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Wang Y, Li X, Zhang G, Bi J, Hou H. Transcriptome Reveals Regulation of Quorum Sensing of Hafnia alvei H4 on the Coculture System of Hafnia alvei H4 and Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC13525. Foods 2024; 13:336. [PMID: 38275703 PMCID: PMC10815324 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In the food industry, foodborne spoilage bacteria often live in mixed species and attach to each other, leading to changes in spoilage characteristics. Quorum sensing (QS) has been reported to be a regulating mechanism for food spoiling by certain kinds of bacteria. Here, the contents of biofilm, extracellular polysaccharides, and biogenic amines in the coculture system of Hafnia alvei H4 and Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC13525 were significantly reduced when the QS element of H. alvei H4 was deleted, confirming that QS of H. alvei H4 is involved in the dual-species interactions. Then, transcriptomics was used to explore the regulatory mechanism at the mRNA molecular level. The deletion of the QS element decreased the transcript levels of genes related to chemotaxis, flagellar assembly, and the two-component system pathway of H. alvei H4 in the coculture system. Furthermore, a total of 732 DEGs of P. fluorescens ATCC13525 were regulated in the dual species, which were primarily concerned with biofilm formation, ATP-binding cassette transporters, and amino acid metabolism. Taken together, the absence of the QS element of H. alvei H4 weakened the mutual cooperation of the two bacteria in the coculture system, making it a good target for managing infection with H. alvei and P. fluorescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (J.B.)
- Liaoning Key Lab for Aquatic Processing Quality and Safety, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (J.B.)
- Liaoning Key Lab for Aquatic Processing Quality and Safety, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Gongliang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (J.B.)
- Liaoning Key Lab for Aquatic Processing Quality and Safety, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jingran Bi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (J.B.)
- Liaoning Key Lab for Aquatic Processing Quality and Safety, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Hongman Hou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (J.B.)
- Liaoning Key Lab for Aquatic Processing Quality and Safety, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China
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Meng Z, Tan Y, Duan YL, Li M. Monaspin B, a Novel Cyclohexyl-furan from Cocultivation of Monascus purpureus and Aspergillus oryzae, Exhibits Potent Antileukemic Activity. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:1114-1123. [PMID: 38166364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Natural products are a rich resource for the discovery of innovative drugs. Microbial cocultivation enables discovery of novel natural products through tandem enzymatic catalysis between different fungi. In this study, Monascus purpureus, as a food fermentation strain capable of producing abundant natural products, was chosen as an example of a cocultivation pair strain. Cocultivation screening revealed that M. purpureus and Aspergillus oryzae led to the production of two novel cyclohexyl-furans, Monaspins A and B. Optimization of the cocultivation mode and media enhanced the production of Monaspins A and B to 1.2 and 0.8 mg/L, respectively. Monaspins A and B were structurally elucidated by HR-ESI-MS and NMR. Furthermore, Monaspin B displayed potent antiproliferative activity against the leukemic HL-60 cell line by inducing apoptosis, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 160 nM. Moreover, in a mouse leukemia model, Monaspin B exhibited a promising in vivo antileukemic effect by reducing white blood cell, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts. Collectively, these results indicate that Monaspin B is a promising candidate agent for leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Meng
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yingao Tan
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Ya-Li Duan
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Mu Li
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
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Yang L, Zhu Y, Zhao C, Zhao M, Tao M, Li Z, Zhang W, Mu W. Elimination of Residual Lacto- N-triose II for Lacto- N-tetraose Biosynthesis in Engineered Escherichia coli. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:12511-12518. [PMID: 37555443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) is an important neutral human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) and acts as a significant core structure for complex HMO biosynthesis. We previously achieved high-yield LNT biosynthesis (57.5 g/L) using fed-batch fermentation; however, residual lacto-N-triose II (LNTri II) was also found (21.58 g/L). Here, we re-engineered an efficient LNT-producing Escherichia coli with low LNTri II accumulation using genetically stable LNTri II-producing strains with a genomic insertion of lgtA (encoding β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase). Comparable and low titers of LNT (3.73-4.61 g/L) and LNTri II (0.33-0.63 g/L), respectively, were obtained by introducing β1,3-galactosyltransferase. To reduce residual LNTri II, the E. coli transporter gene setA was disrupted, obviously reducing the accumulation of LNTri II and LNT. Next, the gene encoding β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (BbhI) was introduced into LNT-producing strains or E. coli BL21(DE3) for single- or mixed-strain cultivation, respectively. Finally, LNT was obtained (30.13 g/L) in a cocultivation system of mixed engineered strains without undesired LNTri II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Chunhua Zhao
- Bloomature Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 102629, China
| | - Mingli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Mengting Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Xue ZP, Cu X, Xu K, Peng JH, Liu HR, Zhao RT, Wang Z, Wang T, Xu ZS. The effect of glutathione biosynthesis of Streptococcus thermophilus ST-1 on cocultured Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:884-896. [PMID: 36460506 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus are the main species used for yogurt preparation. Glutathione (GSH) can be synthesized by S. thermophilus and plays a crucial role in combating environmental stress. However, the effect of GSH biosynthesis by S. thermophilus on cocultured L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus is still unknown. In this study, a mutant S. thermophilus ΔgshF was constructed by deleting the GSH synthase. The wild strain S. thermophilus ST-1 and ΔgshF mutants were cocultured with L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842 by using Transwell chambers (Guangzhou Shuopu Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), respectively. It was proven that the GSH synthesized by S. thermophilus ST-1 could be absorbed and used by L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842, and promote growth ability and stress tolerance of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842. The biomass of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842 cocultured with S. thermophilus ST-1 or ΔgshF (adding exogenous GSH) increased by 1.8 and 1.4 times compared with the biomass of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842 cocultured with S. thermophilus ΔgshF. Meanwhile, after H2O2 and low-temperature treatments, the bacterial viability of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus cocultured with S. thermophilus ΔgshF, with or without GSH, was decreased by 41 and 15% compared with that of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus cocultured with S. thermophilus ST-1. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed that the expression levels of genes involved in purine nucleotide and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842 were at least 3 times increased when cocultured with S. thermophilus (fold change > 3.0). Moreover, compared with the mutant strain ΔgshF, the wild-type strain ST-1 could shorten the fermented curd time by 5.3 hours during yogurt preparation. These results indicated that the GSH synthesized by S. thermophilus during cocultivation effectively enhanced the activity of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and significantly improved the quality of fermented milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z P Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - X Cu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - K Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - J H Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - H R Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - R T Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Z Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - T Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China.
| | - Z S Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China.
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Bhattacharya A, Majtorp L, Birgersson S, Wiemann M, Sreenivas K, Verbrugghe P, Van Aken O, Van Niel EWJ, Stålbrand H. Cross-Feeding and Enzymatic Catabolism for Mannan-Oligosaccharide Utilization by the Butyrate-Producing Gut Bacterium Roseburia hominis A2-183. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122496. [PMID: 36557749 PMCID: PMC9784577 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Mannan is abundant in the human diet and in hemicellulose derived from softwood. Linear or galactose-substituted β-mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS/GMOSs) derived from β-mannan are considered emerging prebiotics that could stimulate health-associated gut microbiota. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet resolved. Therefore, this study investigated the cross-feeding and metabolic interactions between Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703, an acetate producer, and Roseburia hominis A2-183 DSMZ 16839, a butyrate producer, during utilization of MOS/GMOSs. Cocultivation studies suggest that both strains coexist due to differential MOS/GMOS utilization, along with the cross-feeding of acetate from B. adolescentis E194a to R. hominis A2-183. The data suggest that R. hominis A2-183 efficiently utilizes MOS/GMOS in mono- and cocultivation. Notably, we observed the transcriptional upregulation of certain genes within a dedicated MOS/GMOS utilization locus (RhMosUL), and an exo-oligomannosidase (RhMan113A) gene located distally in the R. hominis A2-183 genome. Significantly, biochemical analysis of β-1,4 mannan-oligosaccharide phosphorylase (RhMOP130A), α-galactosidase (RhGal36A), and exo-oligomannosidase (RhMan113A) suggested their potential synergistic role in the initial utilization of MOS/GMOSs. Thus, our results enhance the understanding of MOS/GMOS utilization by potential health-promoting human gut microbiota and highlight the role of cross-feeding and metabolic interactions between two secondary mannan degraders inhabiting the same ecological niche in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhattacharya
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (L.M.); (S.B.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Lovisa Majtorp
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (L.M.); (S.B.); (M.W.)
| | - Simon Birgersson
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (L.M.); (S.B.); (M.W.)
| | - Mathias Wiemann
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (L.M.); (S.B.); (M.W.)
| | - Krishnan Sreenivas
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (K.S.); (E.W.J.V.N.)
| | - Phebe Verbrugghe
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 221 00 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Olivier Van Aken
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Ed W. J. Van Niel
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (K.S.); (E.W.J.V.N.)
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (L.M.); (S.B.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (H.S.)
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Swift CL, Louie KB, Bowen BP, Hooker CA, Solomon KV, Singan V, Daum C, Pennacchio CP, Barry K, Shutthanandan V, Evans JE, Grigoriev IV, Northen TR, O'Malley MA. Cocultivation of Anaerobic Fungi with Rumen Bacteria Establishes an Antagonistic Relationship. mBio 2021; 12:e0144221. [PMID: 34399620 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01442-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic gut fungi (Neocallimastigomycetes) live in the digestive tract of large herbivores, where they are vastly outnumbered by bacteria. It has been suggested that anaerobic fungi challenge growth of bacteria owing to the wealth of biosynthetic genes in fungal genomes, although this relationship has not been experimentally tested. Here, we cocultivated the rumen bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes strain UWB7 with the anaerobic gut fungi Anaeromyces robustus or Caecomyces churrovis on a range of carbon substrates and quantified the bacterial and fungal transcriptomic response. Synthetic cocultures were established for at least 24 h, as verified by active fungal and bacterial transcription. A. robustus upregulated components of its secondary metabolism in the presence of Fibrobacter succinogenes strain UWB7, including six nonribosomal peptide synthetases, one polyketide synthase-like enzyme, and five polyketide synthesis O-type methyltransferases. Both A. robustus and C. churrovis cocultures upregulated S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases, histone methyltransferases, and an acetyltransferase. Fungal histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation marks were more abundant in coculture, and heterochromatin protein-1 was downregulated. Together, these findings suggest that fungal chromatin remodeling occurs when bacteria are present. F. succinogenes strain UWB7 upregulated four genes in coculture encoding drug efflux pumps, which likely protect the cell against toxins. Furthermore, untargeted nonpolar metabolomics data revealed at least one novel fungal metabolite enriched in coculture, which may be a defense compound. Taken together, these data suggest that A. robustus and C. churrovis produce antimicrobials when exposed to rumen bacteria and, more broadly, that anaerobic gut fungi are a source of novel antibiotics.
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Moreira JPC, Diender M, Arantes AL, Boeren S, Stams AJM, Alves MM, Alves JI, Sousa DZ. Propionate Production from Carbon Monoxide by Synthetic Cocultures of Acetobacterium wieringae and Propionigenic Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0283920. [PMID: 33990298 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02839-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas fermentation is a promising way to convert CO-rich gases to chemicals. We studied the use of synthetic cocultures composed of carboxydotrophic and propionigenic bacteria to convert CO to propionate. So far, isolated carboxydotrophs cannot directly ferment CO to propionate, and therefore, this cocultivation approach was investigated. Four distinct synthetic cocultures were constructed, consisting of Acetobacterium wieringae (DSM 1911T) and Pelobacter propionicus (DSM 2379T), Ac. wieringae (DSM 1911T) and Anaerotignum neopropionicum (DSM 3847T), Ac. wieringae strain JM and P. propionicus (DSM 2379T), and Ac. wieringae strain JM and An. neopropionicum (DSM 3847T). Propionate was produced by all the cocultures, with the highest titer (∼24 mM) being measured in the coculture composed of Ac. wieringae strain JM and An. neopropionicum, which also produced isovalerate (∼4 mM), butyrate (∼1 mM), and isobutyrate (0.3 mM). This coculture was further studied using proteogenomics. As expected, enzymes involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway in Ac. wieringae strain JM, which are responsible for the conversion of CO to ethanol and acetate, were detected; the proteome of An. neopropionicum confirmed the conversion of ethanol to propionate via the acrylate pathway. In addition, proteins related to amino acid metabolism and stress response were highly abundant during cocultivation, which raises the hypothesis that amino acids are exchanged by the two microorganisms, accompanied by isovalerate and isobutyrate production. This highlights the importance of explicitly looking at fortuitous microbial interactions during cocultivation to fully understand coculture behavior. IMPORTANCE Syngas fermentation has great potential for the sustainable production of chemicals from wastes (via prior gasification) and flue gases containing CO/CO2. Research efforts need to be directed toward expanding the product portfolio of gas fermentation, which is currently limited to mainly acetate and ethanol. This study provides the basis for a microbial process to produce propionate from CO using synthetic cocultures composed of acetogenic and propionigenic bacteria and elucidates the metabolic pathways involved. Furthermore, based on proteomics results, we hypothesize that the two bacterial species engage in an interaction that results in amino acid exchange, which subsequently promotes isovalerate and isobutyrate production. These findings provide a new understanding of gas fermentation and a coculturing strategy for expanding the product spectrum of microbial conversion of CO/CO2.
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Yuan X, Chen F. Cocultivation Study of Monascus spp. and Aspergillus niger Inspired From Black-Skin-Red-Koji by a Double-Sided Petri Dish. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:670684. [PMID: 34177849 PMCID: PMC8221429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.670684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocultivation is an emerging and potential way to investigate microbial interaction in the laboratory. Extensive researches has been carried out over the years, but some microorganism cocultivation are not easy to implement in the laboratory, especially the fungus-fungus (FF) cocultivation, owing to the obstacles such as fungal different growth rate, limited growing space, hyphae intertwining, and difficulty of sample separation, etc. In this research, a double-sided petri dish (DSPD) was designed and carried out as a tool to study FF cocultivation in the laboratory. A natural FF cocultivation of Monascus spp. and Aspergillus niger inspired from black-skin-red-koji (BSRK), were studied. By using DSPD, the aforementioned obstacles in the FF cocultivation study were overcome through co-culturing Monascus spp. and A. niger on each side of DSPD. The characteristics of monocultured and co-cultured Monascus spp. and A. niger were compared and analyzed, including colonial and microscopic morphologies, and main secondary metabolites (SMs) of Monascus spp. analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. And a novel SM was found to be produced by Monascus ruber M7 when co-cultured with A. niger CBS 513.88. Since the above mentioned obstacles, were overcome, we obtained good quality of transcriptome data for further analysis. These results indicate that DSPD might be an efficient tool for investigation of microbial interaction, in particular, for FF interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yuan
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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9
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Yuan X, Chen F. Cocultivation Study of Monascus spp. and Aspergillus niger Inspired From Black-Skin-Red-Koji by a Double-Sided Petri Dish. Front Microbiol 2021. [PMID: 34177849 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.6706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocultivation is an emerging and potential way to investigate microbial interaction in the laboratory. Extensive researches has been carried out over the years, but some microorganism cocultivation are not easy to implement in the laboratory, especially the fungus-fungus (FF) cocultivation, owing to the obstacles such as fungal different growth rate, limited growing space, hyphae intertwining, and difficulty of sample separation, etc. In this research, a double-sided petri dish (DSPD) was designed and carried out as a tool to study FF cocultivation in the laboratory. A natural FF cocultivation of Monascus spp. and Aspergillus niger inspired from black-skin-red-koji (BSRK), were studied. By using DSPD, the aforementioned obstacles in the FF cocultivation study were overcome through co-culturing Monascus spp. and A. niger on each side of DSPD. The characteristics of monocultured and co-cultured Monascus spp. and A. niger were compared and analyzed, including colonial and microscopic morphologies, and main secondary metabolites (SMs) of Monascus spp. analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. And a novel SM was found to be produced by Monascus ruber M7 when co-cultured with A. niger CBS 513.88. Since the above mentioned obstacles, were overcome, we obtained good quality of transcriptome data for further analysis. These results indicate that DSPD might be an efficient tool for investigation of microbial interaction, in particular, for FF interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yuan
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Becker R, Ulrich K, Behrendt U, Kube M, Ulrich A. Analyzing Ash Leaf-Colonizing Fungal Communities for Their Biological Control of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:590944. [PMID: 33193255 PMCID: PMC7649789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasive ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has been threatening Fraxinus excelsior populations throughout Europe for over two decades. Since the infection and first colonization by the pathogen occurs in leaves, leaf-colonizing microorganisms have been discussed as a barrier and as possible biocontrol agents against the disease. To identify fungal groups with health-supporting potential, we compared the fungal microbiota of compound leaves from susceptible and tolerant ash trees in four ash stands with high H. fraxineus exposure. The fungal communities were analyzed both culture-independently by ITS2 amplicon sequencing and by the taxonomic classification of 1,704 isolates using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) or sequencing of the entire ITS region. The fungal community structure did not show significant differences depending on the health status. However, for several OTUs and a MALDI group, a significantly higher abundance was found in tolerant ash trees. Thus, the yeast Papiliotrema flavescens was significantly increased and accounted for 12.3% of the mycobiome of tolerant ashes (OTU0003), and it had also a distinctly higher abundance among the isolates. The filamentous ascomycete Sarocladium strictum was increased 24-fold among the isolates of tolerant trees, but its abundance was comparably low. An in vitro screening for the growth inhibition of the pathogen via cocultivation resulted in 28 yeast-like isolates and 79 filamentous fungi with antagonistic activity. A statistical cocultivation test on two H. fraxineus strains confirmed six of the yeast-like isolates that suppressed H. fraxineus significantly, from 39-50%, two of them through a fungicidal effect. The highest inhibition rates among the yeasts were found for three isolates belonging to Aureobasidium pullulans and P. flavescens. The cocultivation test of the filamentous isolates revealed higher effects compared to the yeasts. Four isolates showed significant inhibition of both H. fraxineus strains with a rate of 72-100%, and five further isolates inhibited only one H. fraxineus strain significantly. The most effective isolates were members of the genus Cladosporium. During the next step, in planta tests will be necessary to verify the efficacy of the antagonistic isolates and to assess their suitability as biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Becker
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Ulrich
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Waldsieversdorf, Germany
| | - Undine Behrendt
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kube
- Integrative Infection Biology Crops-Livestock, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Ulrich
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
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11
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Nash TE. Long-Term Culture of Giardia lamblia in Cell Culture Medium Requires Intimate Association with Viable Mammalian Cells. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00639-19. [PMID: 31481411 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00639-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is usually cultured axenically in TYI-S-33, a complex medium which does not permit survival and growth of mammalian cells. Likewise, medium commonly used to maintain and grow mammalian cells does not support healthy trophozoite survival for more than a few hours. The inability to coculture trophozoites and epithelial cells under optimal conditions limits studies of their interactions as well as interpretation of results. Trophozoites of the WB isolate but not the GS isolate were repeatedly adapted to grow stably in long-term cocultures with Caco2, Cos7, and mouse tumor rectal (RIT) cell lines using hybridoma-screened Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and 10% fetal calf serum. Giardia did not grow in spent cell culture medium or when separated by a permeable membrane using transwell methodology. Giardia chronically cocultured with specific cell lines became adapted (conditioned). These Giardia cocultures grew better than nonconditioned trophozoites, and the cell lines differed in their ability to support trophozoite growth in the order of RIT > Cos7 > Caco2. Trophozoites conditioned on one cell line and then grown in the presence of a heterologous cell line changed their growth rate to that seen in conditioned Giardia from the heterologous cell line. Trophozoite survival required intimate contact with cells, suggesting that trophozoites obtain an essential nutrient or growth factor from mammalian cells. This may explain why Giardia trophozoites adhere to the small intestinal epithelium during human and animal infections. This coculture system will be useful to understand the complex interactions between the host cells and parasite.
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Kim JY, Oh JJ, Jeon MS, Kim GH, Choi YE. Improvement of Euglena gracilis Paramylon Production through a Cocultivation Strategy with the Indole-3-Acetic Acid-Producing Bacterium Vibrio natriegens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e01548-19. [PMID: 31324633 PMCID: PMC6752030 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01548-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the putative effects on the growth and paramylon production of Euglena gracilis of cocultivation with Vibrio natriegensE. gracilis heterotrophically cocultivated with V. natriegens displayed significant increases in biomass productivity and paramylon content. In addition, the effects of the bacterial inoculum density and the timing of inoculation on the growth of E. gracilis were examined, to determine the optimal conditions for cocultivation. With the optimal deployment of V. natriegens, biomass productivity and paramylon content were increased by more than 20% and 35%, respectively, compared to those in axenic E. gracilis cultures. Interestingly, indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesized by V. natriegens was responsible for these enhancements of E. gracilis The morphology of cocultured E. gracilis cells was assessed. Paramylon granules extracted from the cocultivation were significantly larger than those from axenic culture. Our study showed that screening for appropriate bacteria and subsequent cocultivation with E. gracilis represented an effective way to enhance biomass and metabolite production.IMPORTANCEEuglena gracilis has attracted special interest due to its ability to excessively accumulate paramylon. Paramylon is a linear β-1,3-glucan polysaccharide that is the principal polymer for energy storage in E. gracilis The polysaccharide features high bioactive functionality in the immune system. This study explored a new method to enhance the production of paramylon by E. gracilis, through cocultivation with the indole-3-acetic acid-producing bacterium Vibrio natriegens The enhanced production was achieved indirectly with the phytohormone-producing bacteria, instead of direct application of the hormone. The knowledge obtained in this study furthers the understanding of the effects of V. natriegens on the growth and physiology of E. gracilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Joo Oh
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Seo Jeon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyu-Hyeok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon-E Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Sun S, Hu C, Gao S, Zhao Y, Xu J. Influence of three microalgal-based cultivation technologies on different domestic wastewater and biogas purification in photobioreactor. Water Environ Res 2019; 91:679-688. [PMID: 30844098 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of different microalgae and culture methods on the purification of domestic wastewater and biogas, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus were selected. Three different culture methods (monoculture, microalgal-fungi cocultivation, and microalgal-activated sludge cocultivation) were used to remove nutrients from four different domestic wastewaters and remove CO2 from raw biogas in a photobioreactor. The results show that the effluent from the centrate of pretreated urban wastewater (WW4) achieved the highest nutrient and CO2 removal efficiency. Cocultivation of C. vulgaris and activated sludge achieved the highest COD, TP, and CO2 removal efficiencies of 79.27%, 81.25%, and 60.39% with WW4, respectively. Cocultivation of C. vulgaris and fungi achieved the highest TN removal efficiency of 78.46% with WW4. The contents of C, N, and P in the microalgal-activated sludge symbiont after treatment exceeded 50%, 8%, and 0.8%, respectively. Highly economically efficient energy consumption was achieved with WW4 for both C. vulgaris and S. obliquus. Microalgal-activated sludge cocultivation was identified as the optimal option for the simultaneous purification of wastewater and biogas based on its high pollution and CO2 removal efficiency. This provides a reference for the microalgal-based purification of actual domestic wastewater and raw biogas. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Nutrient and CO2 were efficiently removed by C. vulgaris with activated sludge. CO2 was removed up to 60.4% and was economically viable. Cocultivation of C. vulgaris and fungi could achieve the highest TN removal with WW4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Sun
- College of Biological Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Changwei Hu
- College of Biological Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Shumei Gao
- College of Biological Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- College of Biological Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Biological Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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14
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Maehara L, Pereira SC, Silva AJ, Farinas CS. One-pot strategy for on-site enzyme production, biomass hydrolysis, and ethanol production using the whole solid-state fermentation medium of mixed filamentous fungi. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:671-680. [PMID: 29388389 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The efficient use of renewable lignocellulosic feedstocks to obtain biofuels and other bioproducts is a key requirement for a sustainable biobased economy. This requires novel and effective strategies to reduce the cost contribution of the cellulolytic enzymatic cocktails needed to convert the carbohydrates into simple sugars, in order to make large-scale commercial processes economically competitive. Here, we propose the use of the whole solid-state fermentation (SSF) medium of mixed filamentous fungi as an integrated one-pot strategy for on-site enzyme production, biomass hydrolysis, and ethanol production. Ten different individual and mixed cultivations of commonly used industrial filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma reesei) were performed under SSF and the whole media (without the extraction step) were used in the hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. The cocultivation of T. reesei with A. oryzae increased the amount of glucose released by around 50%, compared with individual cultivations. The release of glucose and reducing sugars achieved using the whole SSF medium was around 3-fold higher than obtained with the enzyme extract. The addition of soybean protein (0.5% w/w) during the hydrolysis reaction further significantly improved the saccharification performance by blocking the lignin and avoiding unproductive adsorption of enzymes. The results of the alcoholic fermentation validated the overall integrated process, with a volumetric ethanol productivity of 4.77 g/L.h, representing 83.5% of the theoretical yield. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed one-pot integrated strategy using the whole SSF medium of mixed filamentous fungi for on-site enzymes production, biomass hydrolysis, and ethanol production. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:671-680, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Maehara
- Embrapa Instrumentation, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13561-260, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Sandra C Pereira
- Embrapa Instrumentation, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13561-260, Brazil
| | - Adilson J Silva
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.,Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Cristiane S Farinas
- Embrapa Instrumentation, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13561-260, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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15
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Kim E, Song MC, Kim MS, Beom JY, Jung JA, Cho HS, Yoon YJ. One-Pot Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Glycosylated Anthracyclines by Cocultivation of Streptomyces Strains Producing Aglycones and Nucleotide Deoxysugars. ACS Comb Sci 2017; 19:262-270. [PMID: 28191923 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin, are effective anticancer drugs composed of a tetracyclic polyketide aglycone and one or more deoxysugar moieties, which play a critical role in their biological activity. A facile one-pot combinatorial biosynthetic system was developed for the generation of a range of glycosylated derivatives of anthracyclines. Cocultivation of Streptomyces venezuelae mutants producing two anthracycline aglycones with eight different nucleotide deoxysugar-producing S. venezuelae mutants that coexpress a substrate-flexible glycosyltransferase led to the generation of 16 aklavinone or ε-rhodomycinone glycosides containing diverse deoxysugar moieties, seven of which are new. This demonstrates the potential of the one-pot combinatorial biosynthetic system based on cocultivation as a facile biological tool capable of combining diverse aglycones and deoxysugars to generate structurally diverse polyketides carrying engineered sugars for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Kim
- Department of Chemistry and
Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Chong Song
- Department of Chemistry and
Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoun Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry and
Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Beom
- Department of Chemistry and
Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin A Jung
- Department of Chemistry and
Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Soo Cho
- Department of Chemistry and
Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and
Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Shimizu H, Benno Y. Membrane filter method to study the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum on fecal microbiota. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:643-52. [PMID: 26486646 PMCID: PMC5063119 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A large number of commensal bacteria inhabit the intestinal tract, and interbacterial communication among gut microbiota is thought to occur. In order to analyze symbiotic relationships between probiotic strains and the gut microbiota, a ring with a membrane filter fitted to the bottom was used for in vitro investigations. Test strains comprising probiotic nitto strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus NT and Bifidobacterium longum NT) and type strains (L. acidophilus JCM1132T and B. longum JCM1217T) were obtained from diluted fecal samples using the membrane filter to simulate interbacterial communication. Bifidobacterium spp., Streptococcus pasteurianus, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Clostridium spp. were the most abundant gut bacteria detected before coculture with the test strains. Results of the coculture experiments indicated that the test strains significantly promote the growth of Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus torques, and Veillonella spp. and inhibit the growth of Sutterella wadsworthensis. Differences in the relative abundances of gut bacterial strains were furthermore observed after coculture of the fecal samples with each test strain. Bifidobacterium spp., which was detected as the dominant strain in the fecal samples, was found to be unaffected by coculture with the test strains. In the present study, interbacterial communication using bacterial metabolites between the test strains and the gut microbiota was demonstrated by the coculture technique. The detailed mechanisms and effects of the complex interbacterial communications that occur among the gut microbiota are, however, still unclear. Further investigation of these relationships by coculture of several fecal samples with probiotic strains is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Shimizu
- Nitto Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, 35-3, Minamibiraki, Kamiueno-cho, Muko-city, Kyoto 617-0006.,Benno Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Benno
- Benno Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Tanaka Y, Benno Y. Application of a single-colony coculture technique to the isolation of hitherto unculturable gut bacteria. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:63-70. [PMID: 25510436 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular studies have led to postulation of a relationship between gut microbiota and certain diseases. However, because studies of hitherto uncultured species in vivo are essential for characterizing the biology and pathogenic properties of gut bacteria, techniques for culturing and isolating such bacteria must be developed. Here, a technique is described that partially overcomes the obstacles that prevent detection of interbacterial communication in vitro and are thus responsible for the failure to culture certain bacterial species. For this purpose, a ring with a membrane filter at the bottom was designed and a relatively simple nutrient medium was used instead of conventional media. Gut bacteria were cocultivated in soft agar separated by the membrane filter to simulate interbacterial communication in vitro. Use of this soft agar coculture technique led to the successful isolation of hitherto uncultured bacteria and the demonstration of multistage interbacterial communication among gut bacteria in vitro. Cultivation and isolation of single colonies of bacteria that require other bacteria for growth will enhance efforts to better understand the physiological and pathogenic roles of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tanaka
- Biofermin Kobe Research Institute, Biofermin Pharmaceutical, 7-3-4 Higashi-machi, Ibukidai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2242; Benno Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Godehardt AW, Rodrigues Costa M, Tönjes RR. Review on porcine endogenous retrovirus detection assays--impact on quality and safety of xenotransplants. Xenotransplantation 2015; 22:95-101. [PMID: 25641488 PMCID: PMC4413356 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of porcine organs, tissues, and cells inherits a risk for xenozoonotic infections. Viable tissues and cells intended for transplantation have to be considered as potentially contaminated non-sterile products. The demands on microbial testing, based on the regulatory requirements, are often challenging due to a restricted shelf life or the complexity of the product itself. In Europe, the regulatory framework for xenogeneic cell therapy is based on the advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP) regulation (2007), the EMA CHMP Guideline on xenogeneic cell-based medicinal products (2009), as well as the WHO and Council of Europe recommendations. In the USA, FDA guidance for industry (2003) regulates the use of xenotransplants. To comply with the regulations, validated test methods need to be established that reveal the microbial status of a transplant within its given shelf life, complemented by strictly defined action alert limits and supported by breeding in specific pathogen-free (SPF) facilities. In this review, we focus on assays for the detection of the porcine endogenous retroviruses PERV-A/-B/-C, which exhibit highly polymorphic proviral loci in pig genomes. PERVs are transmitted vertically and cannot be completely eliminated by breeding or gene knock out technology. PERVs entail a public health concern that will persist even if no evidence of PERV infection of xenotransplant recipients in vivo has been revealed yet. Nevertheless, infectious risks must be minimized by full assessment of pigs as donors by combining different molecular screening assays for sensitive and specific detection as well as a functional analysis of the infectivity of PERV including an adequate monitoring of recipients.
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Costa MR, Fischer N, Gulich B, Tönjes RR. Comparison of porcine endogenous retroviruses infectious potential in supernatants of producer cells and in cocultures. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:162-73. [PMID: 24447212 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) pose a zoonotic risk potential in pig-to-human xenotransplantation given that PERV capacity to infect different human cell lines in vitro has been clearly shown in the past. However, PERV infectious potential for human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (huPBMC) has been also demonstrated, albeit with controversial results. As productive PERV infection of huPBMC involves immune suppression that may attract opportunistic pathogens as shown for other retroviruses, it is crucial to ascertain unequivocally huPBMC susceptibility for PERV. To address this question, we first investigated in vitro infectivity of PERV for huPBMC using supernatants containing highly infectious PERV-A/C. Second, huPBMC were cocultivated with PERV-A/C producer cells to come a step closer to the in vivo situation of xenotransplantation. In addition, cocultivation of huPBMC with porcine PBMC (poPBMC) isolated from German landrace pigs was performed to distinguish PERV replication competence when they were constitutively produced by immortalized cells or by primary poPBMC. METHODS Supernatants containing recombinant highly infectious PERV-A/C were used to infect PHA-activated huPBMC in the presence or absence of polybrene. Next, PERV-producing cell lines such as human 293/5° and primary mitogenically activated poPBMC of three German landrace pigs were cocultivated with huPBMC as well as with susceptible human and porcine cell lines as controls. PERV infection was monitored by using three test approaches. The presence of provirus DNA in putatively infected cells was detected via sensitive nested PCR. Viral expression was determined by screening for the activity of gammaretroviral reverse transcriptase (RT) in cell-free supernatants of infected cells. Virus release was monitored by counting the number of packaged RNA particles in supernatants via PERV-specific quantitative one-step real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. RESULTS Porcine endogenous retroviruses-A/C in supernatants of human producer 293/5° cells was not able to infect huPBMC. Neither RT activity nor PERV copies were detected. Even provirus could not be detected displaying the inability of PERV-A/C to induce a productive infection in huPBMC. In cocultivation experiments only non-productive infection of huPBMC with PERV derived from 293/5° cell line and from PHA-activated poPBMC was observed by detection of provirus DNA in infected cells. CONCLUSION Recombinant PERV-A/C in supernatants of producer cells failed to infect huPBMC, whereas coculture experiments with producer cell lines lead to non-productive infection of huPBMC. PERV in supernatants seem to have not sufficient infectious potential for huPBMC. However, extensive PERV exposure to huPBMC via cocultivation enabled at least virus cell entry as provirus was detected by nested PCR. Furthermore, results presented support previous data showing German landrace pigs as low producers with negligible infectious potential due to the absence of replication-competent PERV in the genome. The low PERV expression profile and the lack of significant replication competence of German landrace pigs raise hope for considering these animals as putative donor animals in future pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Nonetheless, data imply that PERV still represent a virological risk in the course of xenotransplantation, as the presence of PERV provirus in host cells may lead to a provirus integration resulting in insertional mutagenesis and chromosomal rearrangements.
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