1
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Erazo-Oliveras A, Muñoz-Vega M, Salinas ML, Wang X, Chapkin RS. Dysregulation of cellular membrane homeostasis as a crucial modulator of cancer risk. FEBS J 2024; 291:1299-1352. [PMID: 36282100 PMCID: PMC10126207 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membranes serve as an epicentre combining extracellular and cytosolic components with membranous effectors, which together support numerous fundamental cellular signalling pathways that mediate biological responses. To execute their functions, membrane proteins, lipids and carbohydrates arrange, in a highly coordinated manner, into well-defined assemblies displaying diverse biological and biophysical characteristics that modulate several signalling events. The loss of membrane homeostasis can trigger oncogenic signalling. More recently, it has been documented that select membrane active dietaries (MADs) can reshape biological membranes and subsequently decrease cancer risk. In this review, we emphasize the significance of membrane domain structure, organization and their signalling functionalities as well as how loss of membrane homeostasis can steer aberrant signalling. Moreover, we describe in detail the complexities associated with the examination of these membrane domains and their association with cancer. Finally, we summarize the current literature on MADs and their effects on cellular membranes, including various mechanisms of dietary chemoprevention/interception and the functional links between nutritional bioactives, membrane homeostasis and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Erazo-Oliveras
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Mónica Muñoz-Vega
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Michael L. Salinas
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Center for Environmental Health Research; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
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2
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Bonet-Ponce L, Cookson MR. LRRK2 recruitment, activity, and function in organelles. FEBS J 2022; 289:6871-6890. [PMID: 34196120 PMCID: PMC8744135 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein coding mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and noncoding variations around the gene increase the risk of developing sporadic PD. It is generally accepted that pathogenic LRRK2 mutations increase LRRK2 kinase activity, resulting in a toxic hyperactive protein that is inferred to lead to the PD phenotype. LRRK2 has long been linked to different membrane trafficking events, but the specific role of LRRK2 in these events has been difficult to resolve. Recently, several papers have reported the activation and translocation of LRRK2 to cellular organelles under specific conditions, which suggests that LRRK2 may influence intracellular membrane trafficking. Here, we review what is known about the role of LRRK2 at various organelle compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Correspondence: Mark R. Cookson, Ph.D., Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 1A–116, Bethesda, MD, 20892–3707, USA. Phone: 301–451–3870,
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3
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Gouguet P, Üstün S. Crossing paths: Recent insights in the interplay between autophagy and intracellular trafficking in plants. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2305-2313. [PMID: 35593306 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy fulfils a crucial role in plant cellular homeostasis by recycling diverse cellular components ranging from protein complexes to whole organelles. Autophagy cargos are shuttled to the vacuole for degradation, thereby completing the recycling process. Canonical autophagy requires the lipidation and insertion of ATG8 proteins into double-membrane structures, termed autophagosomes, which engulf the cargo to be degraded. As such, the autophagy pathway actively contributes to intracellular membrane trafficking. Yet, the autophagic process is not fully considered a bona fide component of the canonical membrane trafficking pathway. However, recent findings have started to pinpoint the interconnection between classical membrane trafficking pathways and autophagy. This review details the latest advances in our comprehension of the interplay between these two pathways. Understanding the overlap between autophagy and canonical membrane trafficking pathways is important to illuminate the inner workings of both pathways in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gouguet
- Eberhard Karls Universität, Zentrum für Molekular Biologie der Pflanzen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Suayb Üstün
- Eberhard Karls Universität, Zentrum für Molekular Biologie der Pflanzen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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4
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Gao AYL, Lourdin-De Filippis E, Orlowski J, McKinney RA. Roles of Endomembrane Alkali Cation/Proton Exchangers in Synaptic Function and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Physiol 2022; 13:892196. [PMID: 35547574 PMCID: PMC9081726 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.892196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endomembrane alkali cation (Na+, K+)/proton (H+) exchangers (eNHEs) are increasingly associated with neurological disorders. These eNHEs play integral roles in regulating the luminal pH, processing, and trafficking of cargo along the secretory (Golgi and post-Golgi vesicles) and endocytic (early, recycling, and late endosomes) pathways, essential regulatory processes vital for neuronal development and plasticity. Given the complex morphology and compartmentalization of multipolar neurons, the contribution of eNHEs in maintaining optimal pH homeostasis and cargo trafficking is especially significant during periods of structural and functional development and remodeling. While the importance of eNHEs has been demonstrated in a variety of non-neuronal cell types, their involvement in neuronal function is less well understood. In this review, we will discuss their emerging roles in excitatory synaptic function, particularly as it pertains to cellular learning and remodeling. We will also explore their connections to neurodevelopmental conditions, including intellectual disability, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Y L Gao
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - John Orlowski
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - R Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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5
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Neves J, Sampaio M, Séneca A, Pereira S, Pissarra J, Pereira C. Abiotic Stress Triggers the Expression of Genes Involved in Protein Storage Vacuole and Exocyst-Mediated Routes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910644. [PMID: 34638986 PMCID: PMC8508612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse conditions caused by abiotic stress modulate plant development and growth by altering morphological and cellular mechanisms. Plants’ responses/adaptations to stress often involve changes in the distribution and sorting of specific proteins and molecules. Still, little attention has been given to the molecular mechanisms controlling these rearrangements. We tested the hypothesis that plants respond to stress by remodelling their endomembranes and adapting their trafficking pathways. We focused on the molecular machinery behind organelle biogenesis and protein trafficking under abiotic stress conditions, evaluating their effects at the subcellular level, by looking at ultrastructural changes and measuring the expression levels of genes involved in well-known intracellular routes. The results point to a differential response of the endomembrane system, showing that the genes involved in the pathway to the Protein Storage Vacuole and the exocyst-mediated routes are upregulated. In contrast, the ones involved in the route to the Lytic Vacuole are downregulated. These changes are accompanied by morphological alterations of endomembrane compartments. The data obtained demonstrate that plants’ response to abiotic stress involves the differential expression of genes related to protein trafficking machinery, which can be connected to the activation/deactivation of specific intracellular sorting pathways and lead to alterations in the cell ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Neves
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n°, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.N.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (S.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Miguel Sampaio
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n°, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.N.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (S.P.); (J.P.)
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n°, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Séneca
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n°, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.N.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (S.P.); (J.P.)
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n°, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n°, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.N.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (S.P.); (J.P.)
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n°, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Pissarra
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n°, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.N.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (S.P.); (J.P.)
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n°, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n°, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.N.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (S.P.); (J.P.)
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n°, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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6
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Wiser MF. Unique Endomembrane Systems and Virulence in Pathogenic Protozoa. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080822. [PMID: 34440567 PMCID: PMC8401336 DOI: 10.3390/life11080822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulence in pathogenic protozoa is often tied to secretory processes such as the expression of adhesins on parasite surfaces or the secretion of proteases to assisted in tissue invasion and other proteins to avoid the immune system. This review is a broad overview of the endomembrane systems of pathogenic protozoa with a focus on Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba, kinetoplastids, and apicomplexans. The focus is on unique features of these protozoa and how these features relate to virulence. In general, the basic elements of the endocytic and exocytic pathways are present in all protozoa. Some of these elements, especially the endosomal compartments, have been repurposed by the various species and quite often the repurposing is associated with virulence. The Apicomplexa exhibit the most unique endomembrane systems. This includes unique secretory organelles that play a central role in interactions between parasite and host and are involved in the invasion of host cells. Furthermore, as intracellular parasites, the apicomplexans extensively modify their host cells through the secretion of proteins and other material into the host cell. This includes a unique targeting motif for proteins destined for the host cell. Most notable among the apicomplexans is the malaria parasite, which extensively modifies and exports numerous proteins into the host erythrocyte. These modifications of the host erythrocyte include the formation of unique membranes and structures in the host erythrocyte cytoplasm and on the erythrocyte membrane. The transport of parasite proteins to the host erythrocyte involves several unique mechanisms and components, as well as the generation of compartments within the erythrocyte that participate in extraparasite trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Wiser
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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7
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Abstract
Mechanical stimuli have profound effects on the cellular architecture and functions. Over the past two decades, considerable progress has been made in unraveling the molecular machineries that confer cells the ability to sense and transduce mechanical input into biochemical signals. This has resulted in the identification of several force-sensing proteins or mechanically activated ion channels distributed throughout most cell types, whereby the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and the nucleus have garnered much attention. Although organelles from the endomembrane system make up significant portion of cell volume and play pivotal roles in the spatiotemporal distribution of signaling molecules, they have received surprisingly little attention in mechanobiology. In this mini-review, we summarize results that document participation of the endomembrane system in sensing and responding to mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Phuyal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesco Baschieri
- Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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8
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Boulogne C, Gillet C, Hughes L, LE Bars R, Canette A, Hawes CR, Satiat-Jeunemaitre B. Functional organisation of the endomembrane network in the digestive gland of the Venus flytrap: revisiting an old story with a new microscopy toolbox. J Microsc 2020; 280:86-103. [PMID: 32844427 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Up-to-date imaging approaches were used to address the spatiotemporal organisation of the endomembrane system in secretory cells of Dionaea muscipula. Different 'slice and view' methodologies were performed on resin-embedded samples to finally achieve a 3D reconstruction of the cell architecture, using ultrastructural tomography, array tomography, serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), correlation, and volume rendering at the light microscopy level. Observations of cryo-fixed samples by high-pressure freezing revealed changes of the endomembrane system that occur after trap activation and prey digestion. They provide evidence for an original strategy that adapts the secretory machinery to a specific and unique case of stimulated exocytosis in plant cells. A first secretion peak is part of a rapid response to deliver digestive fluids to the cell surface, which delivers the needed stock of digestive materials 'on site'. The second peak of activity could then be associated with the reconstruction of the Golgi apparatus (GA), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and vacuolar machinery, in order to prepare for a subsequent round of prey capture. Tubular continuum between ER and Golgi stacks observed on ZIO-impregnated tissues may correspond to an efficient transfer mechanism for lipids and/or proteins, especially for use in rapidly resetting the molecular GA machinery. The occurrence of one vacuolar continuum may permit continuous adjustment of cell homeostasy. The subcellular features of the secretory cells of Dionaea muscipula outline key innovations in the organisation of plant cell compartmentalisation that are used to cope with specific cell needs such as the full use of the GA as a protein factory, and the ability to create protein reservoirs in the periplasmic space. Shape-derived forces of the pleiomorphic vacuole may act as signals to accompany the sorting and entering flows of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boulogne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C Gillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - L Hughes
- Oxford Brookes University, Oxford UK, England.,Oxford Instruments NanoAnalysis, High Wycombe, Bucks, UK
| | - R LE Bars
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Canette
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - C R Hawes
- Oxford Brookes University, Oxford UK, England
| | - B Satiat-Jeunemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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9
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Wolff G, Melia CE, Snijder EJ, Bárcena M. Double-Membrane Vesicles as Platforms for Viral Replication. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:1022-1033. [PMID: 32536523 PMCID: PMC7289118 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, exploit cellular pathways and resources in a variety of fascinating ways. A striking example of this is the remodelling of intracellular membranes into specialized structures that support the replication of positive-sense ssRNA (+RNA) viruses infecting eukaryotes. These distinct forms of virus-induced structures include double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), found during viral infections as diverse and notorious as those of coronaviruses, enteroviruses, noroviruses, or hepatitis C virus. Our understanding of these DMVs has evolved over the past 15 years thanks to advances in imaging techniques and modern molecular biology tools. In this article, we review contemporary understanding of the biogenesis, structure, and function of virus-induced DMVs as well as the open questions posed by these intriguing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Wolff
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Melia
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Montserrat Bárcena
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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10
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De Caroli M, Furini A, DalCorso G, Rojas M, Di Sansebastiano GP. Endomembrane Reorganization Induced by Heavy Metals. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E482. [PMID: 32283794 PMCID: PMC7238196 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant cells maintain plasmatic concentrations of essential heavy metal ions, such as iron, zinc, and copper, within the optimal functional range. To do so, several molecular mechanisms have to be committed to maintain concentrations of non-essential heavy metals and metalloids, such as cadmium, mercury and arsenic below their toxicity threshold levels. Compartmentalization is central to heavy metals homeostasis and secretory compartments, finely interconnected by traffic mechanisms, are determinant. Endomembrane reorganization can have unexpected effects on heavy metals tolerance altering in a complex way membrane permeability, storage, and detoxification ability beyond gene's expression regulation. The full understanding of endomembrane role is propaedeutic to the comprehension of translocation and hyper-accumulation mechanisms and their applicative employment. It is evident that further studies on dynamic localization of these and many more proteins may significantly contribute to the understanding of heavy metals tolerance mechanisms. The aim of this review is to provide an overview about the endomembrane alterations involved in heavy metals compartmentalization and tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Antonella Furini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Giovanni DalCorso
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Makarena Rojas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.C.); (M.R.)
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11
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Schäffer DE, Iyer LM, Burroughs AM, Aravind L. Functional Innovation in the Evolution of the Calcium-Dependent System of the Eukaryotic Endoplasmic Reticulum. Front Genet 2020; 11:34. [PMID: 32117448 PMCID: PMC7016017 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of eukaryotes was marked by the emergence of several novel subcellular systems. One such is the calcium (Ca2+)-stores system of the endoplasmic reticulum, which profoundly influences diverse aspects of cellular function including signal transduction, motility, division, and biomineralization. We use comparative genomics and sensitive sequence and structure analyses to investigate the evolution of this system. Our findings reconstruct the core form of the Ca2+-stores system in the last eukaryotic common ancestor as having at least 15 proteins that constituted a basic system for facilitating both Ca2+ flux across endomembranes and Ca2+-dependent signaling. We present evidence that the key EF-hand Ca2+-binding components had their origins in a likely bacterial symbiont other than the mitochondrial progenitor, whereas the protein phosphatase subunit of the ancestral calcineurin complex was likely inherited from the asgard archaeal progenitor of the stem eukaryote. This further points to the potential origin of the eukaryotes in a Ca2+-rich biomineralized environment such as stromatolites. We further show that throughout eukaryotic evolution there were several acquisitions from bacteria of key components of the Ca2+-stores system, even though no prokaryotic lineage possesses a comparable system. Further, using quantitative measures derived from comparative genomics we show that there were several rounds of lineage-specific gene expansions, innovations of novel gene families, and gene losses correlated with biological innovation such as the biomineralized molluscan shells, coccolithophores, and animal motility. The burst of innovation of new genes in animals included the wolframin protein associated with Wolfram syndrome in humans. We show for the first time that it contains previously unidentified Sel1, EF-hand, and OB-fold domains, which might have key roles in its biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Schäffer
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science Magnet Program, Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lakshminarayan M Iyer
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - A Maxwell Burroughs
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - L Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Abstract
Endomembrane traffic in eukaryotic cells functions partially as a means of communication; delivery of membrane in one direction has to be balanced with a reduction at the other end. This effect is typically the case during the defence against pathogens. To combat pathogens, cellular growth and differentiation are suppressed, while endomembrane traffic is poised towards limiting the pathogen attack. The octameric exocyst vesicle-tethering complex was originally discovered as a factor facilitating vesicle-targeting and vesicle-plasma membrane (PM) fusion during exocytosis prior to and possibly during SNARE complex formation. Interestingly, it was recently implicated both in animals and plants in autophagy membrane traffic. In animal cells, the exocyst is integrated into the mTOR-regulated energy metabolism stress/starvation pathway, participating in the formation and especially initiation of an autophagosome. In plants, the first functional link was to autophagy-related anthocyanin import to the vacuole and to starvation. In this concise review, we summarize the current knowledge of exocyst functions in autophagy and defence in plants that might involve unconventional secretion and compare it with animal conditions. Formation of different exocyst complexes during undisturbed cell growth, as opposed to periods of cellular stress reactions involving autophagy, might contribute to the coordination of endomembrane trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pecenková
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Vedrana Markovic
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sabol
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kulich
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
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13
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Abstract
The eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic framework that is involved in many biological processes, such as cell growth, division, morphology, and motility. G-actin polymerizes into microfilaments that associate into bundles, patches, and networks, which, in turn, organize into higher order structures that are fundamental for the course of important physiological events. Actin rings are an example for such higher order actin entities, but this term represents an actually diverse set of subcellular structures that are involved in various processes. This review especially sheds light on a crucial type of non-constricting ring-like actin networks, and categorizes them under the term 'actin fringe'. These 'actin fringes' are visualized as highly dynamic and yet steady structures in the tip of various polarized growing cells. The present comprehensive overview compares the actin fringe characteristics of rapidly elongating pollen tubes with several related actin arrays in other cell types of diverse species. The current state of knowledge about various actin fringe functions is summarized, and the key role of this structure in the polar growth process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian O H Stephan
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bavaria 91058, Germany
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14
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Mathe C, M-Hamvas M, Garda T, Beyer D, Vasas G. Cellular Effects of Cylindrospermopsin (Cyanobacterial Alkaloid Toxin) and its Potential Medical Consequences. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:91-109. [PMID: 27804882 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666161028153814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a tricyclic guanidino alkaloid toxin produced by several cyanobacterial genera. It alters cellular functioning in eukaryotes, including animal and plant organisms. Over the past decades, more and more evidence shows its potential hazardous effects on animal and human health. In this review, we give a critical survey and interpretation of data currently available on its biochemical and consequently, cellular effects. CYN is considered to be a cytotoxin. Several reports suggest that it is a potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis, though the exact mechanisms are not completely understood. Here we show that the biochemical changes induced by CYN are complex, possibly involving multiple modes of action. Glutathione metabolism and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis is affected besides the proposed protein synthesis inhibition. Biochemical alterations lead to the following cellular/subcellular alterations both in animals and plants: (i) changes in cell division rates due to perturbations in chromatin and cytoskeleton; (ii) perturbations of structure and functioning of endomembranes including endoplasmic reticulum; (iii) general metabolic alterations leading to genotoxicity and programmed cell death/apoptosis. The underlying mechanisms and possible health consequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Mathe
- University of Debrecen Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
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15
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Kontur C, Kumar S, Lan X, Pritchard JK, Turkewitz AP. Whole Genome Sequencing Identifies a Novel Factor Required for Secretory Granule Maturation in Tetrahymena thermophila. G3 (Bethesda) 2016; 6:2505-16. [PMID: 27317773 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.028878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Unbiased genetic approaches have a unique ability to identify novel genes associated with specific biological pathways. Thanks to next generation sequencing, forward genetic strategies can be expanded to a wider range of model organisms. The formation of secretory granules, called mucocysts, in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila relies, in part, on ancestral lysosomal sorting machinery, but is also likely to involve novel factors. In prior work, multiple strains with defects in mucocyst biogenesis were generated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis, and characterized using genetic and cell biological approaches, but the genetic lesions themselves were unknown. Here, we show that analyzing one such mutant by whole genome sequencing reveals a novel factor in mucocyst formation. Strain UC620 has both morphological and biochemical defects in mucocyst maturation-a process analogous to dense core granule maturation in animals. Illumina sequencing of a pool of UC620 F2 clones identified a missense mutation in a novel gene called MMA1 (Mucocyst maturation). The defects in UC620 were rescued by expression of a wild-type copy of MMA1, and disrupting MMA1 in an otherwise wild-type strain phenocopies UC620. The product of MMA1, characterized as a CFP-tagged copy, encodes a large soluble cytosolic protein. A small fraction of Mma1p-CFP is pelletable, which may reflect association with endosomes. The gene has no identifiable homologs except in other Tetrahymena species, and therefore represents an evolutionarily recent innovation that is required for granule maturation.
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16
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Németh CE, Marcolongo P, Gamberucci A, Fulceri R, Benedetti A, Zoppi N, Ritelli M, Chiarelli N, Colombi M, Willaert A, Callewaert BL, Coucke PJ, Gróf P, Nagy SK, Mészáros T, Bánhegyi G, Margittai É. Glucose transporter type 10-lacking in arterial tortuosity syndrome-facilitates dehydroascorbic acid transport. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1630-40. [PMID: 27153185 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding GLUT10 are responsible for arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS), a rare connective tissue disorder. In this study GLUT10-mediated dehydroascorbic acid (DAA) transport was investigated, supposing its involvement in the pathomechanism. GLUT10 protein produced by in vitro translation and incorporated into liposomes efficiently transported DAA. Silencing of GLUT10 decreased DAA transport in immortalized human fibroblasts whose plasma membrane was selectively permeabilized. Similarly, the transport of DAA through endomembranes was markedly reduced in fibroblasts from ATS patients. Re-expression of GLUT10 in patients' fibroblasts restored DAA transport activity. The present results demonstrate that GLUT10 is a DAA transporter and DAA transport is diminished in the endomembranes of fibroblasts from ATS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla E Németh
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paola Marcolongo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
| | | | - Rosella Fulceri
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Angiolo Benedetti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Zoppi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Ritelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Chiarelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Colombi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Andy Willaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | - Paul J Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Pál Gróf
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia K Nagy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Mészáros
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Margittai
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Hawes C, Kiviniemi P, Kriechbaumer V. The endoplasmic reticulum: a dynamic and well-connected organelle. J Integr Plant Biol 2015; 57:50-62. [PMID: 25319240 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum forms the first compartment in a series of organelles which comprise the secretory pathway. It takes the form of an extremely dynamic and pleomorphic membrane-bounded network of tubules and cisternae which have numerous different cellular functions. In this review, we discuss the nature of endoplasmic reticulum structure and dynamics, its relationship with closely associated organelles, and its possible function as a highway for the distribution and delivery of a diverse range of structures from metabolic complexes to viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hawes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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18
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Carluccio AV, Stavolone L. Interference of Brefeldin A in viral movement protein tubules assembly. Plant Signal Behav 2014; 9:e29121. [PMID: 25763491 PMCID: PMC4203574 DOI: 10.4161/psb.29121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus genomes cross the barrier of the host cell wall and move to neighboring cells either in the form of nucleoprotein complex or encapsidated into virions. Virus transport is facilitated by virus-encoded movement proteins (MP), which are different from one another in number, size, sequence, and in the strategy used to overcome the size exclusion limit of plasmodesmata (PD). (1) A group of them forms tubules inside the lumen of highly modified PDs upon removal of the desmotubule. To date the molecular mechanism(s) and the host factors involved in the assembly of MP tubules as well as the mechanistic aspects of virus particle transport throughout them remain substantially unknown. In a recent study, we showed that Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) MP traffics in the endocytic pathway with the help of 3 tyrosine-sorting signals, which are not required to target MP to the plasma membrane but are essential for tubule formation. (2) This evidence unravels a previously unknown connection between the plant endosomal system and tubule-mediated virus movement that is here supported by demonstration of hindrance of tubule assembly upon Brefeldin A (BFA) treatment. We discuss the implications of our data on the mechanisms of viral transport through tubules and draw parallels with plant mechanisms of polarized growth.
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19
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Cvrčková F. Formins and membranes: anchoring cortical actin to the cell wall and beyond. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:436. [PMID: 24204371 PMCID: PMC3817587 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Formins are evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic proteins participating in actin and microtubule organization. Land plants have three formin clades, with only two - Class I and II - present in angiosperms. Class I formins are often transmembrane proteins, residing at the plasmalemma and anchoring the cortical cytoskeleton across the membrane to the cell wall, while Class II formins possess a PTEN-related membrane-binding domain. Lower plant Class III and non-plant formins usually contain domains predicted to bind RHO GTPases that are membrane-associated. Thus, some kind of membrane anchorage appears to be a common formin feature. Direct interactions between various non-plant formins and integral or peripheral membrane proteins have indeed been reported, with varying mechanisms and biological implications. Besides of summarizing new data on Class I and Class II formin-membrane relationships, this review surveys such "non-classical" formin-membrane interactions and examines which, if any, of them may be evolutionarily conserved and operating also in plants. FYVE, SH3 and BAR domain-containing proteins emerge as possible candidates for such conserved membrane-associated formin partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Cvrčková
- *Correspondence: Fatima Cvrčková, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic e-mail:
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20
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Li W, Guan Q, Wang ZY, Wang Y, Zhu J. A bi-functional xyloglucan galactosyltransferase is an indispensable salt stress tolerance determinant in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 2013; 6:1344-54. [PMID: 23571490 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is an abiotic stress that substantially limits crop production worldwide. To identify salt stress tolerance determinants, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants that are hypersensitive to salt stress and designated these mutants as short root in salt medium (rsa). One of these mutants, rsa3-1, is hypersensitive to NaCl and LiCl but not to CsCl or to general osmotic stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) over-accumulate in rsa3-1 plants under salt stress. Gene expression profiling with Affymetrix microarray analysis revealed that RSA3 controls expression of many genes including genes encoding proteins for ROS detoxification under salt stress. Map-based cloning showed that RSA3 encodes a xyloglucan galactosyltransferase, which is allelic to a gene previously named MUR3/KAM1. The RSA3/MUR3/KAM1-encoded xylogluscan galactosyltransferase regulates actin microfilament organization (and thereby contributes to endomembrane distribution) and is also involved in cell wall biosynthesis. In rsa3-1, actin cannot assemble and form bundles as it does in the wild-type but instead aggregates in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, addition of phalloidin, which prevents actin depolymerization, can rescue salt hypersensitivity of rsa3-1. Together, these results suggest that RSA3/MUR3/KAM1 along with other cell wall-associated proteins plays a critical role in salt stress tolerance by maintaining the proper organization of actin microfilaments in order to minimize damage caused by excessive ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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21
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Ung N, Brown MQ, Hicks GR, Raikhel NV. An approach to quantify endomembrane dynamics in pollen utilizing bioactive chemicals. Mol Plant 2013; 6:1202-13. [PMID: 23118478 PMCID: PMC7105205 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tip growth of pollen tubes and root hairs occurs via rapid polar growth. These rapidly elongating cells require tip-focused endomembrane trafficking for the deposition and recycling of proteins, membranes, and cell wall materials. Most of the image-based data published to date are subjective and non-quantified. Quantitative and comparative descriptors of these highly dynamic processes have been a major challenge, but are highly desirable for genetic and chemical genomics approaches to dissect this biological network. To address this problem, we screened for small molecules that perturbed the localization of a marker for the Golgi Ras-like monomeric G-protein RAB2:GFP expressed in transgenic tobacco pollen. Semi-automated high-throughput imaging and image analysis resulted in the identification of novel compounds that altered pollen tube development and endomembrane trafficking. Six compounds that caused mislocalization and varying degrees of altered movement of RAB2:GFP-labeled endomembrane bodies were used to generate a training set of image data from which to quantify vesicle dynamics. The area, velocity, straightness, and intensity of each body were quantified using semi-automated image analysis tools revealing quantitative differences in the phenotype caused by each compound. A score was then given to each compound enabling quantitative comparisons between compounds. Our results demonstrate that image analysis can be used to quantitatively evaluate dynamic subcellular endomembrane phenotypes induced by bioactive chemicals, mutations, or other perturbing agents as part of a strategy to quantitatively dissect the endomembrane network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Ung
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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22
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Lomin SN, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Romanov GA, Sakakibara H. Ligand-binding properties and subcellular localization of maize cytokinin receptors. J Exp Bot 2011; 62:5149-59. [PMID: 21778179 PMCID: PMC3193018 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ligand-binding properties of the maize (Zea mays L.) cytokinin receptors ZmHK1, ZmHK2, and ZmHK3a have been characterized using cytokinin binding assays with living cells or membrane fractions. According to affinity measurements, ZmHK1 preferred N(6)-(Δ(2)-isopentenyl)adenine (iP) and had nearly equal affinities to trans-zeatin (tZ) and cis-zeatin (cZ). ZmHK2 preferred tZ and iP to cZ, while ZmHK3a preferred iP. Only ZmHK2 had a high affinity to dihydrozeatin (DZ). Analysis of subcellular fractions from leaves and roots of maize seedlings revealed specific binding of tZ in the microsome fraction but not in chloroplasts or mitochondria. In competitive binding assays with microsomes, tZ and iP were potent competitors of [(3)H]tZ while cZ demonstrated significantly lower affinity; adenine was almost ineffective. The binding specificities of microsomes from leaf and root cells for cytokinins were consistent with the expression pattern of the ZmHKs and our results on individual receptor properties. Aqueous two-phase partitioning and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation followed by immunological detection with monoclonal antibody showed that ZmHK1 was associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This was corroborated by observations of the subcellular localization of ZmHK1 fusions with green fluorescent protein in maize protoplasts. All these data strongly suggest that at least a part of cytokinin perception occurs in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N. Lomin
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Georgy A. Romanov
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ,
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ,
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23
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Vesteg M, Krajcovic J. Origin of eukaryotic cells as a symbiosis of parasitic alpha-proteobacteria in the periplasm of two-membrane-bounded sexual pre-karyotes. Commun Integr Biol 2008; 1:104-13. [PMID: 19513207 PMCID: PMC2633810 DOI: 10.4161/cib.1.1.6349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) might have been either prokaryotic- or eukaryotic-like. Nevertheless, the universally distributed components suggest rather LUCA consistent with the pre-cell theory of Kandler. The hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes are briefly summarized. The models under which prokaryotes or their chimeras were direct ancestors of eukaryotes are criticized. It is proposed that the pre-karyote (a host entity for alpha-proteobacteria) was a remnant of pre-cellular world, and was unlucky to have evolved fusion prohibiting cell surface, and thus could have evolved sex. The DNA damage checkpoint pathway could have represented the only pre-karyotic checkpoint control allowing division only when DNA was completely replicated without mistakes. The fusion of two partially diploid (in S-phase blocked) pre-karyotes might have represented another repair strategy. After completing replication of both haploid sets, DNA damage checkpoint would allow two subsequent rounds of fission. Alternatively, pre-karyote might have possessed two membranes inherited from LUCA. Under this hypothesis symbiotic alpha-proteobacterial ancestors of mitochondria might have ancestrally been selfish parasites of pre-karyote intermembrane space whose infection might have been analogous to infection of G(-)-bacterial periplasm by Bdellovibrio sp. It is suggested that eukaryotic plasma membrane might be derived from pre-karyote outer membrane and nuclear/ER membrane might be derived from pre-karyote inner membrane. Thus the nucleoplasm might be derived from pre-karyote cytoplasm and eukaryotic cytoplasm might be homologous to pre-karyote periplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Vesteg
- Institute of Cell Biology; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University; Bratislava, Slovakia
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24
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Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is one of the least characterized cellular structures in plant cells. In particular, knowledge of its dynamic behaviour during the cell cycle and of its protein composition is limited. This review summarizes current views on the plant NE and highlights fundamental differences with other organisms. We also introduce the power of new technology available to investigate the NE and how this has already begun to revolutionize our knowledge of the biology of the plant NE. Contents Summary 227 I. Introduction 227 II. The membranes of the nuclear envelope 228 III. Functions of the nuclear envelope 231 IV. Proteins associated with the nuclear envelope 236 V. New tools for studying the nuclear envelope 239 VI. Conclusions and future prospects 241 Acknowledgements 242 References 242.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Brandizzi
- Biology Department, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E2
| | - Sarah L Irons
- Research School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - David E Evans
- Research School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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