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Rometsch C. The Role of Female Physicians in Psychosomatic Medicine: Opportunities and Challenges. Womens Health Rep (New Rochelle) 2024; 5:8-12. [PMID: 38249938 PMCID: PMC10797173 DOI: 10.1089/whr.2023.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Female physicians are in some cases preferred by patients due to their sex-related characteristics such as softness and empathy. Psychosomatic medicine presents a compelling working environment due to its holistic approach. Methods This brief review synthesizes the challenges encountered by female physicians in psychosomatic medicine and outlines potential strategies for overcoming these barriers. Results The presence of female role models may constitute a crucial advancement in this process. There exists a pressing demand for specialized clinical and scientific programs in psychosomatic medicine at both national and international levels. Such programs, offered by universities and ministries, as well as comprehensive training initiatives, are indispensable in fostering the next generation of females in psychosomatics. Leading journals can lend their support by publishing special issues dedicated to female physicians. Conclusion Strengthening female physicians throughout all positions in psychosomatic medicine can contribute ultimately to the improvement of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rometsch
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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2
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Tameling JF, Lohöfener M, Bereznai J, Tran TPA, Ritter M, Boos M. Extent and types of gender-based discrimination against female medical students and physicians at five university hospitals in Germany - results of an online survey. GMS J Med Educ 2023; 40:Doc66. [PMID: 38125897 PMCID: PMC10728668 DOI: 10.3205/zma001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective There is a gap in research on gender-based discrimination (GBD) in medical education and practice in Germany. This study therefore examines the extent and forms of GBD among female medical students and physicians in Germany. Causes, consequences and possible interventions of GBD are discussed. Methods Female medical students (n=235) and female physicians (n=157) from five university hospitals in northern Germany were asked about their personal experiences with GBD in an online survey on self-efficacy expectations and individual perceptions of the "glass ceiling effect" using an open-ended question regarding their own experiences with GBD. The answers were analyzed by content analysis using inductive category formation and relative category frequencies. Results From both interviewed groups, approximately 75% each reported having experienced GBD. Their experiences fell into five main categories: sexual harassment with subcategories of verbal and physical, discrimination based on existing/possible motherhood with subcategories of structural and verbal, direct preference for men, direct neglect of women, and derogatory treatment based on gender. Conclusion The study contributes to filling the aforementioned research gap. At the hospitals studied, GBD is a common phenomenon among both female medical students and physicians, manifesting itself in multiple forms. Transferability of the results beyond the hospitals studied to all of Germany seems plausible. Much is known about the causes, consequences and effective countermeasures against GBD. Those responsible for training and employers in hospitals should fulfill their responsibility by implementing measures from the set of empirically evaluated interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Filip Tameling
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Georg Elias Müller Institute for Psychology, Department of Social and Communication Psychology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mareike Lohöfener
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Georg Elias Müller Institute for Psychology, Department of Social and Communication Psychology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Judith Bereznai
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Georg Elias Müller Institute for Psychology, Department of Social and Communication Psychology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thi Phuong Anh Tran
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Georg Elias Müller Institute for Psychology, Department of Social and Communication Psychology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie Ritter
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Georg Elias Müller Institute for Psychology, Department of Social and Communication Psychology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Margarete Boos
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Georg Elias Müller Institute for Psychology, Department of Social and Communication Psychology, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Hershkovitz G, Ochshorn Y, Michaan N, Fiszer E, Grisaru D, Raz Y. Knowledge is power? Cervical cancer prevention in female OB/GYNs compared to other female physicians. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1269393. [PMID: 37780452 PMCID: PMC10540616 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1269393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) screening and prevention are crucial responsibilities of obstetrician-gynecologists (OB/GYNs). Our study aimed to investigate whether knowledge impacts OB/GYNs' (n = 42) adherence to CC prevention measures by comparing them to non-OB/GYN physicians (n = 80). An anonymous questionnaire collected demographic information, personal screening habits and evaluated their knowledge of CC prevention. Results revealed that OB/GYNs exhibited superior knowledge of CC risk factors and prevention compared to non-OB/GYNs. Of note, a lower percentage of OB/GYN residents correctly identified the recommended upper age limit for cervical screening and for HPV vaccination compared to attending OB/GYNs (50% vs. 83%, p = 0.04 and 11% vs. 50%, p = 0.01, respectively). Despite these findings, most physicians from both groups recommended HPV vaccination. Cervical screening rates were similar between OB/GYNs and non-OB/GYNs (75% vs. 83%, p = 0.3). Half of OB/GYNs initiated their own cervical screening, similar to non-OB/GYNs. Interestingly, residents had higher HPV vaccination rates compared to attending physicians, irrespective of specialty (OB/GYNs - 38.89% vs. 4.76%, p = 0.0149; non-OB/GYNs - 51.06% vs. 15.38%, p = 0.0028). In conclusion, contrary to the assumption that physicians prioritize personal well-being, our study reveals the opposite. While skilled in guiding patients through CC screening and prevention, female OB/GYNs often neglect their own health. OB/GYNs must also be educated and supported in safeguarding their health, setting an essential example for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Hershkovitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yifat Ochshorn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nadav Michaan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elisheva Fiszer
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Anesthesiology, Pain and Intensive Care, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Grisaru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Raz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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4
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Dellasega C, Aruma JF, Sood N, Andreae DA. The Impact of Patient Prejudice on Minoritized Female Physicians. Front Public Health 2022; 10:902294. [PMID: 35865248 PMCID: PMC9294398 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.902294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patient bias and prejudice directed against physicians from diverse backgrounds is a frequent occurrence in healthcare. Female physicians have long experienced discrimination in the healthcare system based on their gender alone. The dynamic known as Patient Prejudice toward Providers (PPtP) is disproportionately affecting female physicians because it is frequently compounded by sexism. Aim The goal of this study was to explore the impact of PPtP on female resident and attending physicians. Methods Using transcribed one-on-one interviews from a larger study of PPtP affecting resident and attending physicians, ten interviews with female physicians (resident and attending) from diverse ethnic backgrounds and countries of training at a large academic medical center were analyzed. The authors independently reviewed the interviews using an iterative process within and across interviews to inductively identify repeating words, phrases, and concepts relevant to the study aim. Results Demographics of the ten participants included age (mean 34.6 years), ethnicity (6 Asian, 2 Hispanic, 2 African), and country of training (10% IMG vs. 90% US trained). Four of the interviewees were residents and six were attendings. Themes that emerged from the analysis included experiencing "A Gendered Continuum of Abuse," "Establishing a Higher Standard of Competency," "Overcoming the Stereotype of the White Male Physician," "The Physicality of Self Identity," and "The Need to be Protective of Minoritized Trainees." All participants agreed that these perceptions created an adverse environment at the workplace and impacted on patient care. Conclusions Discrimination of physicians based on their gender or their race/ethnicity has been reported. This study highlights the compounded effects of patient prejudice on female minoritized physicians. Organizations and individuals should identify and implement strategies to address the impact of PPtP and sexism in order to create an environment where all women can thrive professionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Dellasega
- Department of Humanities, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | - Natasha Sood
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Doerthe A. Andreae
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States,*Correspondence: Doerthe A. Andreae
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Leung TI, Wang KH, Lin TL, Gin GT, Pendharkar SS, Chen CYA. Women Physicians in Transition Learning to Navigate the Pipeline from Early to Mid-Career: Protocol for a Qualitative Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e38126. [PMID: 35653172 PMCID: PMC9204597 DOI: 10.2196/38126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women physicians face unique obstacles while progressing through their careers, navigating career advancement and seeking balance between professional and personal responsibilities. Systemic changes, along with individual and institutional changes, are needed to overcome obstacles perpetuating physician gender inequities. Developing a deeper understanding of women physicians' experiences during important transition points could reveal both barriers and opportunities for recruitment, retention, and promotion, and inform best practices developed based on these experiences. OBJECTIVE The aim is to learn from the experiences and perspectives of women physicians as they transition from early to mid-career, then develop best practices that can serve to support women physicians as they advance through their careers. METHODS Semistructured interviews were conducted with women physicians in the United States in 2020 and 2021. Eligibility criteria included self-identification as a woman who is in the process of transitioning or who recently transitioned from early to mid-career stage. Purposeful sampling facilitated identification of participants who represented diversity in career pathway, practice setting, specialty, and race/ethnicity. Each participant was offered compensation for their participation. Interviews were audio-recorded and professionally transcribed. Interview questions were open-ended, exploring participants' perceptions of this transition. Qualitative thematic analysis will be performed. We will use an open coding and grounded theory approach on interview transcripts. RESULTS The Ethics Review Committee of the Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences at Maastricht University approved the study; Stanford University expedited review approved the study; and the University of California, San Diego certified the study as exempt from review. Twelve in-depth interviews of 50-100 minutes in duration were completed. Preliminary analyses indicate one key theme is a tension resulting from finite time divided between demands from a physician career and demands from family needs. In turn, this results in constant boundary control between these life domains that are inextricable and seemingly competing against each other within a finite space; family needs impinge on planned career goals, if the boundary between them is not carefully managed. To remedy this, women sought resources to help them redistribute home responsibilities, freeing themselves to have more time, especially for children. Women similarly sought resources to help with career advancement, although not with regard to time directly, but to first address foundational knowledge gaps about career milestones and how to achieve them. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results provide initial insights about how women identify or activate a career shift and how they marshaled resources and support to navigate barriers they faced. Further analyses are continuing as of March 2022 and are expected to be completed by June 2022. The dissemination plan includes peer-reviewed open-access journal publication of the results and presentation at the annual meeting of the American Medical Association's Women Physicians Section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany I Leung
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine (adjunct), Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Karen H Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Medical Informatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tammy L Lin
- Department of Medicine (voluntary), University of California San Diego Health Sciences, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Geneen T Gin
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sima S Pendharkar
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, NJ, United States
| | - Chwen-Yuen Angie Chen
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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6
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Lee H, Burrows HL, Singer K, Brower KJ, Bradford CR, Spencley B, Owens L, Morgan HK. Operational Constraints and Gender Biases: A Qualitative Analysis of Physician Parenting Experiences. Womens Health Rep (New Rochelle) 2022; 3:297-306. [PMID: 35415712 PMCID: PMC8994438 DOI: 10.1089/whr.2021.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although parenting responsibilities are correlated with gender disparities in professional development and salary, the nature of parental challenges is not well characterized. The aims of this study were to (1) illuminate faculty physicians' experiences with parenting and (2) identify system challenges and opportunities for improvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS In October 2019, a survey about parenting was sent to all physician faculty at a large Midwest academic medical center. Qualitative analysis of free-text response to the survey item "is there anything you wish to share about your experience of pregnancy or parenting as a physician" was performed. Themes were inductively identified and developed from the responses in a team-based iterative approach. RESULTS Of 2069 total physician faculty, 1085 (52.4%) responded to the survey and 253 (23%) of the respondents provided free-text comments. From these comments, the authors identified three themes as sources of challenges for physician parents: operational constraints, gender biases, and nontraditional or nonheteronormative family structures. Operational factors pertained to lack of scheduling flexibility, childcare challenges, lactation, colleague coverage, and transparency of policies. Responses indicated that gender biases are encountered by all genders, and expectations built on assumptions of "traditional" gender roles and family structure are problematic for many physician parents. CONCLUSION Addressing the challenges and opportunities identified in the study is critical to building a more supportive institutional culture around parenting and to increase gender parity in academic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Heather L. Burrows
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kanakadurga Singer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kirk J. Brower
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carol R. Bradford
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Brooke Spencley
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lauren Owens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Helen Kang Morgan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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7
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Williams WA, Li A, Goodman DM, Ross LF. Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Authorship Gender in The Journal of Pediatrics: Disproportionate Productivity by International Male Researchers. J Pediatr 2021; 231:50-54. [PMID: 33347956 PMCID: PMC9750181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on authorship gender in articles submitted to The Journal of Pediatrics. STUDY DESIGN Using gender-labeling algorithms and human inspection, we inferred the gender of corresponding authors of original articles submitted in January-February and April-May of 2019 and 2020 noting those articles related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We used Pearson χ2 tests to determine differences in gender proportions during the selected periods in the US and internationally. RESULTS We analyzed 1521 original articles. Submissions increased 10.9% from January-February 2019 to January-February 2020 and 61.6% from April-May 2019 to April-May 2020. Women accounted for 56.0% of original articles in April-May 2019 but only 49.8% of original articles in April-May 2020. Original articles focused on COVID-19 represented a small percentage of additional articles submitted in January-February 2020 (1/33 or 3.0%) and (53/199 or 26.6%) in April-May 2020 compared with the number of submissions in the same months in 2019. International male corresponding authors submitted a significantly larger proportion of original articles compared with international female corresponding authors in April-May 2020 compared to April-May 2019 (P = .043). There was no difference in corresponding author gender proportion in the US (US in April-May of 2020 vs April-May of 2019; P = .95). There was no significant difference in final dispositions based on corresponding author gender for original articles from 2019 and 2020 (P = .17). CONCLUSIONS Original article submissions to The Journal increased in April-May 2020, with the greatest increase by international male corresponding authors. The majority of the submission growth was not related to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Li
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Denise M. Goodman
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Lainie Friedman Ross
- MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
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Yaghmour A, Alesa A, Anbarserry E, Abdullah Binmerdah M, Alharbi A, Housawi A, Almehdar M, Lytra H, Alsaywid B, Lytras DM. Challenges and Obstacles Faced by Trainee Female Physicians: An Integrative Research on Gender Discrimination, Stress, Depression and Harassment. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:160. [PMID: 33546188 PMCID: PMC7913154 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study's purpose is to assess the challenges and obstacles faced by female trainee physicians and suggest solutions that could resolve these issues and improve their performance. The study utilized an observational, analytical, cross-sectional design based on a self-administered open-ended and validated questionnaire which was distributed to 133 recruited female resident trainees of medical units in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The findings of the study revealed that 52% female trainees experienced gender discrimination, mostly (65%) by their superiors, while 40% were regularly harassed. About half (53%) of the interviewees were severely depressed, resulting in their reconsidering their career in medicine. A total of 14% thought of suicide, while four planned to end and five had attempted to end their life. However, only eight (6%) participants officially reported the cases of harassment to the accountable superiors. Half of them felt neglected by the healthcare administration, and one-fourth (24%) were underachieving in their studies and work. The study concluded that work dissatisfaction, limited clinical correspondence, high depression, burnout, stress and drop-out rates-all deriving from common gender discrimination-compose the alarming and complex challenges that female trainee residents in Jeddah of various levels and specialties have to face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Yaghmour
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin-Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah 14611, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Alaa Alesa
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin-Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah 14611, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Esraa Anbarserry
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin-Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah 14611, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Merihan Abdullah Binmerdah
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin-Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah 14611, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Ahlam Alharbi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulrahman Housawi
- Planning and Organizational Excellence Administration, Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Manal Almehdar
- Planning and Organizational Excellence Administration, Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Hara Lytra
- School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Basim Alsaywid
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin-Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah 14611, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.A.B.)
- Planning and Organizational Excellence Administration, Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.); (M.A.)
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah 11173, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dimitrios M. Lytras
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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9
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Chen H, Pierson E, Schmer-Galunder S, Altamirano J, Jurafsky D, Leskovec J, Fassiotto M, Kothary N. Gender Differences in Patient Perceptions of Physicians' Communal Traits and the Impact on Physician Evaluations. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2020; 30:551-556. [PMID: 32857642 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.8233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Communal traits, such as empathy, warmth, and consensus-building, are not highly valued in the medical hierarchy. Devaluing communal traits is potentially harmful for two reasons. First, data suggest that patients may prefer when physicians show communal traits. Second, if female physicians are more likely to be perceived as communal, devaluing communal traits may increase the gender inequity already prevalent in medicine. We test for both these effects. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 22,431 Press Ganey outpatient surveys assessing 480 physicians collected from 2016 to 2017 at a large tertiary hospital. The surveys asked patients to provide qualitative comments and quantitative Likert-scale ratings assessing physician effectiveness. We coded whether patients described physicians with "communal" language using a validated word scale derived from previous work. We used multivariate logistic regressions to assess whether (1) patients were more likely to describe female physicians using communal language and (2) patients gave higher quantitative ratings to physicians they described with communal language, when controlling for physician, patient, and comment characteristics. Results: Female physicians had higher odds of being described with communal language than male physicians (odds ratio 1.29, 95% confidence interval 1.18-1.40, p < 0.001). In addition, patients gave higher quantitative ratings to physicians they described with communal language. These results were robust to inclusion of controls. Conclusions: Female physicians are more likely to be perceived as communal. Being perceived as communal is associated with higher quantitative ratings, including likelihood to recommend. Our study indicates a need to reevaluate what types of behaviors academic hospitals reward in their physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Chen
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Emma Pierson
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Altamirano
- Office of Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dan Jurafsky
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jure Leskovec
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Magali Fassiotto
- Office of Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nishita Kothary
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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10
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Rizkalla J, Holderread B, Nimmons SJB, Polo F, Jones AL. Ruth Jackson, MD, 1902-1994. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2020; 33:307-308. [PMID: 32313497 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2020.1726147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article commemorates Dr. Ruth Jackson for her contributions to orthopedic surgery and her status as a trailblazer for women in orthopedic surgery, becoming the first female member of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. She died on August 28, 1994, at the age of 91.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rizkalla
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Baylor University Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Brendan Holderread
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Baylor University Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Scott J B Nimmons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Baylor University Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Fabian Polo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Baylor University Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Alan L Jones
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Baylor University Medical CenterDallasTexas
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11
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Stutzman K, Ray Karpen R, Naidoo P, Toevs SE, Weidner A, Baker E, Schmitz D. Support for rural practice: female physicians and the life-career interface. Rural Remote Health 2020; 20:5341. [PMID: 31961700 DOI: 10.22605/rrh5341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The need for family physicians in rural areas across the USA and Canada is a longstanding issue that has been well documented. Since family physicians constitute the largest population of rural practitioners, the problem has been exacerbated by a sharp decline in medical students' interest in the field of family medicine and the aging of the current rural workforce. Previous research has shown that female physicians in rural areas need strong support networks to maintain a healthy work-life balance. The purpose of this study was to better understand the types of support they need and how they find it, as well as how their needs change over time. METHODS Twenty physicians from the same rurally focused family medicine residency were interviewed over a 3-month period using a semi-structured format. Physicians ranged in experience from 1 year out of residency to 25 years out of residency. Using a phenomenological approach, interviews were transcribed and then coded and analyzed by three members of the research team, one of them an experienced qualitative researcher, who met periodically to reflect on the process of coding. Emergent subthemes and themes were discussed by the multidisciplinary team. RESULTS The participants discussed in detail the types of support they relied on and the continuing challenges of maintaining a healthy work-life interface. Main themes included the need to select carefully one's life partner and practice partners and the difficulties in setting up practice in an area without family, friends or professional mentors nearby. Although forming boundaries was important, so was developing close relationships with patients and their families. The one thing that sustained all of the physicians was a meaningful relationship with their patients. The doctor-patient connection is what brings joy and helps every one of them cope with the harder aspects of life in rural areas. CONCLUSION The general consensus of respondents was that the career-life interface varies across individuals, changes over time and is always a work in progress. Rural female physicians think of their work in relational terms, and it involves a great deal of emotional labor. Support systems mitigate the psychological effects of this labor and help physicians develop resilience in managing both career and life. Educators can better prepare female physicians by discussing the costs and benefits of emotional labor and the necessity of support networks, as well as how to negotiate a contract that is consistent with one's values, practice style and family life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Stutzman
- Family Medicine Residency of Idaho, 777 N Raymond Street, Boise, ID 83704, USA. Current address: Family Medicine Residency of Idaho Nampa, 215 E Hawaii Ave, Nampa, ID 83686, USA
| | - Ruth Ray Karpen
- Center for the Study of Aging, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725-1835, USA
| | - Pragna Naidoo
- Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725-1835, USA
| | - Sarah E Toevs
- Center for the Study of Aging, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725-1835, USA
| | - Amanda Weidner
- Family Medicine Residency, Network, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 308, Seattle, WA 98195-4696, USA
| | - Ed Baker
- Center for Health Policy, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725-1835, USA
| | - David Schmitz
- Family Medicine Residency of Idaho, 777 N Raymond Street, Boise, ID 83704, USA. Current address: School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
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12
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Sears D, White BAA, Dewsnap M, Janek H. Development and implementation of the Women Leaders in Medicine Program at a multispecialty health care system. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2019; 32:477-480. [PMID: 31656400 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2019.1646591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Physicians in the USA are experiencing burnout symptoms at alarming rates, with women surpassing men. Many modalities are used to combat burnout. Leadership training is one proven strategy. Baylor Scott & White Health developed a program of systematic leadership development with quantitative and qualitative surveys and feedback from the 200 female participants of the pilot year. The Women Leaders in Medicine Program invited all Baylor Scott & White Health female physicians in both Central and North Texas to leadership training, which focused on (1) peer networking, (2) leadership skill building, and (3) mentoring, advocacy, and sponsorship with system leaders. The program was well received and highlighted the need for more in-person networking and skill-building opportunities for this demographic. Based on the data collected, the investigators are confident that this program is feasible for replication in diverse clinical settings for all female physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Sears
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-TempleTempleTexas
| | - Bobbie Ann Adair White
- Department of Humanities in Medicine, Texas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTexas
| | - Michael Dewsnap
- Department of Humanities in Medicine, Texas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTexas
| | - Hania Janek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-TempleTempleTexas.,Education, Baylor Scott & White HealthTempleTexas
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Abstract
Background: Returning to work and lack of support for expressing breast milk (pumping) at work is often cited as a reason that mothers discontinue breastfeeding, particularly among female physicians. It is unclear how these perceived difficulties affect resident mothers and how resident teams perceive coresidents who choose to pump at work. The goal of this study was to identify differences in perception of resident mothers and their coresidents about breastfeeding residents pumping. Materials and Methods: An online survey in 2017 was sent to 413 residents in Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, and Anesthesia at the University of Michigan Health System. Results: A total of 82 residents completed the survey (20% response rate). Resident mothers (15% of respondents self-identified as a mother) were asked specific questions regarding their experiences with breastfeeding. Almost all mothers (92%) encountered difficulty in breastfeeding after returning to work. The majority of mothers reported that their mood was affected by these difficulties (85%). The most common challenge that breastfeeding residents encountered was not enough time to pump. The majority of all residents surveyed (74%) have worked with a breastfeeding resident. Forty percent of breastfeeding residents felt that their pumping adversely affected the team, whereas only 10% of coresidents felt the same. Conclusions: Breastfeeding residents encountered significant difficulties that affected their well-being when breastfeeding while returning to work. They also felt that their pumping can be detrimental to their job. However, their coresidents felt that pumping had no major setbacks to team efficiency or patient care and did not create additional work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Ames
- Division of Genetics, Metabolism, and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Heather L Burrows
- Pediatrics Residency Program, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Yamazaki Y, Fukushima S, Kozono Y, Uka T, Marui E. Exploring Attractiveness of the Basic Sciences for Female Physicians. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2018; 244:7-14. [PMID: 29279456 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.244.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Japan, traditional gender roles of women, especially the role of motherhood, may cause early career resignations in female physicians and a shortage of female researchers. Besides this gender issue, a general physician shortage is affecting basic science fields. Our previous study suggested that female physicians could be good candidates for the basic sciences because such work offers good work-life balance. However, the attractiveness for female physicians of working in the basic sciences, including work-life balance, is not known. In a 2012 nationwide cross-sectional questionnaire survey, female physicians holding tenured positions in the basic sciences at Japan's medical schools were asked an open-ended question about positive aspects of basic sciences that clinical medicine lacks, and we analyzed 58 respondents' comments. Qualitative analysis using the Kawakita Jiro method revealed four positive aspects: research attractiveness, priority on research productivity, a healthy work-life balance, and exemption from clinical duties. The most consistent positive aspect was research attractiveness, which was heightened by medical knowledge and clinical experience. The other aspects were double-edged swords; for example, while the priority on research productivity resulted in less gender segregation, it sometimes created tough competition, and while exemption from clinical duties contributed to a healthy work-life balance, it sometimes lowered motivation as a physician and provided unstable income. Overall, if female physicians lack an intrinsic interest in research and seek good work-life balance, they may drop out of research fields. Respecting and cultivating students' research interest is critical to alleviating the physician shortage in the basic sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University.,Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shinji Fukushima
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tokyo Medical University Hospital
| | - Yuki Kozono
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital
| | - Takanori Uka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Eiji Marui
- Department of Human Arts Sciences, University of Human Arts and Sciences
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15
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Silva FCS, Cerqueira MMBDF, Ruivo BBC, von Rautenfeld M. Women in vascular surgery: a brief analysis of the Brazilian profile. J Vasc Bras 2018; 17:128-135. [PMID: 30377422 PMCID: PMC6205712 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.011317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a striking increase in female participation in the Brazilian and worldwide medical contingent, but the number of female surgeons does not follow the same trend. In addition to quantitative analysis, there is a need for further study of the determinants of choice of surgical specialty and the characteristics of professional practice. OBJECTIVES To outline the profile of female vascular surgeons in Brazil in terms of demographic characteristics, qualifications, scientific engagement, and labor market integration. METHODS A survey was made available online for 30 days and its link was widely circulated among female vascular surgeons. At the end of data collection, 101 valid questionnaires had been returned and their data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets for simple descriptive analysis. RESULTS The profile traced was of women aged up to 45 years who have been working in the area for up to 10 years. They were predominantly trained in medical residencies or internships recognized by the specialty board. Venous surgery, Esthetic Phlebology and Vascular Ultrasound were the major fields of activity for female vascular surgeons. Although they hold degrees and author scientific publications, the proportion of leadership positions held by women remains low. More than 64% of the participants reported feeling undervalued because they were women. CONCLUSIONS Despite the limitations of the study population, this preliminary study confirms the idea that female vascular surgeons demonstrate continuous dedication to practicing their specialty and sets a precedent so that further studies can investigate the professional practice of female vascular surgeons in greater detail, stimulating discussion of gender inequalities in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique Magnavita Borba da Fonseca Cerqueira
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia – SESAB, Departamento de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Salvador, BA, Brasil.
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia da Bahia, Departamento de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Salvador, BA, Brasil.
| | | | - Marita von Rautenfeld
- Hospital São Camilo-Santana – HSC, Departamento de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
- Hospital Dia Rede Hora Certa-Penha, Departamento de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
- Samar Serviços Médicos – SAMAR, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Wang YJ, Chiang SC, Chen TJ, Chou LF, Hwang SJ, Liu JY. Birth Trends among Female Physicians in Taiwan: A Nationwide Survey from 1996 to 2013. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:ijerph14070746. [PMID: 28698490 PMCID: PMC5551184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although more and more women are becoming physicians, their decisions regarding pregnancy may be affected by the lengthy period of medical education and postgraduate training. The aim of this study was to explore the birth trends among female physicians in Taiwan; Methods: Retrospective analyses of maternal ages at delivery from 1996 to 2013, both for physicians and the general population, were conducted using a nationwide dataset called National Health Insurance Research Database; Results: During the study period, 8540 female physicians were identified. The physicians delivered a total of 4940 births in that time, with a rise from 210 in 1996 to 440 in 2013. In addition, the mean maternal age of the physicians at delivery increased from 32.19 years (standard deviations (SD) 2.80) in 1996 to 33.61 (SD 3.21) in 2013, values significantly higher than those for non-physicians of 27.81 (SD 4.74) in 1996 (p < 0.001) and 31.36 (SD 4.78) in 2013 (p < 0.001); Conclusion: Female physicians usually gave birth at an older age than non-physicians, but the discrepancy between the two groups gradually declined over the 18-year course of the study. The establishment of a maternity-friendly environment for female physicians should be considered by those who determine healthcare system policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jen Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chiung Chiang
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Financial Engineering and Actuarial Mathematics, Soochow University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Fang Chou
- Department of Public Finance, National Chengchi University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
| | - Shinn-Jang Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Yao Liu
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Objective To determine the detailed association between overactive bladder (OAB) and peri-menopause syndrome (PMpS) in Chinese female physicians of peri-menopausal age. Methods Data for this study were collected by administering questionnaires eliciting general information (perimenopausal symptoms and OAB status) to middle-aged female physicians, from the directly affiliated three hospitals of Peking University in China. We used the overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) to verify the symptoms of OAB and the modified Kupperman menopausal index (KMI) to assess PMpS. Results Three hundred and fifty-one questionnaires were finally evaluated. The average age was 47.1±5.4 years. Overall, 7.4% of respondents had OAB and 22.6% had PMpS. There was a significant positive correlation between the severity of OAB and prevalence of OABand PMpS. The prevalence of OAB in women with PMpS (KMI >15) was significantly increased (18.99% vs. 4.44%; P=0.000). The average OABSS in women with PMpS was 2.67±2.15, compared with 1.46±1.50 in women without PMpS. The average KMI score in women with OAB was 16.04±10.1, compared with 9.50±8.13 in women without OAB (P=0.000). Multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that only BMI and PMpS were independent risk factors for OAB. Conclusions In China, female physicians with menopausal symptoms tend to have a higher prevalence of OAB and more severe symptoms of OAB.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a worldwide rising tendency of women who decide to become physician. One of the most remarkable fields of investigation is the well-being of female doctors. AIM To study the prevalence of somatic and reproductive morbidity in a representative sample of Hungarian female physicians and compare it with a control group of graduated women. METHOD Data for this epidemiological study were collected from 2515 female physicians in 2013. Graduated women from a representative survey (Hungarostudy 2013) served as controls. The results were compared to the previous (2003-2004) representative female physicians' survey. RESULTS We found that the prevalence of chronic somatic morbidity among female physicians was significantly higher than that in the respective control groups. A larger proportion of female medical doctors were characterized by time-to-pregnancy interval longer than one year, and undergoing infertility therapy and miscarriages, compared to the control female population, while the same prevalence of terminations of pregnancy was found. CONCLUSIONS The longitudinal perspective confirmed the existence of the "Hungarian female physicians' paradox".
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Győrffy
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Magatartástudományi Intézet Budapest Nagyvárad tér 4. 1089
| | - Edmond Girasek
- Semmelweis Egyetem Egészségügyi Menedzserképző Központ Budapest
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Kataoka HU, Koide N, Hojat M, Gonnella JS. Measurement and correlates of empathy among female Japanese physicians. BMC Med Educ 2012; 12:48. [PMID: 22726449 PMCID: PMC3493267 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-12-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of empathy is important in the assessment of physician competence and patient outcomes. The prevailing view is that female physicians have higher empathy scores compared with male physicians. In Japan, the number of female physicians has increased rapidly in the past ten years. In this study, we focused on female Japanese physicians and addressed factors that were associated with their empathic engagement in patient care. METHODS The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) was translated into Japanese by using the back-translation procedure, and was administered to 285 female Japanese physicians. We designed this study to examine the psychometrics of the JSE and group differences among female Japanese physicians. RESULTS The item-total score correlations of the JSE were all positive and statistically significant, ranging from .20 to .54, with a median of .41. The Cronbach's coefficient alpha was .81. Female physicians who were practicing in "people-oriented" specialties obtained a significantly higher mean empathy score than their counterparts in "procedure-" or "technology-oriented" specialties. In addition, physicians who reported living with their parents in an extended family or living close to their parents, scored higher on the JSE than those who were living alone or in a nuclear family. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide support for the measurement property and reliability of the JSE in a sample of female Japanese physicians. The observed group differences associated with specialties and living arrangement may have implications for sustaining empathy. In addition, recognizing these factors that reinforce physicians' empathy may help physicians to avoid career burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi U Kataoka
- Department of Primary Care and Medical Education, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Norio Koide
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mohammadreza Hojat
- Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Joseph S Gonnella
- Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of the gender of the patient and the gender of the physician in explaining differences in patient satisfaction and patient-reported primary care practice. DESIGN Crosssectional mailed survey [response rate of 71%]. SETTING A large group-model Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) in northern California. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS Random sample of HMO members aged 35 to 85 years with a primary care physician. The respondents (N = 10,205) were divided into four dyads: female patients of female doctors; male patients of female doctors; female patients of male doctors; and male patients of male doctors. Patients were also stratified on the basis of whether they had chosen their physician or had been assigned. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Among patients who chose their physician, females who chose female doctors were the least satisfied of the four groups of patients for four of five measures of satisfaction. Male patients of female physicians were the most satisfied. Preventive care and health promotion practices were comparable for male and female physicians. Female patients were more likely to have chosen their physician than males, and were much more likely to have chosen female physicians. These differences were not seen among patients who had been assigned to their physicians and were not due to differences in any of the measured aspects of health values or beliefs. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed differences in patient satisfaction related to the gender of the patient and of the physician. While our study cannot determine the reasons for these differences, the results suggest that patients who choose their physician may have different expectations, and the difficulty of fulfi11ing these expectations may present particular challenges for female physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmittdiel
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California, Oakland, USA
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Kettner AS. Female family-practice graduates at the university of manitoba: career patterns and perceptions. Can Fam Physician 1988; 34:831-837. [PMID: 21253089 PMCID: PMC2218984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
All female graduates of the Family Practice Residency Program at the University of Manitoba over a 10-year period (1974-1983) were surveyed with respect to demographic data; training; present practice profiles; personal life and attitudes; professional attitudes; and career satisfaction. Respondents perceived two significant problem areas: combining family and career, and discrimination against women. The author of this paper makes some suggestions for alleviating these problems. More knowledge about female physicians' attitudes, their practice profiles, and the difficulties they encounter will facilitate improvements in manpower planning and medical education.
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