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Wyszkiewicz PV, Sharma M, Desaigoudar V, Cunningham IA, McCormack DG, Abdelrazek MA, Kirby M, Parraga G. Reduced Total Airway Count and Airway Wall Tapering after Three-Years in Ex-Smokers. COPD 2023; 20:186-196. [PMID: 37395048 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2023.2222831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) total-airway-count (TAC) and airway wall-thickness differ across chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) severities, but longitudinal insights are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate longitudinal CT airway measurements over three-years in ex-smokers. In this prospective convenience sample study, ex-smokers with (n = 50; 13 female; age = 70 ± 9 years; pack-years = 43 ± 26) and without (n = 40; 17 female; age = 69 ± 10 years; pack-years = 31 ± 17) COPD completed CT, 3He magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and pulmonary function tests at baseline and three-year follow-up. CT TAC, airway wall-area (WA), lumen-area (LA), and wall-area percent (WA%) were generated. Emphysema was quantified as the relative-area-of-the-lung with attenuation < -950 Hounsfield-units (RA950). MRI ventilation-defect-percent (VDP) was also quantified. Differences over time were evaluated using paired-samples t tests. Multivariable prediction models using the backwards approach were generated. After three-years, forced-expiratory-volume in 1-second (FEV1) was not different in ex-smokers with (p = 0.4) and without (p = 0.5) COPD, whereas RA950 was (p < 0.001, p = 0.02, respectively). In ex-smokers without COPD, there was no change in TAC (p = 0.2); however, LA (p = 0.009) and WA% (p = 0.01) were significantly different. In ex-smokers with COPD, TAC (p < 0.001), WA (p = 0.04), LA (p < 0.001), and WA% (p < 0.001) were significantly different. In all ex-smokers, TAC was related to VDP (baseline: ρ = -0.30, p = 0.005; follow-up: ρ = -0.33, p = 0.002). In significant multivariable models, baseline airway wall-thickness was predictive of TAC worsening. After three-years, in the absence of FEV1 worsening, TAC diminished only in ex-smokers with COPD and airway walls were thinner in all ex-smokers. These longitudinal findings suggest that the evaluation of CT airway remodeling may be a useful clinical tool for predicting disease progression and managing COPD.Clinical trial registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02279329.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina V Wyszkiewicz
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maksym Sharma
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vedanth Desaigoudar
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian A Cunningham
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David G McCormack
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Miranda Kirby
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace Parraga
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Caggiano M, Gasparro R, D’Ambrosio F, Pisano M, Di Palo MP, Contaldo M. Smoking Cessation on Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health Status: A Systematic Review. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:162. [PMID: 36135157 PMCID: PMC9497918 DOI: 10.3390/dj10090162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since smoking is considered among the main risk factors for the onset and progression of periodontitis and peri-implantitis, the present systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of smoking cessation on clinical, radiographic, and gingival crevicular periodontal parameters around natural teeth and dental implants in ex-smokers compared to current and non-smokers. The study protocol was developed based on the PRISMA guidelines, the research question was formulated according to the PICO model, and the literature search was conducted through PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane library, and BioMed Central databases. From the 916 title/abstracts initially identified, seven articles were included in the present systematic review and assessed for quality through the ROBINS-I tool. Reported findings on clinical and crevicular periodontal parameters around natural teeth were contrasting when comparing ex-smokers to current and non-smokers; thus, individualized recommendations for previous smoker periodontal patients are currently lacking. No data on radiographic parameters were retrieved. Similarly, data on periodontal parameters around dental implants were not available, highlighting the need for focused investigations assessing the role of both smoking habit and cessation on peri-implant health status and responsiveness to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caggiano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Schola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Roberta Gasparro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco D’Ambrosio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Schola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Massimo Pisano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Schola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Di Palo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Schola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialities, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Li L, Borland R, Yong HH, Gravely S, Fong GT, Cummings KM, East K, Le Grande M. Experienced Effects on Well-Being following Smoking Cessation: Findings from the 2020 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10037. [PMID: 36011672 PMCID: PMC9408186 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There has been limited research addressing changes in subjective well-being as a result of quitting smoking. This paper examines recent ex-smokers' well-being related experiences overall and as a function of (1) duration of cessation and (2) continued nicotine use from vaping. METHODS A sample of 1379 ever-daily smoking ex-smokers (quit for up to 5 years) from the 2020 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey (Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US), of which 27.1% currently vaped daily. Well-being measures were perceived changes post-quitting in emotion coping (stress and negative emotions), enjoyment of life, and day-to-day functioning. We also assessed the level of persisting worry about past smoking leading to future health problems. RESULTS Overall, among those answering all four well-being measures, 51.8% of the ex-smokers reported positive effects and no negatives, but 27.3% reported at least one negative effect, with the remainder reporting no change in any measure. Positive effects were greater among those who had quit more than 1 year prior. The largest improvement (56.3%) was for daily functioning, which showed improvement over time since having quit. Current daily vapers reported similar well-being as those not vaping; however, fewer daily vapers reported worsening ability to cope with stress (10.2% vs. 20.7%). Overall, 84% reported being worried about future negative health effects of smoking, with no clear differences by quitting duration or vaping status. CONCLUSIONS Most ex-smokers reported changes in their well-being since quitting, with more reporting improvements than declines. Well-being improved with duration of time since quitting, but did not appear to be influenced by daily vaping use, but stress coping may be better among vapers. Persisting worries about possible future health effects from smoking may be reducing the experienced benefits of quitting smoking for some.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ron Borland
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hua-Hie Yong
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Shannon Gravely
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Kenneth Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Katherine East
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Michael Le Grande
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Qi S, Fu Z, Wu L, Calhoun VD, Zhang D, Daughters SB, Hsu PC, Jiang R, Vergara VM, Sui J, Addicott MA. Cognition, Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Repressor Methylation, and Abstinence Duration-Associated Multimodal Brain Networks in Smoking and Long-Term Smoking Cessation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:923065. [PMID: 35968362 PMCID: PMC9363622 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.923065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking and smoking cessation are associated with changes in cognition and DNA methylation; however, the neurobiological correlates of these effects have not been fully elucidated, especially in long-term cessation. Cognitive performance, percent methylation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) gene, and abstinence duration were used as references to supervise a multimodal fusion analysis of functional, structural, and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, in order to identify associated brain networks in smokers and ex-smokers. Correlations among these networks and with smoking-related measures were performed. Cognition-, methylation-, and abstinence duration-associated networks discriminated between smokers and ex-smokers and correlated with differences in fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) values, gray matter volume (GMV), and fractional anisotropy (FA) values. Long-term smoking cessation was associated with more accurate cognitive performance, as well as lower fALFF and more GMV in the hippocampus complex. The methylation- and abstinence duration-associated networks positively correlated with smoking-related measures of abstinence duration and percent methylation, respectively, suggesting they are complementary measures. This analysis revealed structural and functional co-alterations linked to smoking abstinence and cognitive performance in brain regions including the insula, frontal gyri, and lingual gyri. Furthermore, AHRR methylation, a promising epigenetic biomarker of smoking recency, may provide an important complement to self-reported abstinence duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shile Qi
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Zening Fu
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lei Wu
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daoqiang Zhang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Stacey B. Daughters
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ping-Ching Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Rongtao Jiang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Victor M. Vergara
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jing Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Merideth A. Addicott
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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de Oliveira PPV, Pereira VODM, Stopa SR, de Freitas PC, Szklo AS, Cavalcante TM, de Andrade FMD, Gomes CS, Malta DC. Indicators related to smoking cessation in Brazil, National Health Survey, 2013 and 2019 editions. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2022; 31:e2021388. [PMID: 35792797 PMCID: PMC9897828 DOI: 10.1590/ss2237-9622202200005.especial] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the indicators of smoking cessation in 2013 and 2019 for Brazil and federative units, according to sociodemographic variables, collected in the National Health Survey (PNS). METHODS Cross-sectional, population-based and descriptive study with data from the 2013 and 2019 PNS, a household survey collected by trained interviewers. The prevalence of ex-smokers and the proportion of smokers who tried to quit smoking in the 12 months prior to the interview, and respective confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated, according to sociodemographic variables. Additionally, the percentage variation between the years was calculated. RESULTS In 2013, the prevalence of ex-smokers was 17.5% (95%CI 16.9;18.0) and, in 2019, 26.6% (95%CI 26.1;27.2). In 2013, 51.1% tried to quit smoking (95%CI 49.3;52.9) and, in 2019, 46.6% (95%CI 45.0;48.3). CONCLUSION It is important to strengthen and maintain strategies for coping with tobacco use in Brazil, to increase the current smoker's willingness and ability to quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - André Salem Szklo
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Divisão
de Pesquisa Populacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tânia Maria Cavalcante
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva,
Secretaria Executiva da Comissão Nacional para a Implementação da Convenção-Quadro
para o Controle do Tabaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Crizian Saar Gomes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Saúde Pública, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Enfermagem
Materno-Infantil e Saúde Pública, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Yong HH, Borland R, Cummings KM, Gravely S, Thrasher JF, McNeill A, Hitchman S, Greenhalgh E, Thompson ME, Fong GT. Reasons for regular vaping and for its discontinuation among smokers and recent ex-smokers: findings from the 2016 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction 2019; 114 Suppl 1:35-48. [PMID: 30821861 PMCID: PMC6717696 DOI: 10.1111/add.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine current and ex-smokers' reasons for continuing or discontinuing regular use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs). DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional study of 2722 current daily/weekly, and 921 ex-daily/weekly, adult vapers who were either current or ex-cigarette smokers when surveyed. SETTING 2016 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping wave 1 (4CV1) surveys conducted in the United States (n = 1159), England (n = 1269), Canada (n = 964) and Australia (n = 251). MEASUREMENTS Current vapers were asked about the following reasons for regular NVP use: less harmful to others, social acceptance, enjoyment, use in smoke-free areas, affordability and managing smoking behaviour. Ex-vapers were asked about the following reasons for discontinuing regular NVP use: addiction concerns, affordability, negative experiences, perceived social unacceptability, safety concerns, product dissatisfaction, inconvenience, unhelpfulness for quitting, unhelpfulness for managing cravings and not needed for smoking relapse prevention. Possible correlates of NVP use and discontinuation, including smoking status, smoking/vaping frequency, quit duration (ex-smokers only), country, age and type of NVP device used, were examined using multivariate logistic regression models. FINDINGS For current smokers, the top three reasons for current regular NVP use were: helpful for cutting down smoking (85.6%), less harmful to others (77.9%) and helpful for quitting smoking (77.4%). The top three reasons for discontinuing vaping were: not being satisfying (77.9%), unhelpfulness for cravings (63.2%), and unhelpfulness for quitting smoking (52.4%). For ex-smokers, the top three reasons for current vaping were: enjoyment (90.6%), less harmful to others (90%) and affordability (89.5%); and for discontinuing were: not needed to stay quit (77.3%), not being satisfying (49.5%) and safety concerns (44%). Reported reasons varied by user characteristics, including age, country and NVP device type. CONCLUSIONS Regular use of nicotine vaping products is mainly motivated by its perceived benefits, especially for reducing or quitting smoking, whereas its discontinuation is motivated by perceived lack of such benefits, with some variation by user characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Hie Yong
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia,Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ron Borland
- Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
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Ioverno S, Baiocco R, Laghi F, Verrastro V, Odorifero C, Dittrich M. Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Differences among Adolescent Nonsmokers, Ex-Smokers, and Smokers. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:606-609. [PMID: 28910178 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1349801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large body of research has traced tobacco dependence among adolescents to a series of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. However, there are remaining questions regarding the differences on these factors related to tobacco use. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate intrapersonal and interpersonal differences among adolescent nonsmokers, ex-smokers, and smokers. METHODS We used data from a 3-year project designed to investigate and address tobacco dependence among 1071 students (Mage = 15.76, SD = 1.52; girls = 51.54%) who were recruited from 11 high schools. Participants, filling out a survey, provided information on tobacco use (nonsmoker, ex-smoker, and smoker), tobacco-related experiences (smoking-related risk perception, parental smoking, number of friends who smoke, resisting peer pressure to smoke), cognitive variables (metacognitive skills), and personality traits (disinhibition and impulsivity). RESULTS Results from a discriminant function analysis showed that smokers and ex-smokers reported more disinhibition, impulsivity, number of friends who smoke and less self-control under peer pressure to smoke compared to nonsmokers. Ex-smokers reported less metacognitive processes, more smoking-related risk perception and were less likely to have parents who smoke. Conclusions/Importance: Interventions and campaigns aimed to persuade adolescents to stop smoking should work to develop adaptive metacognitive skills and an accurate risk perception of tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ioverno
- a Department of Social and Developmental Psychology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberto Baiocco
- a Department of Social and Developmental Psychology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Laghi
- a Department of Social and Developmental Psychology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Valeria Verrastro
- b Department of Humanities and Social Sciences , University of Cassino , Cassino , Frosinone , Italy
| | - Carmen Odorifero
- c Primary Prevention Department , Italian League against Cancer, Milan Division , Milan , Italy
| | - Marcella Dittrich
- c Primary Prevention Department , Italian League against Cancer, Milan Division , Milan , Italy
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Wen Y, Reid DW, Zhang D, Ward C, Wood-Baker R, Walters EH. Assessment of airway inflammation using sputum, BAL, and endobronchial biopsies in current and ex-smokers with established COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2010; 5:327-34. [PMID: 21037956 PMCID: PMC2962298 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s11343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Smoking effects on physiological and gross pathology in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are relatively well described. However, there is little known in COPD about the detailed interrelationships between lung function and inflammatory profiles in different airway compartments from the same individual and whether airway inflammation in these different compartments differs in ex- and current smokers with established COPD. OBJECTIVES We compared sputum, bronchoalveolar (BAL), and airway wall inflammatory profiles in current versus ex-smokers and related this to smoking intensity and lung function in 17 current and 17 ex-smokers with mild to moderate COPD. RESULTS Current smokers had more sputum mast cells (% differential and absolute numbers), whereas ex-smokers had increased sputum neutrophils. In BAL, there was a significant increase in eosinophils in current smokers, but ex-smokers had significantly increased neutrophils, lymphocytes, and epithelial cells. There were no cell profile differences observed in airway biopsies between current and ex-smokers and there were no correlations between the individual inflammatory cell populations in any of the airway compartments. In current smokers only, smoking intensity was negatively correlated with lung function, and associated with a reduction in overall cellularity of both sputum and BAL. CONCLUSION Airway inflammation persists in ex-smokers with COPD, but differs from COPD current smokers. The impact of smoking appears to vary in different airway compartments and any direct relationships between cellularity and lung function tended to be negative, ie, worse lung function indicated the presence of fewer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Wen
- Respiratory Research Group, Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - David W Reid
- Respiratory Research Group, Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Dongcheng Zhang
- Respiratory Research Group, Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Chris Ward
- Respiratory Research Group, Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Richard Wood-Baker
- Respiratory Research Group, Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - E Haydn Walters
- Respiratory Research Group, Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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