Forensic efficiencies of individual identification, kinship testing and ancestral inference in three Yunnan groups based on a self-developed multiple DIP panel

Deletion/insertion polymorphism (DIP), as a short insertion/deletion sequence polymorphic genetic marker, has attracted the attention of forensic genetic scientist due to its lack of stutter, short amplicon and abundant ancestral information. In this study, based on a self-developed 43 autosomal deletion/insertion polymorphism (A-DIP) loci panel which could meet the forensic application purposes of individual identification, kinship testing and ancestral inference to some extent, we evaluated the forensic efficiencies of the above three forensic objectives in Chinese Yi, Hani and Miao groups of Yunnan province. The cumulative match probability (CPM) and combined probability of exclusion (CPE) of these three groups were 1.11433E-18, 8.24299E-19, 4.21721E-18; 0.999610217, 0.999629285 and 0.999582084, respectively. Average 96.65% full sibling pairs could be identified from unrelated individual pairs (as likelihood ratios > 1) using this DIP panel, whereas the average false positive rate was 3.69% in three target Yunnan groups. With the biogeographical ancestor prediction models constructed by extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms, 0.8239 (95% CI 0.7984, 0.8474) of the unrelated individuals could be correctly divided according to the continental origins based on the 43 A-DIPs which were large frequency distribution differentiations among different continental populations. The present results of principal component analysis (PCA), multidimensional scaling (MDS), neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic trees and STRUCTURE analyses indicated that these three Yunnan groups had relatively close genetic distances with East Asian populations.

Current Trends in Applications of Circulatory Microchimerism Detection in Transplantation

Primarily due to recent advances of detection techniques, microchimerism (the proportion of minor variant population is below 1%) has recently gained increasing attention in the field of transplantation. Availability of polymorphic markers, such as deletion insertion or single nucleotide polymorphisms along with a vast array of high sensitivity detection techniques, allow the accurate detection of small quantities of donor- or recipient-related materials. This diagnostic information can improve monitoring of allograft injuries in solid organ transplantations (SOT) as well as facilitate early detection of relapse in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). In the present review, genetic marker and detection platform options applicable for microchimerism detection are discussed. Furthermore, current results of relevant clinical studies in the context of microchimerism and SOT or allo-HSCT respectively are also summarized.