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Vaccaro L, Gomes TS, Izquierdo F, Magnet A, Llorens Berzosa S, Ollero D, Salso S, Alhambra A, Gómez C, López Cano M, Pelaz C, Bellido Samaniego B, Del Aguila C, Fenoy S, Hurtado-Marcos C. Legionella feeleii: Ubiquitous Pathogen in the Environment and Causative Agent of Pneumonia. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:707187. [PMID: 34413841 PMCID: PMC8369763 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
L. feeleii is one of the most frequent Legionella species isolated from natural pools of the central region of Spain. This study aimed to evaluate its ecology and to identify this Legionella species as a respiratory pathogen. A PCR assay for detecting the L. feeleii mip gene was developed to identify it in clinical and environmental samples. Culture and PCR were performed in environmental samples from four drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Free L. feeleii was only detected in raw water samples (3.4%), while L. feeleii as an Acanthamoeba endosymbiont was found in 30.7% of raw water, 11.5% of decanter biofilm, and 32% of finished water samples. Therefore, Acanthamoeba spp. plays an essential role in the multiplication, persistence, and spread of Legionella species in the environment. The first case of Legionnaires’ disease caused by L. feeleii in Spain is described in this study. The case was diagnosed in an older woman through PCR and sequencing from urine and sputum samples. A respiratory infection could be linked with health care procedures, and the patient presented several risk factors (age, insulin-dependent diabetes, and heart disease). The detection of non-L. pneumophila, such as L. feeleii, is a factor that must be considered when establishing or reviewing measures for the control and prevention of legionellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucianna Vaccaro
- Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thiago Santos Gomes
- Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain.,Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Fernando Izquierdo
- Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Magnet
- Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Llorens Berzosa
- Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Ollero
- Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Salso
- Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe y Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Alhambra
- Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe y Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gómez
- Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe y Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain
| | - María López Cano
- Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe y Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pelaz
- Unidad de Legionella, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Infecciones Bacterianas Transmitidas por Agua y Alimentos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bellido Samaniego
- Unidad de Legionella, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Infecciones Bacterianas Transmitidas por Agua y Alimentos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Del Aguila
- Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Fenoy
- Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Hurtado-Marcos
- Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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Sim W, Choi S, Choo G, Yang M, Park JH, Oh JE. Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Treatment Plants from Korea: Occurrence and Human Exposure. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:2645. [PMID: 33807996 PMCID: PMC7967649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were investigated in raw water and treated water samples obtained from 18 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The ∑13OPFR concentrations in the treated water samples (29.5-122 ng/L; median 47.5 ng/L) were lower than those in the raw water (37.7-231 ng/L; median 98.1 ng/L), which indicated the positive removal rates (0-80%) of ∑13OPFR in the DWTPs. The removal efficiencies of ∑27PFAS in the DWTPs ranged from -200% to 50%, with the ∑27PFAS concentrations in the raw water (4.15-154 ng/L; median 32.0 ng/L) being similar to or lower than those in the treated water (4.74-116 ng/L; median 42.2 ng/L). Among OPFR, tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were dominant in both raw water and treated water samples obtained from the DWTPs. The dominant PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)) in the raw water samples were slightly different from those in the treated water samples (PFOA, L-perfluorohexane sulfonate (L-PFHxS), and PFHxA). The 95-percentile daily intakes of ∑13OPFR and ∑27PFAS via drinking water consumption were estimated to be up to 4.9 ng/kg/d and 0.22 ng/kg/d, respectively. The hazard index values of OPFR and PFAS were lower than 1, suggesting the risks less than known hazardous levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjin Sim
- Education & Research Center for Infrastructure of Smart Ocean City (i-SOC Center), Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Sol Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.C.); (G.C.)
- National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, Busan 48943, Korea
| | - Mihee Yang
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.Y.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Ju-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.Y.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (S.C.); (G.C.)
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Hu J, Zhao Y, Yang W, Wang J, Liu H, Zheng P, Hu B. Surface ammonium loading rate shifts ammonia-oxidizing communities in surface water-fed rapid sand filters. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5899051. [PMID: 32860687 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrification is important in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) for ammonia removal and is widely considered as a stepwise process mediated by ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms. The recent discovery of complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) has challenged the long-held assumption that the division of metabolic labor in nitrification is obligate. However, little is known about the role of comammox Nitrospira in DWTPs. Here, we explored the relative importance of comammox Nitrospira, canonical ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in 12 surface water-fed rapid sand filters (RSFs). Quantitative PCR results showed that all the three ammonia-oxidizing guilds had the potential to dominate nitrification in DWTPs. Spearman's correlation and redundancy analysis revealed that the surface ammonium loading rate (SLR) was the key environmental factor influencing ammonia-oxidizing communities. Comammox Nitrospira were likely to dominate the nitrification under a higher SLR. PCR and phylogenetic analysis indicated that most comammox Nitrospira belonged to clade A, with clade B comammox Nitrospira almost absent. This work reveals obvious differences in ammonia-oxidizing communities between surface water-fed and groundwater-fed RSFs. The presence of comammox Nitrospira can support the stability of drinking water production systems under high SLR and warrants further investigation of their impact on drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiling Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baolan Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou, China
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Richard RL, Ithoi I, Abd Majid MA, Wan Sulaiman WY, Tan TC, Nissapatorn V, Lim YAL. Monitoring of Waterborne Parasites in Two Drinking Water Treatment Plants: A Study in Sarawak, Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:E641. [PMID: 27367710 PMCID: PMC4962182 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of waterborne parasites coupled with water parameters at various processing sites of two drinking water treatment plants (A and B) and seven distribution system (DS) sites in Sarawak, Malaysia were studied. Ten liters of water underwent immunomagnetic separation (IMS) technique to detect the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts. The remaining supernatant was used to detect other parasites whilst 50 mL of water sample was each used in the detection of free-living amoebae and fecal coliforms. Sampled water was positive for Giardia (32.9%; 28/85), Cryptosporidium (18.8%; 16/85) followed by Spirometra ova-like (25.9%; 22/85), Blastocystis-like (25.9%; 22/85), nematode larvae-like (8.2%; 7/85) and Taenia ova-like (1.2%; 1/85). Meanwhile, 90.2% (55/61) samples were positive for Acanthamoeba and Naegleria via cultivation and of these, 11 isolates were confirmed as Acanthamoeba genotype T3 (5/7) and T4 (2/7) followed by Naegleria sp. (4/11), Naegleria italica (2/11), Naegleria australiensis (1/11), Naegleria angularis (1/11) and Vahlkampfia sp. (3/11). Cryptosporidium, Acanthamoeba and Naegleria were also detected in one of the seven tested DS sites. Only Giardia and Cryptosporidium showed significant correlations with fluoride and fecal coliforms. These results describe the occurrence of waterborne parasites that will assist key stakeholders in mitigating contamination at the specific sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Leeba Richard
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Init Ithoi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamad Azlan Abd Majid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Yusoff Wan Sulaiman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Tian Chye Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Yvonne Ai Lian Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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Ibrahim WM, Salim EH, Azab YA, Ismail AHM. Monitoring and removal of cyanobacterial toxins from drinking water by algal-activated carbon. Toxicol Ind Health 2015; 32:1752-62. [PMID: 25964240 DOI: 10.1177/0748233715583203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most potent toxins that can be produced by cyanobacteria in drinking water supplies. This study investigated the abundance of toxin-producing algae in 11 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). A total of 26 different algal taxa were identified in treated water, from which 12% were blue green, 29% were green, and 59% were diatoms. MC levels maintained strong positive correlations with number of cyanophycean cells in raw and treated water of different DWTPs. Furthermore, the efficiency of various algal-based adsorbent columns used for the removal of these toxins was evaluated. The MCs was adsorbed in the following order: mixed algal-activated carbon (AAC) ≥ individual AAC > mixed algal powder > individual algal powder. The results showed that the AAC had the highest efficient columns capable of removing 100% dissolved MCs from drinking water samples, thereby offering an economically feasible technology for efficient removal and recovery of MCs in DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M Ibrahim
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | | | - Yahia A Azab
- Mansoura Drinking Water Treatment Plant, Mansoura, Egypt
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