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Jones S, Bell T, Coleman CM, Harris D, Woodward G, Worledge L, Roberts H, McElhinney L, Aegerter J, Ransome E, Savolainen V. Testing bats in rehabilitation for SARS-CoV-2 before release into the wild. Conserv Sci Pract 2022; 4:e12707. [PMID: 35935171 PMCID: PMC9347622 DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have suggested SARS-CoV-2 originated from a viral ancestor in bats, but whether transmission occurred directly or via an intermediary host to humans remains unknown. Concerns of spillover of SARS-CoV-2 into wild bat populations are hindering bat rehabilitation and conservation efforts in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Current protocols state that animals cared for by individuals who have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 cannot be released into the wild and must be isolated to reduce the risk of transmission to wild populations. Here, we propose a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)-based protocol for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in bats, using fecal sampling. Bats from the United Kingdom were tested following suspected exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and tested negative for the virus. With current UK and international legislation, the identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection in wild animals is becoming increasingly important, and protocols such as the one developed here will help improve understanding and mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Georgina Mace Centre for the Living PlanetImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas Bell
- Department of Life Sciences, Georgina Mace Centre for the Living PlanetImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Danielle Harris
- Department of Life Sciences, Georgina Mace Centre for the Living PlanetImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Guy Woodward
- Department of Life Sciences, Georgina Mace Centre for the Living PlanetImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lisa Worledge
- Bat Conservation Trust, Cloisters Business CentreLondonUK
| | - Helen Roberts
- Department for EnvironmentFood & Rural Affairs (Defra)LondonUK
| | | | - James Aegerter
- National Wildlife Management CentreAnimal and Plant Health AgencyYorkUK
| | - Emma Ransome
- Department of Life Sciences, Georgina Mace Centre for the Living PlanetImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Vincent Savolainen
- Department of Life Sciences, Georgina Mace Centre for the Living PlanetImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Natarajan A, Zlitni S, Brooks EF, Vance SE, Dahlen A, Hedlin H, Park RM, Han A, Schmidtke DT, Verma R, Jacobson KB, Parsonnet J, Bonilla HF, Singh U, Pinsky BA, Andrews JR, Jagannathan P, Bhatt AS. Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA suggest prolonged gastrointestinal infection. Med (N Y) 2022; 3:371-387.e9. [PMID: 35434682 PMCID: PMC9005383 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 manifests with respiratory, systemic, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.1, SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected in respiratory and fecal samples, and recent reports demonstrate viral replication in both the lung and intestinal tissue.2, 3, 4 Although much is known about early fecal RNA shedding, little is known about long-term shedding, especially in those with mild COVID-19. Furthermore, most reports of fecal RNA shedding do not correlate these findings with GI symptoms.5. Methods We analyzed the dynamics of fecal RNA shedding up to 10 months after COVID-19 diagnosis in 113 individuals with mild to moderate disease. We also correlated shedding with disease symptoms. Findings Fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected in 49.2% [95% confidence interval, 38.2%-60.3%] of participants within the first week after diagnosis. Whereas there was no ongoing oropharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in subjects at 4 months, 12.7% [8.5%-18.4%] of participants continued to shed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the feces at 4 months after diagnosis and 3.8% [2.0%-7.3%] shed at 7 months. Finally, we found that GI symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting) are associated with fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Conclusions The extended presence of viral RNA in feces, but not in respiratory samples, along with the association of fecal viral RNA shedding with GI symptoms suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infects the GI tract and that this infection can be prolonged in a subset of individuals with COVID-19. Funding This research was supported by a Stanford ChemH-IMA grant; fellowships from the AACR and NSF; and NIH R01-AI148623, R01-AI143757, and UL1TR003142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Natarajan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 269 Campus Dr, CCSR 1155b, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Medicine (Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Soumaya Zlitni
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 269 Campus Dr, CCSR 1155b, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Medicine (Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erin F. Brooks
- Department of Medicine (Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Summer E. Vance
- Department of Medicine (Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alex Dahlen
- Quantitative Science Unit, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Haley Hedlin
- Quantitative Science Unit, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryan M. Park
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 269 Campus Dr, CCSR 1155b, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Medicine (Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alvin Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Danica T. Schmidtke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Renu Verma
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karen B. Jacobson
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Medicine (Epidemiology and Population Health), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hector F. Bonilla
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Pinsky
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason R. Andrews
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ami S. Bhatt
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 269 Campus Dr, CCSR 1155b, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Medicine (Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Corresponding author
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Rosa F, Busato S, Avaroma FC, Mohan R, Carpinelli N, Bionaz M, Osorio JS. Short communication: Molecular markers for epithelial cells across gastrointestinal tissues and fecal RNA in preweaning dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1175-1182. [PMID: 33162086 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the transcription of gene markers for gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial cells, including fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) and cytokeratin 8 (KRT8), and tight junction complex genes (TJP1, CLDN1, CLDN4) in fecal RNA against several GI tract tissue sections in dairy calves. Eight healthy Jersey calves were euthanized at 5 wk of age, and postmortem samples were collected from rumen, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine, cecum, and feces for total RNA isolation. Tissues and fecal samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen until RNA isolation. A real-time quantitative PCR analysis was performed using a single standard curve composited of equal amounts of all samples, including cDNA from fecal and GI tract tissues. The mRNA expression of the tight junctions TJP1, CLDN1, and CLDN4 was greater in fecal RNA compared with lower GI tract tissues (i.e., duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine, and cecum). Similar to fecal RNA, rumen tissue had greater expression of tight junctions CLDN1 and CLDN4 than lower GI tract tissues. Similarly, rumen tissue had greater expression of TPJ1 than all lower GI tract tissues except duodenum. The expression of TJP1 and CLDN4 was greater in fecal RNA than in rumen tissue; in contrast, CLDN1 mRNA expression was greater in rumen tissue than in the fecal RNA. The expression of FABP2 was greater in duodenum in comparison to all tissue except ileum. The mRNA expression of FABP2 in fecal samples was similar to jejunum and ileum. The expression of KRT8 in fecal samples was similar to duodenum, large intestine, and cecum. The fecal RNA had a greater expression of KRT8 in comparison to jejunum and ileum. The rumen tissue had the lowest mRNA expression of KRT8. The expression levels of FABP2, KRT8, and tight junction genes observed in fecal transcripts suggest that a considerable amount of RNA derived from GI tract epithelial cells can be detected in fecal RNA, which is in agreement with previous data in neonatal dairy calves and other biological models including humans, rodents, and primates. The greater expression of tight junctions in fecal RNA in comparison to sections of the low GI remains to be understood, and due to the importance of tight junctions in GI physiology, further clarification of this effect is warranted. The similarities in mRNA expression of FABP2 and KRT8 between fecal RNA and intestinal sections add up to the accumulating evidence that fecal RNA can be used to investigate molecular alterations in the GI tract of neonatal dairy calves. Further research in this area should include high-throughput transcriptomic analysis via RNA-seq to uncover novel molecular markers for specific sections of the GI tract of neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rosa
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007
| | - S Busato
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331
| | - F C Avaroma
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331
| | - R Mohan
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007
| | - N Carpinelli
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007
| | - M Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331
| | - J S Osorio
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007.
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Rosa F, Osorio JS. Short communication: Comparative gene expression analysis on the enrichment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and gastrointestinal epithelial cells in fecal RNA from nondiarrheic neonatal dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7464-7468. [PMID: 31178184 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased understanding of the biology of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in neonatal dairy calves during their adaptation to an extrauterine environment will decrease health problems such as diarrhea while increasing feed efficiency and average daily gain in preweaned dairy calves. Within this context, a noninvasive method, based on fecal RNA, to study the GIT in neonatal dairy calves through the isolation of RNA from fecal samples for quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis can provide valuable information on GIT biological adaptations during the preweaning period. We aimed to evaluate the potential enrichment of RNA from immune cells or GIT epithelial cells during fecal RNA isolation. Eight neonatal Holstein calves less than 3 wk old (14.9 ± 5.5 d of age at sampling ± standard deviation) and a fecal score of 2.0 ± 0.7 (mean ± standard deviation) were used. During a single sampling, fecal and blood samples were taken simultaneously from each calf before the morning feeding. Fecal samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen until RNA isolation, whereas polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were isolated from blood samples before RNA isolation. An quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis was performed using a single standard curve composited of equal amounts of all samples including cDNA from fecal and PMN. The genes myeloperoxidase (MPO) and L-selectin (SELL) were selected for their specific known function in PMN, whereas keratin 8 (KRT8) and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) have been associated with epithelial enterocytes. Our results showed a contrasting gene expression profile between PMN and fecal RNA; whereas greater mRNA expression of SELL was observed in PMN, a greater KRT8 expression was observed in fecal RNA. The mRNA expression of AQP3 tended to be greater in PMN than fecal RNA. Additionally, MPO was not amplified in fecal RNA. Our findings suggest that under nondiarrheic conditions RNA isolated from stool samples of neonatal dairy calves will have a considerable number of GIT epithelial cells, which confirms the reliability of this method under these conditions. However, further research needs to be done to determine if the same effects are observed during diarrhea or throughout the preweaning period of dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rosa
- Department of Dairy and Food Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - J S Osorio
- Department of Dairy and Food Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007.
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Lee CL, Huang CJ, Yang SH, Chang CC, Huang CC, Chien CC, Yang RN. Discovery of genes from feces correlated with colorectal cancer progression. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3378-3384. [PMID: 27900008 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered to develop slowly via a progressive accumulation of genetic mutations. Markers of CRC may serve to provide the basis for decision-making, and may assist in cancer prevention, detection and prognostic prediction. DNA and messenger (m)RNA molecules that are present in human feces faithfully represent CRC manifestations. In the present study, exogenous mouse cells verified the feasibility of total fecal RNA as a marker of CRC. Furthermore, five significant genes encoding solute carrier family 15, member 4 (SLC15A4), cluster of differentiation (CD)44, 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1 (OXCT1), placenta-specific 8 (PLAC8) and growth arrest-specific 2 (GAS2), which are differentially expressed in the feces of CRC patients, were verified in different CRC cell lines using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The present study demonstrated that the mRNA level of SLC15A4 was increased in the majority of CRC cell lines evaluated (SW1116, LS123, Caco-2 and T84). An increased level of CD44 mRNA was only detected in an early-stage CRC cell line, SW1116, whereas OXCT1 was expressed at higher levels in the metastatic CRC cell line CC-M3. In addition, two genes, PLAC8 and GAS2, were highly expressed in the recurrent CRC cell line SW620. Genes identified in the feces of CRC patients differed according to their clinical characteristics, and this differential expression was also detected in the corresponding CRC cell lines. In conclusion, feces represent a good marker of CRC and can be interpreted through the appropriate CRC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Long Lee
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Jung Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shung-Haur Yang
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Cheng Huang
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of General Surgery, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei 22174, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Cheng Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Anesthesiology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei 22174, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ruey-Neng Yang
- Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung 20301, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei 22174, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Koga Y, Yamazaki N, Takizawa S, Kawauchi J, Nomura O, Yamamoto S, Saito N, Kakugawa Y, Otake Y, Matsumoto M, Matsumura Y. Gene expression analysis using a highly sensitive DNA microarray for colorectal cancer screening. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:169-176. [PMID: 24403458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Half of all patients with small, right-sided, non-metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) have negative results for the fecal occult blood test (FOBT). In the present study, the usefulness of CRC screening with a highly sensitive DNA microarray was evaluated in comparison with that by FOBT using fecal samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 53 patients with CRC and 61 healthy controls were divided into "training" and "validation sets". For the gene profiling, total RNA extracted from 0.5 g of feces was hybridized to a highly sensitive DNA chip. RESULTS The expressions of 43 genes were significantly higher in the patients with CRC than in healthy controls (p<0.05). In the training set, the sensitivity and specificity of the DNA chip assay using six genes were 85.4% and 85.2%, respectively. On the other hand, in the validation set, the sensitivity and specificity of the DNA chip assay were 85.2% and 85.7%, respectively. The sensitivities of the DNA chip assay were higher than those of FOBT in cases of the small, right-sided, early-CRC, tumor invading up to the muscularis propria (i.e. surface tumor) subgroups. In particular, the sensitivities of the DNA chip assay in the surface tumor and early-CRC subgroups were significantly higher than those of FOBT (p=0.023 and 0.019, respectively.). CONCLUSION Gene profiling assay using a highly sensitive DNA chip was more effective than FOBT at detecting patients with small, right-sided, surface tumor, and early-stage CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Koga
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan.
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