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Lee S, Yoo Y, Moon H, Lee IS, Chae Y. Enhanced Empathic Pain by Facial Feedback. Brain Sci 2023; 14:5. [PMID: 38275510 PMCID: PMC10813713 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The facial feedback hypothesis states that feedback from cutaneous and muscular afferents affects our emotion. Based on the facial feedback hypothesis, the purpose of this study was to determine whether enhancing negative emotion by activating a facial muscle (corrugator supercilii) increases the intensity of cognitive and emotional components of empathic pain. We also assessed whether the muscle contraction changed the pupil size, which would indicate a higher level of arousal. Forty-eight individuals completed 40 muscular contraction and relaxation trials while looking at images of five male and five female patients with neutral and painful facial expressions, respectively. Participants were asked to rate (1) how much pain the patient was in, and (2) how unpleasant their own feelings were. We also examined their facial muscle activities and changes in pupil size. No significant differences in pain or unpleasantness ratings were detected for the neutral face between the two conditions; however, the pain and unpleasantness ratings for the painful face were considerably higher in the contraction than relaxation condition. The pupils were considerably larger in the contraction than relaxation condition for both the painful and neutral faces. Our findings indicate that, by strengthening the corrugator supercilii, facial feedback can affect both the cognitive evaluative and affective sharing aspects of empathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyoung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (H.M.); (I.-S.L.)
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yeonjoo Yoo
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (H.M.); (I.-S.L.)
| | - Heeyoung Moon
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (H.M.); (I.-S.L.)
| | - In-Seon Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (H.M.); (I.-S.L.)
| | - Younbyoung Chae
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (H.M.); (I.-S.L.)
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Kosonogov V, Shelepenkov D, Rudenkiy N. EEG and peripheral markers of viewer ratings: a study of short films. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1148205. [PMID: 37378009 PMCID: PMC10291053 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1148205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cinema is an important part of modern culture, influencing millions of viewers. Research suggested many models for the prediction of film success, one of them being the use of neuroscientific tools. The aim of our study was to find physiological markers of viewer perception and correlate them to short film ratings given by our subjects. Short films are used as a test case for directors and screenwriters and can be created to raise funding for future projects; however, they have not been studied properly with physiological methods. Methods We recorded electroencephalography (18 sensors), facial electromyography (corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major), photoplethysmography, and skin conductance in 21 participants while watching and evaluating 8 short films (4 dramas and 4 comedies). Also, we used machine learning (CatBoost, SVR) to predict the exact rating of each film (from 1 to 10), based on all physiological indicators. In addition, we classified each film as low or high rated by our subjects (with Logistic Regression, KNN, decision tree, CatBoost, and SVC). Results The results showed that ratings did not differ between genres. Corrugator supercilii activity ("frowning" muscle) was larger when watching dramas; whereas zygomaticus major ("smiling" muscle) activity was larger during the watching of comedies. Of all somatic and vegetative markers, only zygomaticus major activity, PNN50, SD1/SD2 (heart rate variability parameters) positively correlated to the film ratings. The EEG engagement indices, beta/(alpha+theta) and beta/alpha correlated positively with the film ratings in the majority of sensors. Arousal (betaF3 + betaF4)/(alphaF3 + alphaF4), and valence (alphaF4/betaF4) - (alphaF3/betaF3) indices also correlated positively to film ratings. When we attempted to predict exact ratings, MAPE was 0.55. As for the binary classification, logistic regression yielded the best values (area under the ROC curve = 0.62) than other methods (0.51-0.60). Discussion Overall, we revealed EEG and peripheral markers, which reflect viewer ratings and can predict them to a certain extent. In general, high film ratings can reflect a fusion of high arousal and different valence, positive valence being more important. These findings broaden our knowledge about the physiological basis of viewer perception and can be potentially used at the stage of film production.
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Sato W, Kochiyama T. Crosstalk in Facial EMG and Its Reduction Using ICA. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2720. [PMID: 36904924 PMCID: PMC10007323 DOI: 10.3390/s23052720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is ample evidence that electromyography (EMG) signals from the corrugator supercilii and zygomatic major muscles can provide valuable information for the assessment of subjective emotional experiences. Although previous research suggested that facial EMG data could be affected by crosstalk from adjacent facial muscles, it remains unproven whether such crosstalk occurs and, if so, how it can be reduced. To investigate this, we instructed participants (n = 29) to perform the facial actions of frowning, smiling, chewing, and speaking, in isolation and combination. During these actions, we measured facial EMG signals from the corrugator supercilii, zygomatic major, masseter, and suprahyoid muscles. We performed an independent component analysis (ICA) of the EMG data and removed crosstalk components. Speaking and chewing induced EMG activity in the masseter and suprahyoid muscles, as well as the zygomatic major muscle. The ICA-reconstructed EMG signals reduced the effects of speaking and chewing on zygomatic major activity, compared with the original signals. These data suggest that: (1) mouth actions could induce crosstalk in zygomatic major EMG signals, and (2) ICA can reduce the effects of such crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sato
- Psychological Process Research Team, Guardian Robot Project, RIKEN, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takanori Kochiyama
- Brain Activity Imaging Center, ATR-Promotions, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
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Arend A, Schnepper R, Lutz APC, Eichin KN, Blechert J. Prone to food in bad mood-Emotion-potentiated food-cue reactivity in patients with binge-eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:564-569. [PMID: 35072964 PMCID: PMC9303400 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Theories on emotional eating are central to our understanding of etiology, maintenance, and treatment of binge eating. Yet, findings on eating changes under induced negative emotions in binge-eating disorder (BED) are equivocal. Thus, we studied whether food-cue reactivity is potentiated under negative emotions in BED, which would point toward a causal role of emotional eating in this disorder. METHODS Patients with BED (n = 24) and a control group without eating disorders (CG; n = 69) completed a food picture reactivity task after induction of negative versus neutral emotions. Food-cue reactivity (self-reported food pleasantness, desire to eat [DTE], and corrugator supercilii muscle response, electromyogram [EMG]) was measured for low- and high-caloric food pictures. RESULTS Patients with BED showed emotion-potentiated food-cue reactivity compared to controls: Pleasantness and DTE ratings and EMG response were increased in BED during negative emotions. This was independent of caloric content of the images. CONCLUSIONS Food-cue reactivity in BED was consistent with emotional eating theories and points to a heightened response to all foods regardless of calorie content. The discrepancy of appetitive ratings with the aversive corrugator response points to ambivalent food responses under negative emotions in individuals with BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann‐Kathrin Arend
- Division of Health Psychology, Department of PsychologyParis‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Rebekka Schnepper
- Division of Health Psychology, Department of PsychologyParis‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Annika Petra Christine Lutz
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Health and BehaviourUniversity of LuxembourgEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Katharina Naomi Eichin
- Division of Health Psychology, Department of PsychologyParis‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Division of Health Psychology, Department of PsychologyParis‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
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Schnepper R, Georgii C, Eichin K, Arend AK, Wilhelm FH, Vögele C, Lutz APC, van Dyck Z, Blechert J. Fight, Flight, - Or Grab a Bite! Trait Emotional and Restrained Eating Style Predicts Food Cue Responding Under Negative Emotions. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:91. [PMID: 32581738 PMCID: PMC7283754 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's society, obesity rates are rising as food intake is no longer only a response to physiological hunger signals that ensure survival. Eating can represent a reward, a response to boredom, or stress reduction and emotion regulation. While most people decrease food intake in response to stress or negative emotions, some do the opposite. Yet, it is unclear who shows emotional overeating under which circumstances. Emotion regulation theories describe emotional overeating as a learned strategy to down-regulate negative emotions. Cognitive theories, by contrast, attribute emotional overeating to perceived diet breaches in individuals who chronically attempt to diet. After consuming "forbidden foods", they eat more than individuals who do not restrict their food intake. This laboratory study investigated emotional overeating by exposing individuals to a personalized emotion induction while showing images of palatable foods. Outcome variables indexed cue reactivity to food images through picture ratings (valence, desire to eat), facial expressions (electromyography of the corrugator supercilii muscle), and brain reactivity by detecting event-related potentials (ERPs) by means of electroencephalography (EEG). The influence of emotion condition (negative, neutral) and individual differences (self-reported trait emotional and restrained eating) on outcome variables was assessed. Valence ratings and appetitive reactions of the corrugator muscle to food pictures showed a relative increase in the negative condition for individuals with higher emotional eating scores, with the opposite pattern in lower scores. Desire to eat ratings showed a similar pattern in individuals who showed a strong response to the emotion induction manipulation, indicative of a dose-response relationship. Although no differences between conditions were found for ratings or corrugator activity with restrained eating as a predictor, an ERP at P300 showed increased activation when viewing food compared to objects in the negative condition. Findings support emotion regulation theories: Emotional eaters showed an appetitive reaction in rating patterns and corrugator activity. EEG findings (increased P300) suggest a motivated attention toward food in restrained eaters, which supports cognitive theories. However, this did not translate to other variables, which might demonstrate successful restraint. Future studies may follow up on these findings by investigating eating disorders with emotion regulation difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Schnepper
- Department of Psychology, Division of Health Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Claudio Georgii
- Department of Psychology, Division of Health Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katharina Eichin
- Department of Psychology, Division of Health Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ann-Kathrin Arend
- Department of Psychology, Division of Health Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank H. Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Claus Vögele
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Annika P. C. Lutz
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Zoé van Dyck
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Division of Health Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Lee HJ, Lee KW, Tansatit T, Kim HJ. Three-Dimensional Territory and Depth of the Corrugator Supercilii: Application to Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection. Clin Anat 2019; 33:795-803. [PMID: 31637771 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the three-dimensional (3D) territory and depth of the corrugator supercilii muscle (CSM) using a 3D structured-light scanner. Thirty-two hemifaces from Korean and Thai embalmed cadavers were used in this study, and 35 healthy young Korean subjects also participated. A 3D analysis of the CSM territory and depth was performed using a structured-light 3D scanner. The most frequently observed locations of the CSM identified in the cadaver were confirmed in healthy young subjects using a real-time two-dimensional B-mode ultrasonography system. The CSM was present in all of the cadavers and healthy young subjects at the intersection point between the vertical line passing through the medial canthus and the horizontal line passing through the glabella (Point #6). The CSM was located on the medial side of the lateral limbus in most cases. The most-medial and most-lateral origin points were at depths of 5.7 ± 1.4 mm (mean ± SD) and 6.6 ± 1.4 mm, respectively; the corresponding depths of the insertion points were 5.4 ± 1.4 mm and 5.6 ± 2.1 mm, respectively. The origin and insertion points of the CSM were at similar depths. The injection depth should be around 4 mm for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections into the CSM. Point #6 could be regarded as an effective target point for managing the glabellar frown line and preventing palpebral ptosis when injecting BoNT into the CSM. Clin. Anat., 33:795-803, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jin Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kang-Woo Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tanvaa Tansatit
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, The Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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