattering at 600 nm, buoyant density of approximately 1.08 g/cm(3) and increased cholesterol content compared to high density fractions. Similar results were obtained using natural epithelium. Unlike the TJ proteins HO and ZO-1, other basolateral transmembrane proteins including E-cadherin, c-met and β 1 integrin were not increased in DIG-like fractions. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed coprecipitation of a pool of occludin with caveolin-1, a scaffolding protein abundant in DIGs. Coprecipitation results were supported by immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling studies demonstrating caveolin-1 localization in the apical membrane and focal colocalization with occludin in TJs. TJ disassembly by calcium chelation resulted in displacement of TJ proteins from the ‘raft-like’ compartment. Our findings suggest that raft-like compartments play an important role in the spatial organization of TJs and probably in regulation of paracellular permeability in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, USA.
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Mazzucchelli L, Burritt JB, Jesaitis AJ, Nusrat A, Liang TW, Gewirtz AT, Schnell FJ, Parkos CA. Cell-specific peptide binding by human neutrophils. Blood 1999; 93:1738-48. [PMID: 10029604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of peptide binding to human neutrophils (PMN) using phage display techniques has revealed cell-specific motifs reactive with the PMN surface. Phage libraries displaying either linear 9-mer or cyclic 10-mer and 6-mer peptides were incubated with normal human neutrophils followed by elution of bound phage with low pH (pH 2.2) and non-ionic detergent. Three rounds of selection generated several related peptide sequences that bound with high avidity to PMN. Using the linear 9-mer library, PMN-binding phage expressed peptides with the motif (G/A)PNLTGRW. The binding of phage bearing this motif was highly specific since no binding was observed on lymphocytes, fibroblasts, epithelial, or endothelial cells. Functional assays revealed that phage bearing the sequence FGPNLTGRW induced a pertussis toxin-sensitive increase in PMN cytosolic calcium analogous to that observed with Galphai coupled receptors. Other prominent motifs identified included phage bearing the consensus DLXTSK(M/L)X(V/I/L), where X represents a non-conserved position. Phage with this motif bound exclusively to a sub population of human PMN that comprised approximately 50% of the total and did not elicit a calcium response. The binding of such phage to PMN was prevented by co-incubation with competing peptides displaying identical or similar sequences (IC50 range from 0.6 micromol/L to 50 micromol/L for DLXTSK and GPNLTG, respectively). We speculate that these techniques will be useful in identifying functional cell-specific binding motifs and contribute to the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mazzucchelli
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Edens HA, Parkos CA, Liang TW, Jesaitis AJ, Cutler JE, Miettinen HM. Non-serum-dependent chemotactic factors produced by Candida albicans stimulate chemotaxis by binding to the formyl peptide receptor on neutrophils and to an unknown receptor on macrophages. Infect Immun 1999; 67:1063-71. [PMID: 10024544 PMCID: PMC96430 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.3.1063-1071.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum-free culture filtrates of six Candida species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were found to contain chemoattractants for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and a mouse macrophage-like cell line, J774. The chemotactic factors differed for the PMN and J774 cells, however, in terms of heat stability, kinetics of liberation by the yeast cells, and divalent cation requirements for production. The chemoattractant in Candida albicans culture filtrates appeared to act through the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) of PMNs, since it was found to induce chemotaxis of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that were expressing the human FPR but did not induce chemotaxis of wild-type CHO cells. The C. albicans culture filtrates also induced migration of PMNs across confluent monolayers of a human gastrointestinal epithelial cell line, T84; migration occurred in the basolateral-to-apical direction but not the reverse direction, unless the epithelial tight junctions were disrupted. J774 cells did not migrate toward the formylated peptide (fMet-Leu-Phe; fMLF), and chemotaxis toward the C. albicans culture filtrate was not inhibited by an FPR antagonist (t-butoxycarbonyl-Met-Leu-Phe), suggesting that a different receptor mediated J774 cell chemotaxis. In conclusion, we have identified a receptor by which a non-serum-dependent chemotactic factor (NSCF) produced by C. albicans induced chemotaxis of PMNs. Additionally, we have shown that NSCF was active across epithelial monolayers. These findings suggest that NSCFs produced by C. albicans and other yeast species may influence host-pathogen interactions at the gastrointestinal tract mucosal surface by inducing phagocytic-cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Edens
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University-Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
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Balsam LB, Liang TW, Parkos CA. Functional mapping of CD11b/CD18 epitopes important in neutrophil-epithelial interactions: a central role of the I domain. J Immunol 1998; 160:5058-65. [PMID: 9590256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the intestine, lung, and urinary tract, neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte, PMN) transepithelial migration is dependent on the leukocyte beta2 integrin CD11b/CD18. While the regions of CD11b involved in recognition of several soluble ligands are known, those that mediate PMN-epithelial interactions have not been investigated. In this study, mAbs reactive with four extracellular regions on CD11b, the NH2-terminal region, I (inserted) domain, cation-binding region, and region proximal to the transmembrane domain (C domain), were analyzed for the ability to block CD11b/CD18-mediated interactions with T84 intestinal epithelial cells. In such a manner, epitope mapping was applied to the complex interactions between CD11b/CD18 and a cell-based ligand system. I domain Abs strongly inhibited both adhesion of PMN to epithelial cells and PMN migration across T84 epithelial monolayers. However, the profile of inhibition was distinct from that of other known ligands of CD11b/CD18. CBRM1/32, an Ab to a discontinuous epitope residing within the NH2- and cation-binding domains, strongly inhibited both adhesion and transmigration responses. C domain Abs had minimal effects on adhesion and transmigration. These findings appear applicable to other epithelia, since similar results were obtained in transmigration experiments with CF15 human airway epithelial cells. Finally, Ab inhibition profiles were confirmed with adhesion assays of isolated epithelial cells to purified CD11b/CD18. These findings demonstrate the central role of the I domain and the participation of a discontinuous region shared by the NH2- and cation-binding domains in mediating PMN-adhesive interactions with epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Balsam
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Nusrat A, Parkos CA, Liang TW, Carnes DK, Madara JL. Neutrophil migration across model intestinal epithelia: monolayer disruption and subsequent events in epithelial repair. Gastroenterology 1997; 113:1489-500. [PMID: 9352851 DOI: 10.1053/gast.1997.v113.pm9352851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute inflammation of the intestine is associated with transepithelial migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and epithelial wounds that rapidly reseal. The aim of this study was to determine mechanisms by which such PMN-induced epithelial wounds reseal. METHODS Epithelial wound closure was modeled in vitro using T84 intestinal epithelial cells and PMNs. Wound closure was analyzed by confocal microscopy and by determination of barrier function. Wounds were highlighted by apical labeling with antibody to a basolaterally restricted ligand, beta1-integrin. RESULTS High-density PMN transepithelial migration for 70-110 minutes produced multifocal epithelial wounds that were 1-120 microm in diameter and markedly diminished epithelial barrier function that returned to baseline within 12-20 hours. Large wound closure was initiated by cell flattening and extension of F-actin/vinculin/paxillin-enriched lamellipodia at the leading edge. As wounds became small (approximately <30 microm), epithelial cells at the wound edges assumed columnar phenotype with poorly formed or absent lamellipodia. Apical localized circumferential, dense F-actin/myosin II rings were found to encircle such wounds, suggesting final closure by a sphincter-like contraction. CONCLUSIONS These data model mucosal repair in acute inflammatory conditions and, for the first time, show sequential early and late mechanisms by which epithelial discontinuities repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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McCormick BA, Nusrat A, Parkos CA, D'Andrea L, Hofman PM, Carnes D, Liang TW, Madara JL. Unmasking of intestinal epithelial lateral membrane beta1 integrin consequent to transepithelial neutrophil migration in vitro facilitates inv-mediated invasion by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1414-21. [PMID: 9119482 PMCID: PMC175148 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.4.1414-1421.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic intestinal disease states characterized by active inflammation associated with transepithelial migration of neutrophils may, paradoxically, be associated with an increased risk of infection by enteric pathogens. Although the specific ligands with which various intestinal pathogens associate remain largely unknown, it is thought that many reside on the basolateral membrane. For example, beta1 integrin, a basolateral membrane protein, mediates the specific interaction between epithelial cells and the inv gene product (invasin) on the surface of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Our observations indicate that neutrophil migration across model T84 cell intestinal epithelia produced transient separation of epithelial cells at sites of neutrophil migration, resulting in microdiscontinuities that remained unsealed for several hours. We hypothesized that such sites of microdiscontinuities would yield a potential route for luminal pathogens to gain access to basolateral ligands and, thus, provide a window of risk for enteric infection. The surface biotinylation and fluorescence localization studies reported here revealed that, as in natural intestinal epithelia, beta1 integrin was strictly polarized to the basolateral membrane in confluent T84 monolayers. However, the transient microdiscontinuities resulting from neutrophil migration permitted access to beta1 integrin from the apical reservoir. Coincident with such basolateral exposure of beta1 integrin, monolayers became susceptible to invasion by Y. pseudotuberculosis. Fluorescence localization indicated that Y. pseudotuberculosis selectively associated with monolayers at sites where small discontinuities resulting from neutrophil transmigration were found. An increased risk for Y. pseudotuberculosis infection was specifically related to exposure of beta1 integrin (normally concealed by tight junctions) to the apical compartment, as Y. pseudotuberculosis cells lacking the inv gene were unable to invade following neutrophil transepithelial migration. Following closure of the microdiscontinuities associated with neutrophil migration, a small pool of beta1 integrin remained apically localized, presumably due to incomplete repolarization. However, this small apical pool of beta1 integrin was insufficient to support a detectable increased risk of Yersinia infection. Together, these observations indicate that by transiently perturbing monolayer continuity, neutrophil transepithelial migration is associated with a window of risk in which luminal pathogens can access basolateral ligands such as beta1 integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A McCormick
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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