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Dinislamova OA, Bugayova AV, Shklyar TF, Safronov AP, Blyakhman FA. Echogenic Advantages of Ferrogels Filled with Magnetic Sub-Microparticles. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8100140. [PMID: 34677213 PMCID: PMC8533603 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonic imaging of ferrogels (FGs) filled with magnetic nanoparticles does not reflect the inner structure of FGs due to the small size of particles. To determine whether larger particle size would improve the acoustic properties of FGs, biocompatible hydrogels filled with 100–400 nm iron oxide magnetic sub-microparticles with weight fraction up to 23.3% were synthesized and studied. Polymeric networks of synthesized FGs were comprised of chemically cross-linked polyacrylamide with interpenetrating physical network of natural polysaccharide—Guar or Xanthan. Cylindrical samples approximately 10 mm in height and 13 mm in diameter were immersed in a water bath and examined using medical ultrasound (8.5 MHz). The acoustic properties of FGs were characterized by the intensity of reflected echo signal. It was found that the echogenicity of sub-microparticles provides visualization not only of the outer geometry of the gel sample but of its inner structure as well. In particular, the echogenicity of FGs interior depended on the concentration of magnetic particles in the FGs network. The ultrasound monitoring of the shape, dimensions, and inner structure of FGs in the applied external magnetic field is demonstrated. It is especially valuable for the application of FGs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Dinislamova
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Engineering, Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (O.A.D.); (A.V.B.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Antonina V. Bugayova
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Engineering, Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (O.A.D.); (A.V.B.); (T.F.S.)
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Tatyana F. Shklyar
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Engineering, Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (O.A.D.); (A.V.B.); (T.F.S.)
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Alexander P. Safronov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
- Institute of Electrophysics UB RAS, 620016 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Felix A. Blyakhman
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Engineering, Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (O.A.D.); (A.V.B.); (T.F.S.)
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
The mechanical environment of a cell is not constant. This dynamic behavior is exceedingly difficult to capture in (synthetic) in vitro matrices. This paper describes a novel, highly adaptive hybrid hydrogel composed of magnetically sensitive magnetite nanorods and a stress-responsive synthetic matrix. Nanorod rearrangement after application of (small) magnetic fields induces strain in the network, which results in a strong (over 10-fold) stiffening even at minimal (2.5 wt %) nanorod concentrations. Moreover, the stiffening mechanism yields a fast and fully reversible response. In the manuscript, we quantitatively analyze that forces generated by the particles are comparable to cellular forces. We demonstrate the value of magnetic stiffening in a 3D MCF10A epithelial cell experiment, where simply culturing on top of a permanent magnet gives rise to changes in the cell morphology. This work shows that our hydrogels are uniquely suited as 3D cell culture systems with on-demand adaptive mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhang
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jyoti Kumari
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Engelkamp
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud
University, High Field Magnet
Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. J. Kouwer
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Buznikov NA, Kurlyandskaya GV. A Model for the Magnetoimpedance Effect in Non-Symmetric Nanostructured Multilayered Films with Ferrogel Coverings. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21155151. [PMID: 34372387 PMCID: PMC8347758 DOI: 10.3390/s21155151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetoimpedance (MI) biosensors for the detection of in-tissue incorporated magnetic nanoparticles are a subject of special interest. The possibility of the detection of the ferrogel samples mimicking the natural tissues with nanoparticles was proven previously for symmetric MI thin-film multilayers. In this work, in order to describe the MI effect in non-symmetric multilayered elements covered by ferrogel layer we propose an electromagnetic model based on a solution of the 4Maxwell equations. The approach is based on the previous calculations of the distribution of electromagnetic fields in the non-symmetric multilayers further developed for the case of the ferrogel covering. The role of the asymmetry of the film on the MI response of the multilayer-ferrogel structure is analyzed in the details. The MI field and frequency dependences, the concentration dependences of the MI for fixed frequencies and the frequency dependence of the concentration sensitivities are obtained for the detection process by both symmetric and non-symmetric MI structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A. Buznikov
- Scientific and Research Institute of Natural Gases and Gas Technologies–Gazprom VNIIGAZ, Vidnoye, Razvilka, 142717 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Galina V. Kurlyandskaya
- Department of Electricity and Electronics, Basque Country University UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Department of Magnetism and Magnetic Nanomaterials, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9460-13237; Fax: +34-9460-13071
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Blyakhman FA, Sokolov SY, Safronov AP, Dinislamova OA, Shklyar TF, Zubarev AY, Kurlyandskaya GV. Ferrogels Ultrasonography for Biomedical Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19183959. [PMID: 31540284 PMCID: PMC6767681 DOI: 10.3390/s19183959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ferrogels (FG) are magnetic composites that are widely used in the area of biomedical engineering and biosensing. In this work, ferrogels with different concentrations of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by the radical polymerization of acrylamide in stabilized aqueous ferrofluid. FG samples were prepared in various shapes that are suitable for different characterization techniques. Thin cylindrical samples were used to simulate the case of targeted drug delivery test through blood vessels. Samples of larger size that were in the shape of cylindrical plates were used for the evaluation of the FG applicability as substitutes for damaged structures, such as bone or cartilage tissues. Regardless of the shape of the samples and the conditions of their location, the boundaries of FG were confidently visualized over the entire range of concentrations of MNPs while using medical ultrasound. The amplitude of the reflected echo signal was higher for the higher concentration of MNPs in the gel. This result was not related to the influence of the MNPs on the intensity of the reflected echo signal directly, since the wavelength of the ultrasonic effect used is much larger than the particle size. Qualitative theoretical model for the understanding of the experimental results was proposed while taking into account the concept that at the acoustic oscillations of the hydrogel, the macromolecular net, and water in the gel porous structure experience the viscous Stocks-like interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A Blyakhman
- Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Sergey Yu Sokolov
- Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Alexander P Safronov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Division RAS, 620016 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | | | - Tatyana F Shklyar
- Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Andrey Yu Zubarev
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Galina V Kurlyandskaya
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Departamento de Electricidad y Electrónica and BCMaterials, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Safronov AP, Stadler BJH, Um J, Zamani Kouhpanji MR, Alonso Masa J, Galyas AG, Kurlyandskaya GV. Polyacrylamide Ferrogels with Ni Nanowires. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12162582. [PMID: 31412653 PMCID: PMC6721771 DOI: 10.3390/ma12162582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nickel magnetic nanowires (NWs) have attracted significant attention due to their unique properties, which are useful for basic studies and technological applications, for example in biomedicine. Their structure and magnetic properties were systematically studied in the recent years. In this work, Ni NWs with high aspect ratios (length/diameter ~250) were fabricated by electrodeposition into commercial anodic aluminum oxide templates. The templates were then etched and the NWs were suspended in water, where their hydrodynamic size was evaluated by dynamic light scattering. The magnetic response of these NWs as a function of an external magnetic field indicates a dominant shape anisotropy with propagation of the vortex domain wall as the main magnetization reversal process. The suspension of Ni NWs was used in the synthesis of two types of polyacrylamide ferrogels (FGs) by free radical polymerization, with weight fractions of Ni NWs in FGs of 0.036% and 0.169%. The FGs were reasonably homogeneous. The magnetic response of these FGs (hysteresis loops) indicated that the NWs are randomly oriented inside the FG, and their magnetic response remains stable after embedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Safronov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Division RAS, 620016 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Bethanie J H Stadler
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph Um
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | - Andrey G Galyas
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Galina V Kurlyandskaya
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Departamento Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Blyakhman FA, Makarova EB, Fadeyev FA, Lugovets DV, Safronov AP, Shabadrov PA, Shklyar TF, Melnikov GY, Orue I, Kurlyandskaya GV. The Contribution of Magnetic Nanoparticles to Ferrogel Biophysical Properties. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:nano9020232. [PMID: 30744036 PMCID: PMC6410145 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were fabricated by laser target evaporation technique (LTE) and their structure and magnetic properties were studied. Polyacrylamide (PAAm) gels with different cross-linking density of the polymer network and polyacrylamide-based ferrogel with embedded LTE MNPs (0.34 wt.%) were synthesized. Their adhesive and proliferative potential with respect to human dermal fibroblasts were studied. At the same value of Young modulus, the adhesive and proliferative activities of the human dermal fibroblasts on the surface of ferrogel were unexpectedly much higher in comparison with the surface of PAAm gel. Properties of PAAm-100 + γ-Fe2O3 MNPs composites were discussed with focus on creation of a new generation of drug delivery systems combined in multifunctional devices, including magnetic field assisted delivery, positioning, and biosensing. Although exact applications are still under development, the obtained results show a high potential of LTE MNPs to be applied for cellular technologies and tissue engineering. PAAm-100 ferrogel with very low concentration of γ-Fe2O3 MNPs results in significant improvement of the cells’ compatibility to the gel-based scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A Blyakhman
- Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Emilia B Makarova
- Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Ural Scientific Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, 620014 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Fedor A Fadeyev
- Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care Institute of Medical Cell Technologies, 620026 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Daiana V Lugovets
- Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care Institute of Medical Cell Technologies, 620026 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Alexander P Safronov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Division RAS, 620016 Yekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Pavel A Shabadrov
- Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Tatyana F Shklyar
- Ural State Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Grigory Yu Melnikov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Iñaki Orue
- Advanced Research Facilities (SGIKER), Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Galina V Kurlyandskaya
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
- Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Departamento de Electricidad y Electrónica and BCMaterials, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Blyakhman FA, Buznikov NA, Sklyar TF, Safronov AP, Golubeva EV, Svalov AV, Sokolov SY, Melnikov GY, Orue I, Kurlyandskaya GV. Mechanical, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Ferrogels with Embedded Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Obtained by Laser Target Evaporation: Focus on Multifunctional Biosensor Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18030872. [PMID: 29543746 PMCID: PMC5877372 DOI: 10.3390/s18030872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are biomimetic materials widely used in the area of biomedical engineering and biosensing. Ferrogels (FG) are magnetic composites capable of functioning as magnetic field sensitive transformers and field assisted drug deliverers. FG can be prepared by incorporating magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) into chemically crosslinked hydrogels. The properties of biomimetic ferrogels for multifunctional biosensor applications can be set up by synthesis. The properties of these biomimetic ferrogels can be thoroughly controlled in a physical experiment environment which is much less demanding than biotests. Two series of ferrogels (soft and dense) based on polyacrylamide (PAAm) with different chemical network densities were synthesized by free-radical polymerization in aqueous solution with N,N’-methylene-diacrylamide as a cross-linker and maghemite Fe2O3 MNPs fabricated by laser target evaporation as a filler. Their mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties were comparatively analyzed. We developed a giant magnetoimpedance (MI) sensor prototype with multilayered FeNi-based sensitive elements deposited onto glass or polymer substrates adapted for FG studies. The MI measurements in the initial state and in the presence of FG with different concentrations of MNPs at a frequency range of 1–300 MHz allowed a precise characterization of the stray fields of the MNPs present in the FG. We proposed an electrodynamic model to describe the MI in multilayered film with a FG layer based on the solution of linearized Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic fields coupled with the Landau-Lifshitz equation for the magnetization dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A Blyakhman
- Ural State Medical University, Yekaterinburg 620028, Russia.
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| | - Nikita A Buznikov
- Scientific and Research Institute of Natural Gases and Gas Technologies-Gazprom VNIIGAZ, Razvilka Leninsky District, Moscow Region 142717, Russia.
| | - Tatyana F Sklyar
- Ural State Medical University, Yekaterinburg 620028, Russia.
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| | - Alexander P Safronov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
- Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Division RAS, Yekaterinburg 620016, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta V Golubeva
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Svalov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| | - Sergey Yu Sokolov
- Ural State Medical University, Yekaterinburg 620028, Russia.
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| | - Grigory Yu Melnikov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| | - Iñaki Orue
- Advanced Research Facilities (SGIKER), Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Galina V Kurlyandskaya
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
- Departamento de Electricidad y Electrónica and BCMaterials, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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