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Sato H, Hashimoto N, Watanabe Y, Ohtaka A. Regiospecificity of Immobilized Candida antarctica Lipase B (CAL-B) towards 2,3-Diacyl-1-O-alkyl Glyceryl Ether in Ethanol. J Oleo Sci 2024; 73:55-63. [PMID: 38171731 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pure 2,3-dioleoyl-1-O-alkyl glyceryl ether (DOGE), whose 1-position is a lipase-tolerant ether bond, was chemically synthesized and its detailed regioselectivity and acyl transfer were confirmed. During ethanolysis using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B) with DOGE as the substrate, monooleoyl-1-O-alkyl glyceryl ethers (MOGEs) and a few 1-alkyl glyceryl ethers were formed upon consumption of the substrate. The structure of MOGE was confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and only the isomer of 2-MOGE was formed, indicating that CAL-B has complete α- regiospecificity. During ethanolysis, 3-MOGE was formed via acyl migration. These results indicate that the formation of 1-alkyl glyceryl ethers is not due to the imperfect regiospecificity of CAL-B, but rather due to ethanolysis of the formed 3-MOGE. The ethanolysis rate at the 3-α-position of DOGE was faster and the rate of acyl transfer was slightly slower for chain lengths greater than 14. These results show for the first time that both deacylation at the 3-position and acyl migration from the 2- to 3-position are affected by the structure of 1-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Sato
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology
| | | | - Yomi Watanabe
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology
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Yi M, You Y, Zhang Y, Wu G, Karrar E, Zhang L, Zhang H, Jin Q, Wang X. Highly Valuable Fish Oil: Formation Process, Enrichment, Subsequent Utilization, and Storage of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Esters. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020672. [PMID: 36677730 PMCID: PMC9865908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, as the demand for precision nutrition is continuously increasing, scientific studies have shown that high-purity eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-EE) functions more efficiently than mixed omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid preparations in diseases such as hyperlipidemia, heart disease, major depression, and heart disease; therefore, the market demand for EPA-EE is growing by the day. In this paper, we attempt to review EPA-EE from a whole-manufacturing-chain perspective. First, the extraction, refining, and ethanolysis processes (fish oil and ethanol undergo transesterification) of EPA-EE are described, emphasizing the potential of green substitute technologies. Then, the method of EPA enrichment is thoroughly detailed, the pros and cons of different methods are compared, and current developments in monomer production techniques are addressed. Finally, a summary of current advanced strategies for dealing with the low oxidative stability and low bioavailability of EPA-EE is presented. In conclusion, understanding the entire production process of EPA-EE will enable us to govern each step from a macro perspective and accomplish the best use of EPA-EE in a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yue You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yiren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-510-85876799 (G.W.); +86-510-85351730 (L.Z.)
| | - Emad Karrar
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Wuxi Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-510-85876799 (G.W.); +86-510-85351730 (L.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Tyufekchiev M, Ralph K, Duan P, Yuan S, Schmidt-Rohr K, Timko MT. Rapid Depolymerization of Decrystallized Cellulose to Soluble Products via Ethanolysis under Mild Conditions. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:2634-2641. [PMID: 32115883 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient cellulose depolymerization is a major bottleneck for economical production of second-generation biofuels. In this work, crystalline cellulose was subjected to sequential ball milling and ethanolysis as a mild and selective depolymerization approach. Ball milling and ethanolysis resulted in 38±1 % cellulose conversion, with 24 % ethyl-glucopyranoside as the main identified and quantified product and negligible side reaction of the ethanol solvent to form diethyl ether. In comparison, ethanolysis of the original cellulose resulted in only 3±1 % conversion. Additional soluble products from cellulose ethanolysis included carbohydrate isomers and oligomers, differing from the products obtained from hydrolysis. X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed increased crystallinity post-reaction, retarding further depolymerization. Hot liquid water extracted soluble oligomers from the ethanolyzed cellulose, suggesting formation of a nanoscale barrier of crystalline cellulose that traps soluble products during ethanolysis. Use of cellulose-swelling co-solvents and repeated mechanical decrystallization both proved effective at increasing cellulose conversion and soluble product yields. Repeated ball milling and ethanolysis resulted in 62±1 % cellulose conversion. Ethanolysis of decrystallized cellulose has potential for rapid (<2 h) de-polymerization at mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Tyufekchiev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Katherine Ralph
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Shichen Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Michael T Timko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
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He J, Hong B, Lu R, Zhang R, Fang H, Huang W, Bai K, Sun J. Separation of saturated fatty acids from docosahexaenoic acid-rich algal oil by enzymatic ethanolysis in tandem with molecular distillation. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:2234-2241. [PMID: 32405380 PMCID: PMC7215222 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Algal oil, rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and an environmentally sustainable source of ω-3 fatty acids, is receiving increasing attention. In the present study, a novel approach combining ethanolysis with a 1,3-specific immobilized lipase (Lipozyme® TL IM) and molecular distillation was investigated to increase the DHA content of algal oil. Algal oil with a 45.94% DHA content was mixed with ethanol, pumped into a column filled with Lipozyme® TL IM, and then circulated for 4 hr at room temperature. The ethanol was then recycled by vacuum distillation. At an evaporator temperature of 150°C, the residue was separated by molecular distillation into a heavy component enriched with DHA glycerides (in the form of triglyceride (TG), diglyceride (DG), and monoglyceride (MG)) and a light component enriched with palmitic acid (PA) and DHA ethyl ester (EE). As a result, 76.55% of the DHA from the algal oil was present in the heavy component, whose DHA content was 70.27%. DHA-MG was collected in the heavy component mostly in the form of 1-MG. Lipozyme® TL IM appeared to specifically target PA rather than DHA at the sn-1(3) position. The Lipozyme® TL IM allowed 90.03% of the initial DHA yield to be retained after seven reaction cycles. Therefore, an eco-friendly and simple method for increasing the DHA content in algal oil has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin He
- Third Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesXiamenChina
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesMinistry of Natural ResourcesXiamenChina
| | - Bihong Hong
- Third Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesXiamenChina
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesMinistry of Natural ResourcesXiamenChina
| | - Rong Lu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Ruoqi Zhang
- School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Hua Fang
- Third Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesXiamenChina
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesMinistry of Natural ResourcesXiamenChina
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Third Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesXiamenChina
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesMinistry of Natural ResourcesXiamenChina
| | - Kaikai Bai
- Third Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesXiamenChina
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesMinistry of Natural ResourcesXiamenChina
| | - Jipeng Sun
- Zhejiang Marine Development Research InstituteZhoushanChina
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Cabral NM, Lorenti JP, Plass W, Gallo JMR. Solid Acid Resin Amberlyst 45 as a Catalyst for the Transesterification of Vegetable Oil. Front Chem 2020; 8:305. [PMID: 32411662 PMCID: PMC7201088 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using alkaline hydroxides requires expensive refined vegetable oil and anhydrous alcohols to avoid saponification. These issues are not present in the acid-catalyzed process; however, the challenge still lies in developing stable and active solid acid catalysts. Herein, Amberlyst 45, a resin for high-temperature application, was efficiently used for biodiesel production by the methanolysis or ethanolysis of vegetable oil. Yields of up to 80 and 84% were obtained for the fatty acid methyl ester and the fatty acid ethyl ester, respectively. Two processes are proposed and showed to be efficient: (i) incremental addition of alcohol along with the reaction for both methanolysis and ethanolysis; or (ii) one-pot reaction for ethanolysis using oil/ethanol molar ratio of 1/18. The catalytic system used also showed to be compatible with used oil (2.48 ± 0.03 mgNaOHgoil-1) and to the presence of water (10–20 wt. % based on the alcohol), allowing the use of waste oil and hydrated alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mariano Cabral
- Group of Renewable Energy, Nanotechnology, and Catalysis (GreenCat), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Lorenti
- Group of Renewable Energy, Nanotechnology, and Catalysis (GreenCat), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Winfried Plass
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jean Marcel R Gallo
- Group of Renewable Energy, Nanotechnology, and Catalysis (GreenCat), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Nanssou Kouteu PA, Baréa B, Barouh N, Blin J, Villeneuve P. Lipase Activity of Tropical Oilseed Plants for Ethyl Biodiesel Synthesis and Their Typo- and Regioselectivity. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:8838-8847. [PMID: 27797524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate lipase activities in crude extracts from Adansonia suarezensis, Adansonia grandidieri, Moringa drouhardii, Moringa oleifera, Jatropha mahafalensis, and Jatropha curcas seeds in ethanolysis and hydrolysis reactions. All crude extracts from germinated seeds showed both ethanolysis and hydrolysis activities. The influence of germination, the delipidation procedure, and the triacylglycerol/ethanol molar ratio on their ethanolysis activity was studied. Crude extracts of Jatropha and Adansonia seeds showed optimal activity at pH 8 with an optimum temperature of 30 and 40 °C, respectively. The study of the regioselectivity of crude extracts from J. mahafalensis and A. grandidieri seeds, which had the most active hydrolysis reaction, showed 1,3 regioselectivity in the hydrolysis reaction of vegetable oils. The crude extract from A. grandidieri seeds showed no typoselectivity, whereas the typoselectivity of the crude extract of J. mahafalensis seeds depended on the type of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Nanssou Kouteu
- Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2iE) , Laboratoire Biomasse Energie et Biocarburants (LBEB), Rue de la Science, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
- Montpellier SupAgro , UMR 1208 Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Emergentes, 2 Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Baréa
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Barouh
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Joël Blin
- Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2iE) , Laboratoire Biomasse Energie et Biocarburants (LBEB), Rue de la Science, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Villeneuve
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
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Li D, Wang W, Qin X, Li X, Yang B, Wang Y. A Novel Process for the Synthesis of Highly Pure n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA)-Enriched Triglycerides by Combined Transesterification and Ethanolysis. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:6533-6538. [PMID: 27540752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel two-step enzymatic reaction was developed for the synthesis of highly pure triacylglycerols (TAGs) with a high content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Glyceride mixtures were primarily synthesized by Novozym 435-catalyzed transesterification of glycerol and DHA/EPA-rich ethyl esters (EEs), followed by removal of partial glycerides, for the first time, by immobilized mono- and diacylglycerol lipase SMG1-F278N-catalyzed ethanolysis. TAG yield as high as 98.66% was achieved under the optimized conditions, and highly pure (98.75%) n-3 PUFA-enriched TAGs with 88.44% of n-3 PUFA was obtained after molecular distillation at lower temperature (140 °C). In addition, the EEs produced during ethanolysis had a FA composition similar to that of the original EEs, making them feasible for cyclic utilization. This was the first study reporting removal of partial glycerides by ethanolysis. Through ethanolysis, a higher purity product could be easily obtained at a relatively low temperature compared with the conventional high-temperature molecular distillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoming Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weifei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoli Qin
- College of Food Science, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
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Vici AC, da Cruz AF, Facchini FDA, de Carvalho CC, Pereira MG, Fonseca-Maldonado R, Ward RJ, Pessela BC, Fernandez-Lorente G, Torres FAG, Jorge JA, Polizeli MLTM. Beauveria bassiana Lipase A expressed in Komagataella (Pichia) pastoris with potential for biodiesel catalysis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1083. [PMID: 26500628 PMCID: PMC4595793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) comprise a biotechnologically important group of enzymes because they are able to catalyze both hydrolysis and synthesis reactions, depending on the amount of water in the system. One of the most interesting applications of lipase is in the biofuel industry for biodiesel production by oil and ethanol (or methanol) transesterification. Entomopathogenic fungi, which are potential source of lipases, are still poorly explored in biotechnological processes. The present work reports the heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a novel Beauveria bassiana lipase with potential for biodiesel production. The His-tagged B. bassiana lipase A (BbLA) was produced in Komagataella pastoris in buffered methanol medium (BMM) induced with 1% methanol at 30°C. Purified BbLA was activated with 0.05% Triton X-100 and presented optimum activity at pH 6.0 and 50°C. N-glycosylation of the recombinant BbLA accounts for 31.5% of its molecular weight. Circular dichroism and molecular modeling confirmed a structure composed of α-helix and β-sheet, similar to α/β hydrolases. Immobilized BbLA was able to promote transesterification reactions in fish oil, demonstrating potential for biodiesel production. BbLA was successfully produced in K. pastoris and shows potential use for biodiesel production by the ethanolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Vici
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Andrezza F da Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Fernanda D A Facchini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Caio C de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Marita G Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Raquel Fonseca-Maldonado
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Richard J Ward
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Benevides C Pessela
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid España
| | - Gloria Fernandez-Lorente
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid España
| | - Fernando A G Torres
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília Brazil
| | - João A Jorge
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Maria L T M Polizeli
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Brazil
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