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Wang B, Hu H, Yuan M, Yang J, Liu J, Gao L, Zhang J, Tang J, Lan X. Short-Wave Infrared Detection and Imaging Employing Size-Customized HgTe Nanocrystals. Small Methods 2024:e2301557. [PMID: 38381091 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
HgTe nanocrystals (NCs) possess advantages including tunable infrared absorption spectra, solution processability, and low fabrication costs, offering new avenues for the advancement of next-generation infrared detectors. In spite of great synthetic advances, it remains essential to achieve customized synthesis of HgTe NCs in terms of industrial applications. Herein, by taking advantage of a high critical nucleation concentration of HgTe NCs, a continuous-dropwise (CD) synthetic approach that features the addition of the anion precursors in a feasible drop-by-drop fashion is demonstrated. The slow reaction dynamics enable size-customized synthesis of HgTe NCs with sharp band tails and wide absorption range fully covering the short- and mid-infrared regions. More importantly, the intrinsic advantages of CD process ensure high-uniformity and scale-up synthesis from batch to batch without compromising the excitonic features. The resultant HgTe nanocrystal photodetectors show a high room-temperature detectivity of 8.1 × 1011 Jones at 1.7 µm cutoff absorption edge. This CD approach verifies a robust method for controlled synthesis of HgTe NCs and might have important implications for scale-up synthesis of other nanocrystal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information (OEI), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Huicheng Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Mohan Yuan
- School of Optical and Electronic Information (OEI), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ji Yang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Liang Gao
- School of Optical and Electronic Information (OEI), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jianbing Zhang
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
- School of Integrated Circuit, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Tang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information (OEI), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Xinzheng Lan
- School of Optical and Electronic Information (OEI), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
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2
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Li Z, Li C, Sun W, Bai Y, Li Z, Deng Y. A Controlled Biodegradable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on PEGDA/Laponite Hydrogels. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:12787-12796. [PMID: 36857756 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Implantable and wearable transient electronics based on nanogenerators have been applied in self-powered sensing, electrical-stimulation therapy, and other fields. However, the existing devices have a poor ability to match with the shapes of human tissues, and the degradation processes cannot meet individual needs. In this work, a PEGDA/Lap nanocomposite hydrogel was prepared that was based on biocompatible polyglycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and laponite, and a biodegradable single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (BS-TENG) was built. The PEGDA/Lap hydrogel has enhanced flexibility and mechanical and electrical performance. Its strain was 1001.8%, and the resistance was 10.8. The composite hydrogel had a good biocompatibility and could effectively promote the adhesion of cells. The BS-TENG could be used as a self-powered device to light an LED and serve as an active sensor for real-time monitoring of breath and various human movements. More importantly, the device could be degraded controllably without any harm. Therefore, BS-TENGs will be mainstream in diagnosis and treatment and play an important role in biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- School of Medical Technology, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cong Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Bai
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Wang Z, Mu X, Tan L, Zhong Y, Cheang UK. A rolled-up-based fabrication method of 3D helical microrobots. Front Robot AI 2022; 9:1063987. [PMID: 36523446 PMCID: PMC9744796 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2022.1063987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
While the potential of using helical microrobots for biomedical applications, such as cargo transport, drug delivery, and micromanipulation, had been demonstrated, the viability to use them for practical applications is hindered by the cost, speed, and repeatability of current fabrication techniques. Hence, this paper introduces a simple, low-cost, high-throughput manufacturing process for single nickel layer helical microrobots with consistent dimensions. Photolithography and electron-beam (e-beam) evaporation were used to fabricate 2D parallelogram patterns that were sequentially rolled up into helical microstructures through the swelling effect of a photoresist sacrificial layer. Helical parameters were controlled by adjusting the geometric parameters of parallelogram patterns. To validate the fabrication process and characterize the microrobots' mobility, we characterized the structures and surface morphology of the microrobots using a scanning electron microscope and tested their steerability using feedback control, respectively. Finally, we conducted a benchmark comparison to demonstrate that the fabrication method can produce helical microrobots with swimming properties comparable to previously reported microrobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Xueliang Mu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Liyuan Tan
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yukun Zhong
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - U. Kei Cheang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Cheng J, You L, Cai X, Yang J, Chen H, Shi X, Wu J, Wang J, Xiong C, Wang S. Fermentation-Inspired Gelatin Hydrogels with a Controllable Supermacroporous Structure and High Ductility for Wearable Flexible Sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:26338-26349. [PMID: 35590475 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Supermacroporous hydrogels have attracted wide concern due to their comfort and breathability in wearable health-monitoring applications. Size controllable supermacroporous structure and excellent mechanical properties are the most important for its application. However, they are normally fabricated by the cryogelation method, which is difficult to control pore size and maintain flexibility. Here, yeast fermentation-inspired gelatin hydrogels with a controllable supermacroporous structure and excellent mechanical properties were fabricated for the first time. The pore size can be controlled by adjusting the content of glucose and yeast, the ratio of glucose to yeast, fermentation time, and gelatin content during fermentation. The hydrogels demonstrated a controllable pore size range from 100 to 400 μm and rapid swelling characteristics. The mechanical properties were maintained by soaking ammonium sulfate solution for 12 h, showing maximum tensile and compressive strains over 300 and 99%, respectively. This novel approach can be easily applied to the preparation of supermacroporous and high ductility hydrogels under mild conditions. Furthermore, conductive hydrogels combined supermacroporous structures with conductive polyaniline and reduced oxidized graphene, and silver nanowires were prepared as wearable flexible sensors. The obtained sensors maintain well-distributed porosity, breathability, and mechanical flexibility, also showing excellent conductivity of 2.4 S m-1. Finally, the sensors were successfully applied to detect physiological signals and human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lijun You
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xixi Cai
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jinhao Yang
- School of Mechanical Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xinming Shi
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jiajie Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Caihua Xiong
- School of Mechanical Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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5
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Qi S, Da H. Controllable photonic spin hall effect of bilayer graphene. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:315201. [PMID: 35487185 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6bb1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer graphene, composed of two layers of monolayer graphene in AB stacking order, has emerged as an alternative platform for atomically thin plasmonic and optoelectronic devices. However, its behavior of photonic spin hall effect remains largely unexplored. In this work, we have theoretically observed that bilayer graphene has two obvious discontinuities but monolayer graphene only has a single step in the spectra of the spin shifts as a function of wavelength at the Brewster angle over the midinfrared frequency range, which enables a possible route of distinguishing monolayer graphene and bilayer graphene. Additionally, the magnitudes and positions of the peak and valley values in the spectrum of spin shifts of bilayer graphene can be tuned by its Fermi energy. We also achieved the enhanced out-of-pane spin shift of the glass-AB stacking bilayer graphene-air structure at both the Brewster angle (33.55°) and the critical angle (41.31°) with the aid of the high order of Laguerre-Gaussian beam. The realization of large and controlled spin shift in bilayer graphene indicates its promising applications in precision measurements and refractive index sensors at the midinfrared frequency region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Qi
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Da
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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6
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Xu H, Weetman C, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Isolation of Cyclic Aluminium Polysulfides by Stepwise Sulfurization. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104042. [PMID: 34850996 PMCID: PMC9305517 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite the notable progress in aluminium chalcogenides, their sulfur congeners have rarely been isolated under mild conditions owing to limited synthetic precursors and methods. Herein, facile isolation of diverse molecular aluminium sulfides is achievable, by the reaction of N‐heterocyclic carbene‐stabilized terphenyl dihydridoaluminium (1) with various thiation reagents. Different to the known dihydridoaluminium 1Tipp, 1 features balanced stability and reactivity at the Al center. It is this balance that enables the first monomeric aluminium hydride hydrogensulfide 2, the six‐membered cyclic aluminium polysulfide 4 and the five‐membered cyclic aluminium polysulfide 6 to be isolated, by reaction with various equivalents of elemental sulfur. Moreover, a rare aluminium heterocyclic sulfide with Al−S−P five‐membered ring (7) was obtained in a controlled manner. All new compounds were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Their structures were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Catherine Weetman
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral St, G1 1XL, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
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7
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Pan XT, Liu YY, Qian SQ, Yang JM, Li Y, Gao J, Liu CG, Wang K, Xia XH. Free-Standing Single Ag Nanowires for Multifunctional Optical Probes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:19023-19030. [PMID: 33856193 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized and manipulable optical probes are the foundation for developing in situ characterization devices in confined space. We developed two methods for fabricating free-standing single Ag nanowires (AgNWs) directly at the tip of a glass capillary either by chemical or electrochemical reduction. The electrochemical nature of both methods resulted in a rapid growth rate of AgNWs up to 1.38 μm/s and a controllable length from 5 to 450 μm. The AgNWs with a unique anisotropic structure allow localized surface plasmon resonance and surface plasmon waveguides in the radial direction and axial direction, respectively. We verified the possibility of using single AgNWs as an optical dispersion device and waveguide probe. By controlling the experimental conditions, rough-surface AgNWs with high surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity were also fabricated. These SERS-active probes also exhibited advantages in acquiring molecular information from a single living cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu-Yang Liu
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of the Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Si-Qi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun-Gen Liu
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of the Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Shao X, Zhang T, Li B, Wu Y, Li S, Wang J, Jiang S. Controllable chiral behavior of type-II core/shell quantum dots adjusted by shell thickness and coordinated ligands. Chirality 2021; 33:167-175. [PMID: 33469961 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chiral semiconductor nanomaterials induced by capped chiral ligands are of great interest for both theoretical studies and advanced applications. In this study, CdTe/CdSe quantum dots (QDs), defined as type-II core/shell nanostructure, with the advantage of a good separation of holes and electrons are imparted chirality with L/D-cysteine and L/D-penicillamine molecules. Circular dichroism (CD) at exciton transitions from cysteine- and penicillamine-capped QDs is different in shape and intensity. CD intensities decrease with increasing shell thickness from three monolayers to six monolayers, indicating a decreased hybridization degree between the holes in CdTe core and the electrons in chiral ligands. Elevated cysteine concentration leads to decreased g-factor, probably due to an altered binding mode from tridentate to bidentate. Our observations provide further insights into the understanding of chiral phenomenon as well as optimized design and applications of chiral nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Siyi Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingchao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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9
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Tao XS, Sun YG, Liu Y, Chang BB, Liu CT, Xu YS, Yang XC, Cao AM. Facile Synthesis of Hollow Carbon Nanospheres and Their Potential as Stable Anode Materials in Potassium-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:13182-13188. [PMID: 32097562 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNs) have found broad applications in a large variety of application fields. Unfortunately, HCNs are known for their tedious operations and are incompetent for scalable synthesis for those widely adopted nanocasting-based routes. Here, we report a facile and highly efficient method for the creation of hollow carbon structures by tuning the growth kinetics of its polymeric precursor. We identified that a controlled polymerization of Cu2+-poly(m-phenylenediamine) (Cu-PmPD) could form nanospheres with modulated inner chemical inhomogeneity, where the core of the particles was low in polymerization degree and water soluble, whereas the outer part was water insoluble. Therefore, a simple water washing of the prepared polymeric particles directly formed hollow nanospheres with a good control on the structural features including their cavity size and shell thickness. HCNs were formed through a following heat treatment and were able to exhibit promising potential as a stable anode material when tested in potassium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sen Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Gang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Bao Chang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chun-Tai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yan-Song Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chen Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Min Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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10
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Chen C, Liu M, Zhang L, Hou Y, Yu M, Fu S. Mimicking from Rose Petal to Lotus Leaf: Biomimetic Multiscale Hierarchical Particles with Tunable Water Adhesion. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:7431-7440. [PMID: 30699291 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water-droplet adhesions of the coatings constructed by all-polymer multiscale hierarchical particles (MHPs) were finely adjusted within the range from highly adhesive to self-cleanable. The MHPs were synthesized via thermal-induced polymerization of the reactants absorbed into self-made hollow reactors and in situ capping of nanocomplexes onto the reactors' shell simultaneously. The dynamic wettability of the prepared MHPs was tuned between water-droplet sliding and water-droplet adhering by simply controlling the type of capped nanocomplexes. Water-adhesive force changed in the range from 31.28 to 89.34 μN. In addition, the raspberry-like particles (MHPs without nanocomplex capping) were used to construct superhydrophobic rose-petal-like surface with a high water-adhesive force, which can be applied in microdroplet transportation without loss. The MHPs with appropriate nanocomplex capping were used to fabricate superhydrophobic lotus-leaf-like fabric, exhibiting excellent antifouling property and superior mechanical stability. We believe that the prepared superhydrophobic MHPs with diverse water-adhesive forces are promising in potential academic research and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center For Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile , Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center For Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile , Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center For Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile , Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center For Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile , Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Mengnan Yu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center For Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile , Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Shaohai Fu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center For Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile , Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
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11
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Guan J, Liu X, Yao S, Jiang Z. Design and Implementation of a Central- Controllable and Secure Multicast System Based on Universal Identifier Network. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E2135. [PMID: 29970824 DOI: 10.3390/s18072135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid increase of network users and services, the breadth and depth of Internet have greatly changed. The mismatch between current network requirements and original network architecture design has spurred the evolution or revolution of Internet to remedy this gap. Lots of research projects on future network architecture have been launched, in which Universal Identifier Network (UIN) architecture that is based on the identifier/location separation, access/core separation and control/forwarding separation can provide better mobility, security and reliability. On the other hand, the demand of group communication has increased due to the fine-grained network services and successive booming of new applications such as IoT (Internet of Things). Most of current multicast schemes are based on the open group model with open group membership (multicast only care the multicast group state, not the group member) and open access to send/receive multicast data, which are beneficial to multicast routing for its simplification. However, the open group membership makes the group member management difficult to be realized, and open access may result in lots of security vulnerabilities such as Denial of service (DoS), eavesdropping and masquerading, which make deployment more difficult. Therefore, in this paper we propose a Central-Controllable and Secure Multicast (CCSM) system based on the UIN architecture, and redesign the multicast service procedures including registration, join/leave, multicast routing construction and update with objective to achieve better mobility support, security, scalability and controllable. More specifically, we design a new group management scheme to perform the multicast members join/leave with authentication and a central-controllable multicast routing scheme to provide a secure way to set up multicast entries on routers. The CCSM inherits the characteristics of UIN in terms of mobility and security, and it can provide the centralized multicast routing computation and distributes the multicast routing into forwarders. We compare CCSM with Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM), and the results show that CCSM reduces the multicast join delay, and performs better than PIM-SM in term of reconstruction cost under low multicast density.
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Cao M, Li Z, Ma H, Geng H, Yu C, Jiang L. Is Superhydrophobicity Equal to Underwater Superaerophilicity: Regulating the Gas Behavior on Superaerophilic Surface via Hydrophilic Defects. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:20995-21000. [PMID: 29845857 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces have long been considered as superaerophilic surfaces while being placed in the aqueous environment. However, versatile gas/solid interacting phenomena were reported by utilizing different superhydrophobic substrates, indicating that these two wetting states cannot be simply equated. Herein, we demonstrate how the hydrophilic defects on the superhydrophobic track manipulate the underwater gas delivery, without deteriorating the water repellency of the surface in air. The versatile gas-transporting processes can be achieved on the defected superhydrophobic surfaces; on the contrary, in air, a water droplet is able to roll on those surfaces indistinguishably. Results show that the different media pressures applied on the two wetting states determine the diversified fluid-delivering phenomena; that is, the pressure-induced hydrophilic defects act as a gas barrier to regulate the bubble motion behavior under water. Through the rational incorporation of hydrophilic defects, a series of gas-transporting behaviors are achieved purposively, for example, gas film delivery, bubble transporting, and anisotropic bubble gating, which proves the feasibility of this underwater air-controlling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyuan Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Hui Geng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Cunming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , China
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Li N, Wang H, Qu X, Chen Y. Synthesis of Poly(norbornene-methylamine), a Biomimetic of Chitosan, by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP). Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E223. [PMID: 28708109 PMCID: PMC5532665 DOI: 10.3390/md15070223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ROMP is an effective method for preparing functional polymers due to its having characteristics of "living" polymerization and rapid development of catalysts. In the present work, poly(norbornene-methylamine), a mimic of chitosan, was synthesized via ROMP reaction. The amino-protected product, 5-norbornene-2-(N-methyl)-phthalimide, was prepared by a reaction of 5-norbornene-2-methylamine with phthalic anhydride, which was then subjected to the ROMP reaction in the presence of Hoveyda-Grubbs 2nd catalyst to afford poly(norbornene-(N-methyl)-phthalimide). The target product, poly(norbornene-methylamine), was obtained by deprotection reaction of poly(norbornene-(N-methyl)-phthalimide). The products in each step were characterized by FTIR and ¹H-NMR, and their thermal stabilities were determined by TG analysis. The effects of molar ratio between monomer ([M]/[I]) and catalyst on the average relative molecular weight ( M n ¯ ) and molecular weight distribution of the produced polymer products were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). It was found that the M n ¯ of poly(norbornene-(N-methyl)-phthalimide) was controllable and exhibited a narrow polydispersity index (PDI) (~1.10). The synthesis condition of 5-norbornene-2-(N-methyl)-phthalimide was optimized by determining the yields at different reaction temperatures and reaction times. The highest yield was obtained at a reaction temperature of 130 °C and a reaction time of 20 min. Our work provides a new strategy to synthesize polymers with controllable structures and free -NH₂ groups via ROMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaosai Qu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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Hong SC, Lee G, Ha K, Yoon J, Ahn N, Cho W, Park M, Choi M. Precise Morphology Control and Continuous Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Droplet- Controllable Electrospray Coating System. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:7879-7884. [PMID: 28217996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed a novel electrospray coating system for continuous fabrication of perovskite solar cells with high performance. Our system can systemically control the size of CH3NH3PbI3 precursor droplets by modulating the applied electrical potential, shown to be a crucial factor for the formation of perovskite films. As a result, we have obtained pinhole-free and large grain-sized perovskite solar cells, yielding the best PCE of 13.27% with little photocurrent hysteresis. Furthermore, the average PCE through the continuous coating process was 11.56 ± 0.52%. Our system demonstrates not only the high reproducibility but also a new way to commercialize high-quality perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Chan Hong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunhee Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungyeon Ha
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungjin Yoon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Namyoung Ahn
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyung Cho
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Park
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansoo Choi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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Liu C, Wang J, Li J, Zeng M, Luo R, Shen J, Sun X, Han W, Wang L. Synthesis of N-Doped Hollow-Structured Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres for High-Performance Supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:7194-204. [PMID: 26942712 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated a facile and controllable synthesis of monodispersed N-doped hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres (N-HMCSs) and yolk-shell hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres (N-YSHMCSs) by a modified "silica-assisted" route. The synthesis process can be carried out by using resorcinol-formaldehyde resin as a carbon precursor, melamine as a nitrogen source, hexadecyl trimethylammonium chloride as a template, and silicate oligomers as structure-supporter. The morphological (i.e., particle size, shell thickness, cavity size, and core diameter) and textural features of the carbon nanospheres are easily controlled by varying the amount of ammonium. The resultant carbon nanospheres possess high surface areas (up to 2464 m(2) g(-1)), large pore volumes (up to 2.36 cm(3) g(-1)), and uniform mesopore size (∼2.4 nm for N-HMCSs, ∼ 4.5 nm for N-YSHMCSs). Through combining the hollow mesoporous structure, high porosity, large surface area, and N heteroatomic functionality, the as-synthesized N-doped hollow-structured carbon nanospheres manifest excellent supercapacitor performance with high capacitance (up to 240 F/g), favorable capacitance retention (97.0% capacitive retention after 5000 cycles), and high energy density (up to 11.1 Wh kg(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P.R. China
| | - Mengli Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P.R. China
| | - Rui Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P.R. China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P.R. China
| | - Weiqing Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P.R. China
| | - Lianjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P.R. China
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Sun Y, Chen M, Zhou S, Hu J, Wu L. Controllable Synthesis and Surface Wettability of Flower-Shaped Silver Nanocube-Organosilica Hybrid Colloidal Nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2015; 9:12513-12520. [PMID: 26564332 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of hybrid colloidal particles with complex and hierarchical structures is attracting much interest theoretically and technically in recent years, but still remains a tremendous challenge. Here, we present a mild and controllable wet-chemical method for the synthesis of silver nanocube (Ag NC)-organosilica hybrid particles with finely tuned numbers (with one, two, three, four, five, or six) and sizes of organosilica petals, by simply controlling the affinity with Ag NC/nature, amount, and prehydrolysis process of alkoxysilanes. The morphologies of hybrid colloidal particles have an obvious influence on the surface wettability of the hybrid particle-based films. More and larger organosilica petals can increase the surface hydrophobicity of the hybrid particle-based films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Sun
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, the Advanced Coatings Research Center of MEC, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, the Advanced Coatings Research Center of MEC, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuxue Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, the Advanced Coatings Research Center of MEC, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, the Advanced Coatings Research Center of MEC, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Fragrance & Flavor Industry , Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Limin Wu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, the Advanced Coatings Research Center of MEC, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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Appleyard CB, Cruz ML, Hernández S, Thompson KJ, Bayona M, Flores I. Stress management affects outcomes in the pathophysiology of an endometriosis model. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:431-41. [PMID: 25015902 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114542022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown detrimental effects of stress in an animal model of endometriosis. We now investigated whether the ability to control stress can affect disease parameters. Endometriosis was surgically induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats before exposing animals to a controllable (submerged platform) or uncontrollable (no platform) swim stress protocol. Corticosterone levels and fecal pellet numbers were measured as an indicator of stress. Uncontrollable stress increased the number and size of the endometriotic cysts. Rats receiving uncontrollable stress had higher anxiety than those exposed to controllable stress or no stress and higher corticosterone levels. Uncontrollable stressed rats had more colonic damage and uterine cell infiltration compared to no stress, while controllable stress rats showed less of an effect. Uncontrollable stress also increased both colonic and uterine motility. In summary, the level of stress controllability appears to modulate the behavior and pathophysiology of endometriosis and offers evidence for evaluating therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Appleyard
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Myrella L Cruz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Siomara Hernández
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Kenira J Thompson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Manuel Bayona
- Public Health Program, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Idhaliz Flores
- Department of Microbiology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, PR, USA
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