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Park JH, Shin HH, Rhyu HS, Kim SH, Jeon ES, Lim BK. Vascular Endothelial Integrity Affects the Severity of Enterovirus-Mediated Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3053. [PMID: 33802680 PMCID: PMC8002520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is present in epithelial and vascular endothelial cell junctions. We have previously shown a hemorrhagic phenotype in germ-line CAR knock-out mouse embryos; we have also found that CAR interacts with ZO-1 and β-catenin. However, the role of CAR in vascular endothelial junction permeability has not been proven. To understand the roles of CAR in the vascular endothelial junctions, we generated endothelium-specific CAR knockout (CAR-eKO) mice. In the absence of CAR, the endothelial cell layer showed an increase in transmembrane electrical resistance (TER, Ω) and coxsackievirus permeability. Evans blue dye and 70 kDa dextran-FITC were delivered by tail vein injection. We observed increased vascular permeability in the hearts of adult CAR-eKO mice compare with wild-type (WT) mice. There was a marked increase in monocyte and macrophage penetration into the peritoneal cavity caused by thioglycolate-induced peritonitis. We found that CAR ablation in endothelial cells was not significantly increased coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) induced myocarditis in murine model. However, tissue virus titers were significantly higher in CAR-eKO mice compared with WT. Moreover, CVB3 was detected in the brain of CAR-eKO mice. Endothelial CAR deletion affects the expression of major endothelial junction proteins, such as cadherin and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) in the cultured endothelial cells as well as liver vessel. We suggest that CAR expression is required for normal vascular permeability and endothelial tight junction homeostasis. Furthermore, CVB3 organ penetration and myocarditis severities were dependent on the endothelial CAR level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, 85 Munmu-ro, Goesan-eup, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk 28024, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (H.-H.S.); (H.-S.R.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - Ha-Hyeon Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, 85 Munmu-ro, Goesan-eup, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk 28024, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (H.-H.S.); (H.-S.R.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - Hyun-Seung Rhyu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, 85 Munmu-ro, Goesan-eup, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk 28024, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (H.-H.S.); (H.-S.R.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - So-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, 85 Munmu-ro, Goesan-eup, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk 28024, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (H.-H.S.); (H.-S.R.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - Eun-Seok Jeon
- Division of Cardiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine 50 Irwon dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Byung-Kwan Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, 85 Munmu-ro, Goesan-eup, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk 28024, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (H.-H.S.); (H.-S.R.); (S.-H.K.)
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Zhang F, Zarkada G, Yi S, Eichmann A. Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Junctions: Molecular Regulation in Physiology and Diseases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:509. [PMID: 32547411 PMCID: PMC7274196 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) lining lymphatic vessels develop specialized cell-cell junctions that are crucial for the maintenance of vessel integrity and proper lymphatic vascular functions. Successful lymphatic drainage requires a division of labor between lymphatic capillaries that take up lymph via open "button-like" junctions, and collectors that transport lymph to veins, which have tight "zipper-like" junctions that prevent lymph leakage. In recent years, progress has been made in the understanding of these specialized junctions, as a result of the application of state-of-the-art imaging tools and novel transgenic animal models. In this review, we discuss lymphatic development and mechanisms governing junction remodeling between button and zipper-like states in LECs. Understanding lymphatic junction remodeling is important in order to unravel lymphatic drainage regulation in obesity and inflammatory diseases and may pave the way towards future novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Georgia Zarkada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sanjun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
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Palaiologou E, Goggin P, Chatelet DS, Ribeiro de Souza R, Chiu W, Ashley B, Lofthouse EM, Sengers BG, Torrens C, Page AM, Cleal JK, Lewis RM. Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy reveals novel intercellular connections in human term placental microvasculature. J Anat 2020; 237:241-249. [PMID: 32242928 PMCID: PMC7369196 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The placental microvasculature is a conduit for fetal blood allowing solute exchange between the mother and the fetus. Serial block‐face scanning electron microscopy (SBF SEM) allows ultrastructure to be viewed in three dimensions and provides a new perspective on placental anatomy. This study used SBF SEM to study endothelial cells within the human placental microvasculature from uncomplicated pregnancies. Term human placental villi were aldehyde‐fixed and processed for imaging by SBF SEM. Manual segmentation was carried out on a terminal villous capillary and an intermediate villous arteriole and venule. Twenty‐seven SBF SEM stacks from terminal villi were analysed using stereological approaches to determine the volumes of microvascular components and the proportions of pericyte coverage. SBF SEM analysis of capillary endothelial cells revealed the presence of interendothelial protrusions (IEPs) originating from the donor cell at the endothelial junction and forming deep thin projections up to 7 μm into the adjacent endothelial cells. IEP density was estimated to be in the order of 35 million cm–3 placental tissue. Pericytes cover 15% of the fetal capillary surface area in terminal villi. In comparison, the cytotrophoblast covered 24% of the syncytiotrophoblast basal membrane. A trans‐endothelial channel was observed in a region of the vasculo‐syncytial capillary. Pericyte coverage was extensive in both arteriole and venule. Three‐dimensional imaging of the placental microvasculature identified novel ultrastructural features and provided an insight into factors that may influence capillary permeability and placental function. We hypothesise that the IEPs may allow mechanosensing between adjacent endothelial cells to assist in the maintenance of vessel integrity. The numbers of endothelial junctions, the presence of trans‐endothelial channels and the extent of pericyte coverage all provide an insight into the factors determining capillary permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Palaiologou
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Patricia Goggin
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David S Chatelet
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Wendy Chiu
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Brogan Ashley
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Emma M Lofthouse
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Bram G Sengers
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher Torrens
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anton M Page
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jane K Cleal
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rohan M Lewis
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Kopperud RK, Rygh CB, Karlsen TV, Krakstad C, Kleppe R, Hoivik EA, Bakke M, Tenstad O, Selheim F, Lidén Å, Madsen L, Pavlin T, Taxt T, Kristiansen K, Curry FRE, Reed RK, Døskeland SO. Increased microvascular permeability in mice lacking Epac1 (Rapgef3). Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:441-452. [PMID: 27096875 PMCID: PMC5073050 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim Maintenance of the blood and extracellular volume requires tight control of endothelial macromolecule permeability, which is regulated by cAMP signalling. This study probes the role of the cAMP mediators rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 and 4 (Epac1 and Epac2) for in vivo control of microvascular macromolecule permeability under basal conditions. Methods Epac1−/− and Epac2−/− C57BL/6J mice were produced and compared with wild‐type mice for transvascular flux of radio‐labelled albumin in skin, adipose tissue, intestine, heart and skeletal muscle. The transvascular leakage was also studied by dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) using the MRI contrast agent Gadomer‐17 as probe. Results Epac1−/− mice had constitutively increased transvascular macromolecule transport, indicating Epac1‐dependent restriction of baseline permeability. In addition, Epac1−/− mice showed little or no enhancement of vascular permeability in response to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), whether probed with labelled albumin or Gadomer‐17. Epac2−/− and wild‐type mice had similar basal and ANP‐stimulated clearances. Ultrastructure analysis revealed that Epac1−/− microvascular interendothelial junctions had constitutively less junctional complex. Conclusion Epac1 exerts a tonic inhibition of in vivo basal microvascular permeability. The loss of this tonic action increases baseline permeability, presumably by reducing the interendothelial permeability resistance. Part of the action of ANP to increase permeability in wild‐type microvessels may involve inhibition of the basal Epac1‐dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. K. Kopperud
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO); University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - C. Brekke Rygh
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - T. V. Karlsen
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - C. Krakstad
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - R. Kleppe
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - E. A. Hoivik
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - M. Bakke
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - O. Tenstad
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - F. Selheim
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Å. Lidén
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - L. Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - T. Pavlin
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - T. Taxt
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - K. Kristiansen
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F.-R. E. Curry
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology; School of Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - R. K. Reed
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO); University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - S. O. Døskeland
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
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