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Mallesh R, Khan J, Pradhan K, Roy R, Jana NR, Jaisankar P, Ghosh S. Design and Development of Benzothiazole-Based Fluorescent Probes for Selective Detection of Aβ Aggregates in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2503-2516. [PMID: 35926183 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation and accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide are considered the crucial events that are responsible for the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we have designed and synthesized a series of fluorescent probes by using electron acceptor-donor end groups interacting with a π-conjugating system for the detection of Aβ aggregates. The chemical structure of these probes denoted as RMs, having a conjugated π-system (C═C), showed a maximum emission in PBS (>600 nm), which is the best range for a fluorescent imaging probe. Among all these probes, RM-28 showed an excellent fluorescence property with an emission maximum of >598 nm upon binding to Aβ aggregates. RM-28 also showed high sensitivity (7.5-fold) and high affinities toward Aβ aggregates (Kd = 175.69 ± 4.8 nM; Ka = 0.5 × 107 M-1). It can cross the blood-brain barrier of mice efficiently. The affinity of RM-28 toward Aβ aggregates was observed in 3xTg-AD brain sections of the hippocampus and cortex region using a fluorescent imaging technique, as well as an in vitro fluorescence-based binding assay with Aβ aggregates. Moreover, RM-28 is highly specific to Aβ aggregates and does not bind with intracellular proteins like bovine serum albumin (BSA) and α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates. The results indicate that the probe RM-28 emerges as an efficient and veritable highly specific fluorescent probe for the detection of Aβ aggregates in both in vitro and in vivo model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathnam Mallesh
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India.,Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India.,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Juhee Khan
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India.,Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Krishnangsu Pradhan
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Rajsekhar Roy
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Jana
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Parasuraman Jaisankar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India.,Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India.,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, India
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Zhang FL, Hou HM, Yin ZN, Chang L, Li FM, Chen YJ, Ke Y, Qian ZM. Impairment of Hepcidin Upregulation by Lipopolysaccharide in the Interleukin-6 Knockout Mouse Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:367. [PMID: 29163042 PMCID: PMC5681933 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To find out whether the Interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway is involved in the expression of hepcidin in the mouse brain in vivo, we investigated the phosphorylation of STAT3, as well as the expression of hepcidin mRNA, ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) and ferritin light chain (Ft-L) proteins in the cortex and hippocampus of LPS-treated wild type (IL-6+/+) and IL-6 knockout (IL-6-/-) mice. We demonstrated that IL-6 knockout could significantly reduce the response of hepcidin mRNA, phospho-STAT3, Fpn1 and Ft-L protein expression to LPS treatment, in both the cortex and hippocampus of mice. Also, Stattic, an inhibitor of STAT3, significantly reduced the expression of phospho-STAT3 and hepcidin mRNA in the cortex and hippocampus of the LPS-treated wild type mice. These findings provide in vivo evidence for the involvement of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in the expression of hepcidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Min Hou
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Yin
- The First Affiliate Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Chang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fe-Mi Li
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y-J Chen
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Perovic M, Tesic V, Mladenovic Djordjevic A, Smiljanic K, Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic N, Ruzdijic S, Kanazir S. BDNF transcripts, proBDNF and proNGF, in the cortex and hippocampus throughout the life span of the rat. Age (Dordr) 2013; 35:2057-2070. [PMID: 23255148 PMCID: PMC3824987 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are established molecular mediators of neuronal plasticity in the adult brain. We analyzed the impact of aging on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) protein isoforms, their receptors, and on the expression patterns of multiple 5' exon-specific BDNF transcripts in the rat cortex and hippocampus throughout the life span of the rat (6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age). ProNGF was increased during aging in both structures. Mature NGF gradually decreased in the cortex, and, in 24-month-old animals, it was 30% lower than that in adult 6-month-old rats. The BDNF expression did not change during aging, while proBDNF accumulated in the hippocampus of aged rats. Hippocampal total BDNF mRNA was lower in 12-month-old animals, mostly as a result of a decrease of BDNF transcripts 1 and 2. In contrast to the region-specific regulation of specific exon-containing BDNF mRNAs in adult animals, the same BDNF RNA isoforms (containing exons III, IV, or VI) were present in both brain structures of aged animals. Deficits in neurotrophin signaling were supported by the observed decrease in Trk receptor expression which was accompanied by lower levels of the two main downstream effector kinases, pAkt and protein kinase C. The proteolytic processing of p75NTR observed in 12-month-old rats points to an additional regulatory mechanism in early aging. The changes described herein could contribute to reduced brain plasticity underlying the age-dependent decline in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Perovic
- />Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Tesic
- />Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Kosara Smiljanic
- />Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Sabera Ruzdijic
- />Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Selma Kanazir
- />Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
- />Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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